Tag: Synaptic_neuropil_subdomain

adult borboleta region [FBbt_00052530]

Butterfly-shaped region of the posterior adult subesophageal zone (Munch et al., 2022). It has three subregions, whose activity in response to yeast stimulus is modulated by internal metabolic state (Munch et al., 2022). Munch et al. (2022) do not define this as a motor or sensory region.

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adult inframedial bridge [FBbt_00049601]

Small region of the adult mesothoracic neuromere connecting the two giant fiber neurons across the midline, proximal to their lateral axonal bend (Allen et al., 1998). Several neurons that connect to the giant fiber neuron(s) via gap junctions do so in this region (Kennedy and Broadie, 2018).

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adult mushroom body alpha'' lobe [FBbt_00100252]

A subregion of the alpha’ lobe occupied by the vertical lobe projecting branches of the neurons composing the mushroom body beta’’ lobe of the adult brain. Via Golgi impregnation and immunostaining, Strausfeld et al., (2003) identifies this highly taurine-immunopositive, aspartate-immunonegative band. However, Tanaka et al., (2008), using an enhancer trap screen, suggest that the neurons composing the alpha’’/beta’’ lobe should be regarded as a subpopulation of the alpha’/beta’ anterior neurons.

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adult mushroom body beta\'\' lobe [FBbt_00100251]

A narrow division lying between the gamma and beta’ lobes of the adult brain. Axons innervating the beta’’ lobe have axons innervating the alpha’ lobe front surface. Via Golgi impregnation and immunostaining, Strausfeld et al., (2003) identifies this highly taurine-immunopositive, aspartate-immunonegative band. However, Tanaka et al., (2008), using an enhancer trap screen, suggest that the neurons composing the alpha’’/beta’’ lobe should be regarded as a subpopulation of the alpha’/beta’ anterior neurons.

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adult mushroom body dorsal accessory calyx [FBbt_00045007]

A small subregion of the adult mushroom body that protrudes from the anterior-dorsal edge of the calyx into the superior lateral protocerebrum (SLP) (Ito et al., 2014). It contains the terminals of the alpha/beta posterior Kenyon cells (Tanaka et al., 2008; Ito et al., 2014; Aso et al., 2014) and it is not separated from the SLP by a glial sheath (Ito et al., 2014). It receives mainly visual input with little, if any, olfactory or gustatory input (Li et al., 2020). Previously named the accessory calyx, this was renamed to the dorsal accessory calyx to distinguish it from the ventral accessory calyx (Aso et al., 2014).

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adult mushroom body lateral accessory calyx [FBbt_00048332]

A small bar-shaped subregion of the adult mushroom body that protrudes from the anterior dorsolateral edge of the calyx, lateral to the dorsal accessory calyx (Jenett et al., 2012). It contains the postsynaptic terminals of a subpopulation of around 14 alpha’/beta’ Kenyon cells (Yagi et al., 2016; Li et al., 2020), some of which only receive input in this region (Marin et al., 2020). It also contains some of the postsynaptic terminals of the gamma-s2 Kenyon cell (Marin et al., 2020; Li et al., 2020). The vast majority of presynapses in this region are from the temperature-sensitive antennal lobe VP3 vPN and VP2 adPN projection neurons (Marin et al., 2020; Li et al., 2020).

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adult mushroom body ventral accessory calyx [FBbt_00110991]

A small protrusion of the adult mushroom body calyx extending ventral lateral to the main calyx (Aso et al., 2014). The dendritic arbors of gamma dorsal Kenyon cells are found in this region (Aso et al., 2014). It is targeted by visual projection neurons (Li et al., 2020).

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antennal lobe glomerulus 2 [FBbt_00007093]

Glomerulus of the adult antennal lobe located on the same frontal plane as glomerulus DM3 (a landmark glomerulus). It lies dorsomedial to the posterior part of glomerulus V, and lateral to glomerulus VM6. Note: This glomerulus not found in all samples when it was originally categorised, so may not be present in all animals. Not identified in comprehensive EM AL analysis (Bates et al., 2020 - FlyBase:FBrf0246460).

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antennal lobe glomerulus DA1 [FBbt_00003932]

Dorso-anterior glomerulus of the adult antennal lobe. It lies ventrolateral to glomerulus DL3 and lateral to glomerulus DL4. It is larger in males than females (Grabe et al, 2016). Based on confocal microscopic analysis of glomeruli stained with the neuropil specific monoclonal antibody nc82.

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antennal lobe glomerulus DC4 [FBbt_00100531]

Dorsal glomerulus of the adult antennal lobe. It lies ventral to glomerulus DM3 and posterior to DC2 and DC1, and is innervated by coeloconic olfactory receptor neurons (Couto et al., 2005). This glomerulus corresponds to glomerulus 1 as described in Laissue et al. (1999).

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antennal lobe glomerulus DL5 [FBbt_00003970]

Dorso-lateral glomerulus of the adult antennal lobe. It lies lateral to glomerulus DM3 and medial to glomerulus DL1. It is larger in females than males (Grabe et al, 2016). Based on confocal microscopic analysis of glomeruli stained with the neuropil specific monoclonal antibody nc82.

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antennal lobe glomerulus DL6 [FBbt_00007442]

A small, densely innervated glomerulus located just anterior to DL1. This glomerulus is visible with Nc82 staining (Marin et al., 2005), but was not identified by Laissue et al., 1999. Not identified in comprehensive EM AL analysis (Bates et al., 2020 - FlyBase:FBrf0246460).

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antennal lobe glomerulus DM1 [FBbt_00003975]

Dorso-medial glomerulus of the adult antennal lobe. It lies dorsal to glomerulus DM4 and medial to glomerulus DP1m. It is larger in females than males (Grabe et al, 2016). Based on confocal microscopic analysis of glomeruli stained with the neuropil specific monoclonal antibody nc82.

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antennal lobe glomerulus DP1 [FBbt_00003977]

Dorso-posterior glomerulus of the adult antennal lobe. There are two of these, which lie along the dorsolateral border of the posterior-most strata of the antennal lobe, lateral to glomerulus DM1 and dorsal to glomerulus DL2. Based on confocal microscopic analysis of glomeruli stained with the neuropil specific monoclonal antibody nc82.

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antennal lobe glomerulus VA2 [FBbt_00003942]

Ventral anterior glomerulus of the adult antennal lobe. It lies medial to glomerulus VA3 and ventrolateral to glomerulus VM2. It is larger in males than females (Grabe et al, 2016). Based on confocal microscopic analysis of glomeruli stained with the neuropil specific monoclonal antibody nc82.

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antennal lobe glomerulus VA6 [FBbt_00003938]

Ventro-anterior glomerulus of the adult antennal lobe. It lies ventral to glomerulus DA4 and dorsolateral to glomerulus VM5. It is larger in males than females (Grabe et al, 2016). Based on confocal microscopic analysis of glomeruli stained with the neuropil specific monoclonal antibody nc82.

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antennal lobe glomerulus VA7 [FBbt_00003945]

Ventro-anterior glomerulus of the adult antennal lobe. There are two of these, which together lie dorsal to glomerulus VA3, and dorsomedial to glomerulus VA5. Based on confocal microscopic analysis of glomeruli stained with the neuropil specific monoclonal antibody nc82.

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antennal lobe glomerulus VC3 [FBbt_00003953]

Ventro-central antennal lobe glomerulus of the adult antennal lobe. It is composed of two compartments which together lie dorsal to glomeruli VM1 and VM6, and dorsolateral to glomerulus VM7. Based on confocal microscopic analysis of glomeruli stained with the neuropil specific monoclonal antibody nc82.

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antennal lobe glomerulus VC5 [FBbt_00110029]

Ventro-central antennal lobe glomerulus of the adult antennal lobe, dorsal to antennal lobe glomerulus VC3 lateral compartment (Endo et al., 2007). It may be thermo- or hygrosensory rather than olfactory (Bates et al., 2020; Marin et al., 2020). Bates et al. (2020) state that this is the same as glomerulus VM6.

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antennal lobe glomerulus VL1 [FBbt_00003954]

Ventro-lateral glomerulus of the adult antennal lobe. It lies in the ventrolateral corner of the antennal lobe ventrolateral to glomerulus VA5 and ventromedial to the anterior compartment of glomerulus VL2. Based on confocal microscopic analysis of glomeruli stained with the neuropil specific monoclonal antibody nc82.

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antennal lobe glomerulus VP1 [FBbt_00003927]

Ventro-posterior glomerulus of the adult antennal lobe. It is located dorsomedial to glomerulus VP3, dorsoposterior to glomerulus V. Discernible with Golgi impregnation or CoCl2 backfills (Stocker et al. 1990), but not with nc82/bruchtpilot immunolabelling, leading to it not being represented in antennal lobe maps (Laissue et al., 1999, Couto et al., 2005) or having its position changed (Chou et al., 2010; Yu et al., 2010). According to Chou et al (2010) and Yu et al (2010) glomerulus VP1 is located medially to glomerulus VP2. The VP1 glomerulus corresponds to the target region of the Ir40-expressing olfactory sensory neurons, corresponding to the ‘column’ (Silbering et al., 2011). Tanaka et al (2012) identifies a new glomerulus, VP4, as another target region of Ir40a-expressing olfactory sensory neurons, which is innervated by different projection neurons to VP1. Grabe et al. (2015) merge glomeruli VP1 and VM6.

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antennal lobe glomerulus VP2 [FBbt_00003928]

Ventro-posterior glomerulus of the adult antennal lobe. It lies just medial to glomerulus VP1. Discernible with Golgi impregnation or CoCl2 backfills (Stocker et al. 1990), but not with nc82/bruchtpilot immunolabelling, leading to it not being represented in antennal lobe maps (Laissue et al., 1999, Couto et al., 2005) or having its position changed (Chou et al., 2010; Yu et al., 2010). According to Chou et al (2010) glomerulus VP2 is located in between glomeruli VP1 and VP3. In Gallio et al (2011), glomerulus VP2 is described as corresponding to the medial region of the proximal antennal protocerebrum (PAP) which is innervated by hot-sensing neurons.

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antennal lobe glomerulus VP3 [FBbt_00003929]

Ventro-posterior glomerulus of the adult antennal lobe. It lies dorsolateral to glomerulus VP1. Discernible with Golgi impregnation or CoCl2 backfills (Stocker et al. 1990), but not with nc82/bruchtpilot immunolabelling, leading to it not being represented in antennal lobe maps (Laissue et al., 1999, Couto et al., 2005) or having its position changed relative to glomeruli VP1 and VP2 (Chou et al., 2010; Yu et al., 2010). According to Chou et al (2010) glomerulus VP3 is located laterally to glomerulus VP2. In Gallio et al (2011), glomerulus VP3 is described as corresponding to the lateral region of the proximal antennal protocerebrum (PAP) which is innervated by cold-sensing neurons.

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antennal lobe glomerulus VP4 [FBbt_00110865]

Ventro-posterior glomerulus of the adult antennal lobe. It lies dorsoposterior to glomerulus VP3, ventral to DP1. Discernible with Golgi impregnation, but not with nc82/bruchtpilot immunolabelling, according to Tanaka et al. (2012) this glomerulus corresponds to part of the innervation region of IR40a ORNs, identified as the ‘arm’ by Silbering et al. (2011). Although VP1 and VP4 glomeruli are innervated by IR40a neurons, these correspond to different subsets and are therefore considered different glomeruli (Tanaka et al., 2012).

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antennal lobe hub [FBbt_00100362]

Central, non-glomerular region of the adult antennal lobe. It is distinguished from the antennal lobe glomeruli in that olfactory receptor neurons do not terminate here, though antennal lobe projection neurons and many local neurons run through this area. The density of synapses is lower than in the antennal lobe glomeruli.

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antennal mechanosensory and motor center zone A [FBbt_00100015]

Antennal mechanosensory and motor center zone A is a synapse rich sub-region of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) formed from bifurcation of the Johnston’s organ bundle. (The other structure arising from this bifurcation is the main trunk of the AMMC (MT)). Zone A is rich in presynaptic sites of Johnston’s organ neurons. The cell bodies of zone A Johnston organ neurons are located mainly in the inner layer of Johnston’s organ, directly surrounding the antennal nerve (Kamikouchi et al., 2006). Presence of presynaptic sites of Johnston’s organ neurons determined by immunoreactivity to syntaxin and synaptobrevin::GFP localization (Kamikouchi et al., 2006).

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antennal mechanosensory and motor center zone B [FBbt_00100016]

Antennal mechanosensory and motor center zone B is a synapse rich sub-region of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) formed from the first bifurcation of the AMMC main trunk. It is rich in presynaptic sites of Johnston’s organ neurons (JONs). Presence of presynaptic sites determined by immunoreactivity to syntaxin and synaptobrevin::GFP localization (Kamikouchi et al., 2006).

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antennal mechanosensory and motor center zone C [FBbt_00100017]

Antennal mechanosensory and motor center zone C is a synapse rich sub-region of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) that arises from the most lateral half of the bifurcation at the end of the lateral core (LC) bundle (the other half of the bifurcation forms zone D). It is rich in the presynapses of Johnston’s organ neurons (JONs). It is composed of two branches (CM and CL), which merge at their posterior ends (Kamikouchi et al., 2006). Presence of presynaptic sites determined by immunoreactivity to syntaxin and synaptobrevin::GFP localization (Kamikouchi et al., 2006).

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antennal mechanosensory and motor center zone D [FBbt_00100018]

Antennal mechanosensory and motor center zone D is a synapse rich sub-region of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) that arises from the bifurcation that terminates the lateral core bundle. (The other half of the bifurcation forms zone C). It is rich in the presynapses of zone D Johnston’s organ neurons (zone D JONs). Presence of presynaptic sites determined by immunoreactivity to syntaxin and synaptobrevin::GFP localization (Kamikouchi et al., 2006).

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antennal mechanosensory and motor center zone E [FBbt_00100019]

Antennal mechanosensory and motor center zone E is a synapse-rich sub-region of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) that is continuous with the EA bundle. It is rich in presynaptic sites of Johnston’s organ neurons (JONs). Presence of presynaptic sites determined by immunoreactivity to syntaxin and synaptobrevin::GFP localization (Kamikouchi et al., 2006).

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antennal mechanosensory and motor center zone F [FBbt_00049955]

Sub-region of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) with a relatively ventral location within the AMMC (Hampel et al., 2020). It is innervated by neurons that elicit antennal grooming (Hampel et al., 2015; Hampel et al., 2020).

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anterior superior lateral protocerebrum [FBbt_00040045]

Anterior subregion of the superior lateral protocerebrum. Boundaries defined by Ito et al. (2014) (used to define this term) differ slightly from those defined for mslpr in Otsuna and Ito, 2006. There is no prominent natural boundary that clearly separates the posterior and anterior superior lateral protocerebrum. A frontal plane extrapolated from the boundary of the PVLP and PLP, which corresponds to the anterioposterior level of the great commissure, is used as a practical boundary.

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anterior superior medial protocerebrum [FBbt_00040062]

Region of the superior medial protocerebrum anterior to the fan-shaped body. Because the fan-shaped body protrudes deeply into the SMP, its superior apex is used as a practical boundary landmark between anterior and posterior superior medial protocerebrum (Ito et al., 2014).

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core layer of the larval mushroom body [FBbt_00110203]

Middle layer of the third instar larval mushroom body, encompassing the pedunculus and lobes. It is surrounded by the inner layer. The larval-born alpha’/beta’ type Kenyon cells are contained in this layer. This layer was identified by staining with a FasII antibody. The core layer is FasII-negative (Pauls et al., 2010; Kurusu et al., 2002).

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cryptic tooth of fan-shaped body [FBbt_00049148]

Smallest and most lateral protrusion of layer 1 of the fan-shaped body at its ventral margin (Wolff et al., 2015). There is one per hemisphere and it lies ventral and anterior to its nearest neighbor (Wolff et al., 2015). The ‘cryptic teeth’ that are elusive in that they are not evident in nc82-labeled samples, but only in specimens with the right combination of labeled cells (Wolff et al., 2015).

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distal larval optic neuropil [FBbt_00048290]

Distal region of the larval optic neuropil, closest to the entry point of the Bolwig nerve. It contains the terminals of the Rh6 photoreceptors. The distal LON in Sprecher et al., 2011 (FBrf0215208) also included the intermediate LON; these were separated in Larderet et al., 2017.

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ellipsoid body anterior domain [FBbt_00047034]

Small, most anterior subdivision of the ellipsoid body. It contains the arborizations of R5 ring neurons, and no other R-neurons (Omoto et al., 2017; Omoto et al., 2018). The ‘anterior ring’ of Hanesch et al. (1989) and ‘anterior disk’ of Renn et al. (1999) appear to refer to EBa, EBic and EBoc, collectively. The ‘anterior shell’ of Wolff et al. (2015) contains only EBa (Omoto et al., 2018).

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ellipsoid body inner central domain [FBbt_00007553]

Concentric subdivision of the ellipsoid body that lies anteriorly in the inner part of the ellipsoid body (Renn et al., 1999; Lin et al., 2013; Omoto et al., 2018). It contains the arborizations of R3a, R3d and R3m ring neurons (Omoto et al., 2018). The ‘anterior ring’ of Hanesch et al. (1989) and ‘anterior disk’ of Renn et al. (1999) appear to refer to EBa, EBic and EBoc, collectively. The ‘medial shell’ of Wolff et al. (2015) refers to EBic and EBoc (Omoto et al., 2018). Lin et al. (2013) included R2 neuron arborizations in this (EBA) domain, but Renn et al. (1999) and Omoto et al. (2018) assign them to the outer domain (EBoc).

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ellipsoid body inner posterior domain [FBbt_00007555]

Inner concentric subdivision of the posterior part of the ellipsoid body. It contains the arborization of R1 ring neurons, which mark the boundary between the inner and outer posterior domains (Omoto et al., 2018). The ‘posterior ring’ of Hanesch et al. (1989) and ‘posterior disk’ of Renn et al. (1999) appear to refer to EBop and EBip collectively. The ‘posterior shell’ of Wolff et al. (2015) also refers to EBop and EBip collectively (Omoto et al., 2018).

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ellipsoid body layer [FBbt_00040034]

A concentric subdivision of the ellipsoid body resulting from the arborization patterns of the ring neurons (FBbt:00003649). Nomenclature for the layers is not consistent. Layers have been updated to correspond to Omoto et al. (2018), who claim to have a mostly complete map of R-neuron arborizations and provide mappings to previous terminology [FBC:CP].

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ellipsoid body outer central domain [FBbt_00007556]

Outer concentric subdivision of the ellipsoid body. It contains the arborization of R2, R4d and R4m ring neurons (Renn et al., 1999; Young and Armstrong, 2010; Omoto et al., 2018). The ‘anterior ring’ of Hanesch et al. (1989) and ‘anterior disk’ of Renn et al. (1999) appear to refer to EBa, EBic and EBoc, collectively. The ‘medial shell’ of Wolff et al. (2015) refers to EBic and EBoc (Omoto et al., 2018). Lin et al. (2013) do not seem to include R2 neurons in the outer ring (EBO), but they are included by Renn et al. (1999) and by Omoto et al. (2018), who claim that EBO corresponds to EBoc.

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ellipsoid body outer posterior domain [FBbt_00007554]

Concentric subdivision of the ellipsoid body that lies posteriorly, distal to the canal (Omoto et al., 2018). It contains the arborization of R6 ring neurons (Omoto et al., 2018). The ‘posterior ring’ of Hanesch et al. (1989) and ‘posterior disk’ of Renn et al. (1999) appear to refer to EBop and EBip collectively. The ‘posterior shell’ of Wolff et al. (2015) also refers to EBop and EBip collectively (Omoto et al., 2018). This region was defined (as EBP) by Lin et al. (2013), but no R ring neurons known at the time arborized here.

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ellipsoid body tile [FBbt_00049176]

A radial subdivision of the ellipsoid body (EB) posterior shell (outer and inner posterior domains). There are 8 of these per EB, with the dorsal and ventral tiles spanning both hemispheres (Wolff et al., 2018). Each tile is connected to two protocerebral bridge (PB) glomeruli by each EB tile cell type with glomerular arbors in the PB (Wolff et al., 2015).

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embryonic/larval anterior superior medial protocerebrum [FBbt_00007065]

A synaptic neuropil subdomain of the larval brain that is located anterior and dorsal to the medial lobe of the mushroom body, and which is separated from the posterior superior medial protocerebrum by a neuropil glial sheath slightly posterior to the vertical lobe of the mushroom body. It is the larval counterpart of the adult anterior superior medial protocerebrum. Developmental relation to adult synaptic neuropil domains comes from a personal communication from Volker Hartenstein. Note - description of relative location of brain structures in this definition is based on Younossi-Hartenstein et al., 2003 description of the first instar larval brain and Pereanu et al., 2010 third instar larval brain.

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embryonic/larval anterior ventromedial cerebrum [FBbt_00007725]

The anterior part of the ventromedial cerebrum (BPM). It abuts the posterior ventromedial cerebrum (VMCp) at the coronal slice level of the Great Commissure, (GC, BLAv1,BLD5; Pereanu et al. 2010). Ventrally, the boundary with the tritocerebrum (centro-medial and dorsal compartments) is defined by a somewhat curved, more or less axial plane defined by the tracts loVL (Balp2/3; Hartenstein et al., 2015) , loVM (Bamv1/2; Hartenstein et al., 2015) and the BAla3 tract (Kumar et al., 2009). Medially, an extension of the centro-medial tritocerebrum is separated from the VMCa by the loVM (BAmv1/2) fascicle and a glial septum (Pereanu et al., 2006); more posteriorly, this boundary continues as a discontinuity in synaptic density (e.g. as assayed using the presynaptic marker bruchpilot). Laterally, the VMCa borders the lateral accessory lobe (LAL), separated by a virtual sagittal plane intersecting the deCP (DALd; posteriorly) and loVM (Bamv1/2; anteriorly) (Pereanu et al., 2006). At a more posterior level, the Ventro Lateral Protocerebrum (VLP) flanks the VMCa laterally, with the boundary along that of the posterior lateral protocerebrum (PLP)-VMCp, i.e. a virtual sagittal plane intersecting the LEFp (CP1v; posteriorly) and the loVL (Balp2/3; anteriorly) fascicles. The medial clamp borders the VMCa dorso-laterally with a virtual axial plane intersecting the MEF (CM1,3,4, medially) and LEFp (CP1v, laterally) fascicles constituting the boundary (Hartenstein et al., 2015). The Crepine borders dorsally, the boundary extending along the DALv2/3 (Hartenstein et al., 2015), DALcl1 and BAmd1v lineage tracts and the commissural fascicle SuEC (DALcl1v; Hartenstein et al., 2015). The lower toe (medial appendix of larval mushroom body) is dorso-medial. A region of low synaptic density separates the VMCa from the primordial fan-shaped body.

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embryonic/larval posterior superior medial protocerebrum [FBbt_00007066]

A synaptic neuropil subdomain of the larval brain that is located posterior and dorsal to the medial lobe of the mushroom body and which is separated from the anterior superior medial protocerebrum by a neuropil glial sheath slightly posterior to the vertical lobe of the mushroom body. Axons from this compartment converge with those from part of the clamp (CPL) to form the posterior transverse tract (PTT). It is the larval counterpart of the adult posterior superior medial protocerebrum. Developmental relation to adult synaptic neuropil domains comes from a personal communication from Volker Hartenstein. Note - description of relative location of brain structures in this definition is based on Younossi-Hartenstein et al., 2003 description of the first instar larval brain and Pereanu et al., 2010 third instar larval brain.

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embryonic/larval posterior ventromedial cerebrum [FBbt_00007724]

The posterior part of the ventromedial cerebrum (BPM). It borders the posterior Inferior Protocerebrum (IPp) dorso-medially, the boundary defined by the DPPT(DPMl1) fascicle and a virtual axial plane drawn from the MEF medially to the medial neuropil edge. The medial clamp is bordered dorso-laterally of the VMCp, the boundary given as a virtual axial plane intersecting the MEF(CM1,3,4, medially) and LEFp(CP1v, laterally) fascicles (Hartenstein et al., 2015). The posterior lateral Protocerebrum (PLP) is lateral, the boundary a virtual sagittal plane intersecting the LEFp (CP1v; posteriorly) and the loVL (Balp2/3; anteriorly) fascicles. The VMCp is posterior of the anterior ventromedial cerebrum (VMCa), the split define by the coronal slice level of the Great Commissure, GC (BLAv1,BLD5).

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embryonic/larval subesophageal ganglion area 1 [FBbt_00100139]

Chemosensory neuron target area located at the midline of the larval subesophageal ganglion (SOG). This area receives input from pharyngeal chemosensory neurons (the dorsal pharyngeal sense organ, the dorsal pharyngeal organ, and the posterior pharyngeal sense organ) (Colomb et al., 2007).

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embryonic/larval subesophageal ganglion area 2 [FBbt_00100140]

Large chemosensory target area located adjacent to area 1 of the larval subesophageal ganglion. This region receives input from the dorsal pharyngeal sense organ, the ventral pharyngeal sense organ, the posterior pharyngeal sense organ, the dorsal pharyngeal organ, the terminal organ, and the ventral pharyngeal sense organ (Colomb et al., 2007).

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embryonic/larval subesophageal ganglion area 3 [FBbt_00100141]

Small chemosensory target area located laterally in the larval subesophageal ganglion. This region receives input from non-olfactory neurons of the dorsal organ and from thoracic projections originating in the Kolbchen (also called the ‘ventral pit’; Colomb et al., 2007).

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embryonic/larval subesophageal ganglion area 4 [FBbt_00100142]

Large chemosensory target area of the larval subesophageal ganglion, located adjacent to the antennal lobes. One or a few neurites from dorsal pharyngeal sense organ neuron(s), and an atypical dorsal organ neuron whose dendrites extend into the terminal organ, target this region (Colomb et al., 2007).

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fan-shaped body layer [FBbt_00040035]

Horizontal, laminar subdivision of the fan-shaped body that results from the stratification of large field neurons. There are 8 layers that run parallel to each other increasing in width dorsally to form a fan shape (Ito et al., 2014). There is additionally a ‘cap’ (layer 9) that sits dorsal to layer 8 and is narrower than the other layers (Wolff et al., 2015). Based on silver staining, Hanesch et al., (1989) claim that there are 6 layers in the fan-shaped body (1-6 from top to bottom). In more recent work using the synaptic marker Nc82, Young and Armstrong (2010) state that there are ‘roughly 8 layers’, but note that ’establishing specific layers clearly’ can often prove difficult. Lin et al. (2013) define 6 layers (a-f, from top to bottom). This ontology currently follows Ito et al. (2014), which divides the fan-shaped body into 8 layers, numbering them from bottom to top. We additionally have the extra dorsal layer (9) defined by Wolff et al., (2015).

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fan-shaped body segment pair W [FBbt_00007494]

Most lateral segment pair of the fan-shaped body. Hanesch et al., (1989) define 8 segments (A-H), 4 per hemisphere, that correspond to the segment pairs (groups) of slices defined by Ito et al. (2014) and used here. Segment group W corresponds to A and H in Hanesch’s nomenclature, to slices 7 and 8 in Ito et al. (2014) and to column 4 in Lin et al. (2013).

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fan-shaped body segment pair X [FBbt_00007495]

Second most lateral segment group of the fan-shaped body. Hanesch et al., (1989) define 8 segments (A-H), 4 per hemisphere, that correspond to the segment pairs (groups) of slices defined by Ito et al. (2014) and used here. Segment group X corresponds to B and G in Hanesch’s nomenclature, to slices 5 and 6 in Ito et al. (2014) and to column 3 in Lin et al. (2013).

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fan-shaped body segment pair Y [FBbt_00007496]

Third segment pair of the fan-shaped body (counting from lateral to medial). Hanesch et al., (1989) define 8 segments (A-H), 4 per hemisphere, that correspond to the segment pairs (groups) of slices defined by Ito et al. (2014) and used here. Segment group Y corresponds to C and F in Hanesch’s nomenclature, to slices 3 and 4 in Ito et al. (2014) and to column 2 in Lin et al. (2013).

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fan-shaped body segment pair Z [FBbt_00007497]

Medial-most segment pair of the fan-shaped body. Hanesch et al., (1989) define 8 segments (A-H), 4 per hemisphere, that correspond to the segment pairs (groups) of slices defined by Ito et al. (2014) and used here. Segment group Z corresponds to D and E in Hanesch’s nomenclature, to slices 1 and 2 in Ito et al. (2014) and to column 1 in Lin et al. (2013).

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fan-shaped body slice [FBbt_00040036]

Subdivision of the fan-shaped body along the transverse axis resulting from the arrangement of vertical fibers. Slices are well defined in inferior layers, but are more relaxed in layers 4-8 and are not apparent in layer 9 (Wolff et al., 2015). The number of vertical columns (slices) varies for different types of neuron (Scheffer et al., 2020). Pairs of adjacent segments in the fan-shaped body are closely associated, forming segment pairs that are more easily discernible than individual segments.

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fan-shaped body slice 1 [FBbt_00110642]

Medial-most slice in each hemisphere of the fan-shaped body. Each of the two neighboring slices (1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-8) are associated more closely because they receive small-field columnar neurons generated by the same neuroblasts, forming four groups on each side of the midline, from lateral to medial: segment pair W, X, Y and Z, respectively (Boyan and Williams et al., 2011; Ito and Awasaki, 2008). Lin et al., (2013) names these four groups from 1 to 4, from medial to lateral.

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fan-shaped body slice 2 [FBbt_00110643]

Second medial-most slice in each hemisphere of the fan-shaped body. Each of the two neighboring slices (1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-8) are associated more closely because they receive small-field columnar neurons generated by the same neuroblasts, forming four groups on each side of the midline, from lateral to medial: segment pair W, X, Y and Z, respectively (Boyan and Williams et al., 2011; Ito and Awasaki, 2008).

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fan-shaped body slice 3 [FBbt_00110644]

Third medial-most slice in each hemisphere of the fan-shaped body. Each of the two neighboring slices (1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-8) are associated more closely because they receive small-field columnar neurons generated by the same neuroblasts, forming four groups on each side of the midline, from lateral to medial: segment pair W, X, Y and Z, respectively (Boyan and Williams et al., 2011; Ito and Awasaki, 2008).

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fan-shaped body slice 4 [FBbt_00110645]

Fourth medial-most slice in each hemisphere of the fan-shaped body. Each of the two neighboring slices (1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-8) are associated more closely because they receive small-field columnar neurons generated by the same neuroblasts, forming four groups on each side of the midline, from lateral to medial: segment pair W, X, Y and Z, respectively (Boyan and Williams et al., 2011; Ito and Awasaki, 2008).

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fan-shaped body slice 5 [FBbt_00110646]

Fourth lateral-most slice in each hemisphere of the fan-shaped body. Each of the two neighboring slices (1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-8) are associated more closely because they receive small-field columnar neurons generated by the same neuroblasts, forming four groups on each side of the midline, from lateral to medial: segment pair W, X, Y and Z, respectively (Boyan and Williams et al., 2011; Ito and Awasaki, 2008).

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fan-shaped body slice 6 [FBbt_00110647]

Third lateral-most slice in each hemisphere of the fan-shaped body. Each of the two neighboring slices (1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-8) are associated more closely because they receive small-field columnar neurons generated by the same neuroblasts, forming four groups on each side of the midline, from lateral to medial: segment pair W, X, Y and Z, respectively (Boyan and Williams et al., 2011; Ito and Awasaki, 2008).

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fan-shaped body slice 7 [FBbt_00110648]

Second lateral-most slice in each hemisphere of the fan-shaped body. Each of the two neighboring slices (1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-8) are associated more closely because they receive small-field columnar neurons generated by the same neuroblasts, forming four groups on each side of the midline, from lateral to medial: segment pair W, X, Y and Z, respectively (Boyan and Williams et al., 2011; Ito and Awasaki, 2008).

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fan-shaped body slice 8 [FBbt_00110649]

Lateral-most slice in each hemisphere of the fan-shaped body. Each of the two neighboring slices (1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-8) are associated more closely because they receive small-field columnar neurons generated by the same neuroblasts, forming four groups on each side of the midline, from lateral to medial: segment pair W, X, Y and Z, respectively (Boyan and Williams et al., 2011; Ito and Awasaki, 2008).

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inferior clamp [FBbt_00040049]

Inferior (ventral) part of the clamp, between the pedunculus and the central complex. It is located below the superior ellipsoid commissure (SEC) and superior arch commissure (SAC). Different regions of the ICL correspond to the subdivisions of the impr and vmpr (Otsuna and Ito, 2006). The anterior and posterior regions of the superior ICL match part of impr; the inferior ICL match part of vmpr. The ICL also corresponds to the dorsomedial protocerebrum (DMP) of Chiang et al., (2011) and to the ventral inferior protocerebrum (Ito et al., 2014).

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inferior pharyngeal sensory center [FBbt_00040054]

Region of the subesophageal zone of the adult brain containing terminals of peripheral axons from the inferior branch of the pharyngeal and accessory pharyngeal nerves. Two distinct subregions can be identified: one dorsal to the AMS1 (VPS1) and another medial to AMS1 and dorsal to AMS3 (VPS2).

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inferior posterior slope [FBbt_00045046]

Inferior (ventral) part of the posterior slope. It flanks both sides of the esophagus, and is posterior and medial to the wedge. Below the plane of the inferior VLP commissure and the posterior optic commissure. The IPS corresponds to part of the psl of Otsuna and Ito (2006) and to the ventral postcommissural ventromedial cerebrum (Ito et al., 2014).

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inner layer of the larval mushroom body [FBbt_00110202]

Inner layer of the third instar larval mushroom body, encompassing the pedunculus and lobes. It is surrounded by the outer layer. Part of the larval-born gamma type Kenyon cells are contained in this layer. This layer was identified by staining with a FasII antibody. The inner layer is FasII-positive. At the second larval instar, the outer and inner layers are part of the same middle layer (Pauls et al., 2010; Kurusu et al., 2002).

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intermediate larval optic neuropil [FBbt_00048291]

Intermediate region of the larval optic neuropil, between the distal and proximal LON regions. It contains the terminals of the Rh5 photoreceptors. The distal LON in Sprecher et al., 2011 (FBrf0215208) also included the intermediate LON; these were separated in Larderet et al., 2017.

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intermediate toe of larval mushroom body medial lobe [FBbt_00047978]

Medialmost part of the larval mushroom body medial lobe, which forms a compartment defined by the innervation pattern of mushroom body extrinsic neurons (MBINs and MBONs) (Saumweber et al., 2018). This appears to be within the M1 region described by Pauls et al., 2010. Unclear how well shaft, upper toe, intermediate toe, lower toe terminology from Saumweber et al., 2018 (FlyBase:FBrf0238440) maps to M2, M1 and medial appendix from Pauls et al., 2010 (FlyBase:FBrf0211533) [FBC:CP].

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larval antennal lobe glomerulus 1a [FBbt_00100416]

Glomerulus 1a is located at the dorsomedial edge of the larval antennal lobe (LAL). It lies dorsomedial to glomerulus 13a, and dorsomedial to glomerulus 74a. It is innervated by an axon from the larval olfactory receptor neuron Or1a (Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2009).

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larval antennal lobe glomerulus 22c [FBbt_00100398]

Glomerulus 22c is located at the ventrolateral edge of the larval antennal lobe (LAL). It lies ventrolateral to glomerulus 24a, and lateral to glomerulus 42b. It is innervated by an axon from the larval olfactory receptor neuron Or22c (Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2009).

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larval antennal lobe glomerulus 24a [FBbt_00100399]

Glomerulus 24a is centrally located in the larval antennal lobe (LAL). It lies immediately lateral to glomerulus 42a, dorsomedial to glomerulus 22c, and dorsolateral to glomerulus 42b. It is innervated by an axon from the larval olfactory receptor neuron Or24a (Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2009).

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larval antennal lobe glomerulus 33a [FBbt_00100404]

Glomerulus 33a is located in the larval antennal lobe (LAL), dorsolaterally to glomerulus 59a, dorsal to glomerulus 49a, and anteromedial to glomerulus 63a. It is innervated by an axon from the larval olfactory receptor neuron Or33a (Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2009).

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larval antennal lobe glomerulus 35a [FBbt_00100409]

Glomerulus 35a is located along the ventromedial edge of the larval antennal lobe (LAL). It lies posterior to glomerulus 42b, and anterior to glomerulus 74a. It is innervated by an axon from the larval olfactory receptor neuron Or35a (Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2009).

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larval antennal lobe glomerulus 42a [FBbt_00100400]

Glomerulus 42a is centrally located at the medial edge of the larval antennal lobe (LAL). It lies immediately medial to glomerulus 24a, and dorsomedial to glomerulus 42b. It is innervated by an axon from the larval olfactory receptor neuron Or42a (Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2009).

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larval antennal lobe glomerulus 42b [FBbt_00100401]

Glomerulus 42b is located in the larval antennal lobe (LAL), ventromedially to glomerulus 24a, medial to glomerulus 22c, and ventrolateral to glomerulus 42a. It is innervated by an axon from the larval olfactory receptor neuron Or42b (Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2009).

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larval antennal lobe glomerulus 45b [FBbt_00100402]

Glomerulus 45b is located along the lateral edge of the larval antennal lobe (LAL). It lies immediately dorsal to glomerulus 94b, and lateral to glomerulus 33b/47a. It is innervated by an axon from the larval olfactory receptor neuron Or45b (Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2009).

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larval antennal lobe glomerulus 59a [FBbt_00100407]

Glomerulus 59a is centrally located along the dorsal edge of the larval antennal lobe (LAL). It lies medial to glomerulus 33a, and lateral to glomerulus 83a. It is innervated by an axon from the larval olfactory receptor neuron Or59a (Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2009).

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larval antennal lobe glomerulus 63a [FBbt_00100410]

Glomerulus 63a is located at the dorsolateral edge of the larval antennal lobe (LAL). It lies dorsolateral to glomerulus 49a and posterolateral to glomerulus 33a. It is innervated by an axon from the larval olfactory receptor neuron Or63a (Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2009).

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larval antennal lobe glomerulus 67b [FBbt_00100406]

Glomerulus 67b is located along the ventral edge of the larval antennal lobe (LAL). It lies immediately lateral to glomerulus 74a, and medial to glomerulus 30a. It is innervated by an axon from the larval olfactory receptor neuron Or67b (Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2009).

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larval antennal lobe glomerulus 82a [FBbt_00100413]

Glomerulus 82a is located in the larval antennal lobe (LAL), dorsomedially to glomerulus 30a, lateral to glomerulus 45a, and dorsolateral to glomerulus 67b. It is innervated by an axon from the larval olfactory receptor neuron Or82a (Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2009).

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larval antennal lobe glomerulus 85c [FBbt_00100440]

Glomerulus 85c is located in the middle layer of the larval antennal lobe (LAL). It lies lateral to glomerulus 42a and posteromedial to glomerulus 24a. It is innervated by an axon from the larval olfactory receptor neuron Or85c (Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2009).

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larval antennal lobe glomerulus 94b [FBbt_00100403]

Glomerulus 94b is located along the lateral edge of the larval antennal lobe (LAL). It lies immediately ventral to glomerulus 45b, and lateral to glomerulus 33b/47a. It is innervated by axons from larval olfactory receptor neuron Or94b (Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2009).

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larval MB calyx glomerulus D5 [FBbt_00007204]

A larval mushroom body calyx glomerulus that is usually located dorsomedially, anteromedial to the larval mushroom body calyx D3. It is not always distinct from glomerulus D4 (FBbt:00007212). Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2005 mentions that D5 is not always distinct from D4. Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2009 treats them as the same glomerulus. So, there may be a good case for merging these two terms.

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lateral domain of adult lateral accessory lobe [FBbt_00053040]

Region of the adult lateral accessory lobe lateral to the vertical tract formed by BAmv1 (LALv1) lineage neurons running through the lateral accessory lobe (Kandimalla et al., 2023). This includes the gall (Kandimalla et al., 2023). Neuronal arbors in this region tend to be narrow and elongated (Kandimalla et al., 2023).

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LC11 optic glomerulus [FBbt_00051204]

Optic glomerulus formed by the axon terminals of lobula columnar (LC) 11 neurons (Wu et al., 2016; Keles and Frye, 2017). It is found in the posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (Wu et al., 2016). LC11 neuron terminals are distributed throughout the glomerulus, rather than having a retinotopic organization (Keles and Frye, 2017).

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LC13 optic glomerulus [FBbt_00052659]

Optic glomerulus formed by the axon terminals of lobula columnar (LC) 13 neurons (Wu et al., 2016). It is a large glomerulus, found in the posterior part of the posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (Wu et al., 2016). It does not display retinotopic organization (Dombrovski et al., 2023).

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LC17 optic glomerulus [FBbt_00052660]

Optic glomerulus formed by the axon terminals of lobula columnar (LC) 17 neurons (Wu et al., 2016). It is found in the lateral, ventral part of the posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (Wu et al., 2016). It does not have a retinotopic organization (Dombrovski et al., 2023).

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LC20 optic glomerulus [FBbt_00052662]

Small optic glomerulus formed by the axon terminals of lobula columnar (LC) 20 neurons (Wu et al., 2016). It is found in the posterior lateral protocerebrum (Wu et al., 2016). There is no retinotopic organization (Dombrovski et al., 2023). Seems to be entirely within PLP based on hemibrain data.

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LC22 optic glomerulus [FBbt_00052658]

Optic glomerulus formed by the axon terminals of lobula columnar (LC) 22 neurons (Wu et al., 2016). It also houses the terminals of lobula plate-lobula columnar (LPLC) 4 neurons (Panser et al., 2016; Wu et al., 2016). It is found in the medial part of the posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, posterior to LPLC1 but anterior to LC13 and LC20 (Wu et al., 2016). LC22 and LPLC4 axon terminals retain a rough anterior-posterior topography (Dombrovski et al., 2023). Colocalization of LC22 and LPLC4 terminals also apparent in neuprint hemibrain v1.2.1 data - cp231016.

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LC24 optic glomerulus [FBbt_00052661]

Small optic glomerulus formed by the axon terminals of lobula columnar (LC) 24 neurons (Wu et al., 2016). It is found in the dorsal part of the posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (Wu et al., 2016). It does not have a retinotopic organization (Dombrovski et al., 2023).

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LC4 optic glomerulus [FBbt_00052655]

Optic glomerulus formed by the axon terminals of lobula columnar (LC) 4 neurons (Wu et al., 2016). It is found in the ventral medial part of the posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum ventral to the LPLC1 and LPLC2 glomeruli (Wu et al., 2016). LC4 axon terminals retain anterior-posterior topography in this glomerulus (Dombrovski et al., 2023).

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LC6 optic glomerulus [FBbt_00049981]

Optic glomerulus formed by the axon terminals of lobula columnar (LC) 6 neurons (Wu et al., 2016; Morimoto et al., 2020). It is found in the posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (Wu et al., 2016). It does not display clear retinotopic organization and cannot be divided into subregions based on the arborization of innervating neurons (Morimoto et al., 2020).

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LC9 optic glomerulus [FBbt_00052654]

Optic glomerulus formed by the axon terminals of lobula columnar (LC) 9 neurons (Wu et al., 2016). It is found in the dorsal anterior part of the posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum medial to the LC6 glomerulus (Wu et al., 2016). LC9 axon terminals retain rough anterior-posterior topography in this glomerulus (Dombrovski et al., 2023).

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lobula layer 4 [FBbt_00003856]

Layer of the lobula that is fourth-most from the second optic chiasm. It contains the terminals of the translobula plate Tlp 2, 3, 4 and 5 neurons. Fischbach and Dittrich, (1989), comment that lobula layer 4 could potentially be further subdivided based on the stratified arborizations of the Tlp neurons.

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lobula plate layer 3 [FBbt_00003888]

Layer of the lobula plate that is third-most from the second optic chiasm. The terminals of the T neuron T5c arborize in this layer. It contains terminals of neurons that are sensitive to upwards motion. The vertical system neuron synaptic terminals were identified by Bodian-Protargol staining and Golgi-silver impregnations in sections (Rajashekhar and Shamprasad, 2004).

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lobula plate layer 4 [FBbt_00003889]

Layer of the lobula plate that is the most distant from the second optic chiasm. The terminals of the T neuron T5d, the T neuron T4d, and most of the vertical system neurons terminate in this layer. It contains terminals of neurons that are sensitive to downwards motion. The vertical system neuron synaptic terminals were identified by Bodian-Protargol staining and Golgi-silver impregnations in sections (Rajashekhar and Shamprasad, 2004).

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lower toe of larval mushroom body medial lobe [FBbt_00110191]

Axonal side branch in the medial region of the medial lobe of the larval mushroom body, near the end of the lobe. Unclear how well shaft, upper toe, intermediate toe, lower toe terminology from Saumweber et al., 2018 (FlyBase:FBrf0238440) maps to M2, M1 and medial appendix from Pauls et al., 2010 (FlyBase:FBrf0211533) [FBC:CP].

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LPLC1 optic glomerulus [FBbt_00052657]

Optic glomerulus formed by the axon terminals of lobula plate-lobula columnar (LPLC) 1 neurons (Wu et al., 2016). It the most posterior glomerulus in the ventral part of the posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, close to the boundary with the posterior lateral protocerebrum (Wu et al., 2016). It retains rough anterior-posterior organization of LPLC1 axon terminals (Dombrovski et al., 2023).

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LPLC2 optic glomerulus [FBbt_00052656]

Optic glomerulus formed by the axon terminals of lobula plate-lobula columnar (LPLC) 2 neurons (Wu et al., 2016). It is found in the ventral part of the posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (Wu et al., 2016). It does not display retinotopic organization (Dombrovski et al., 2023).

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M1 segment of the larval medial lobe [FBbt_00110195]

Medial segment of the medial lobe of the larval mushroom body, medial to M2. Unclear how well shaft, upper toe, intermediate toe, lower toe terminology from Saumweber et al., 2018 (FlyBase:FBrf0238440) maps to M2, M1 and medial appendix from Pauls et al., 2010 (FlyBase:FBrf0211533) [FBC:CP].

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M2 segment of the larval medial lobe [FBbt_00110196]

Lateral segment of the medial lobe of the larval mushroom body, lateral to M1. Unclear how well shaft, upper toe, intermediate toe, lower toe terminology from Saumweber et al., 2018 (FlyBase:FBrf0238440) maps to M2, M1 and medial appendix from Pauls et al., 2010 (FlyBase:FBrf0211533) [FBC:CP].

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medial domain of adult lateral accessory lobe [FBbt_00053041]

Region of the adult lateral accessory lobe medial to the vertical tract formed by BAmv1 (LALv1) lineage neurons running through the lateral accessory lobe (Kandimalla et al., 2023). Neuronal arbors in this region tend to be more dispersed compared to those in the lateral domain (Kandimalla et al., 2023).

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medulla layer M1 [FBbt_00003750]

Distal-most layer of the medulla. It is defined by the distal extent of the distal lamina monopolar neuron L1 arborization (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989). In the literature there are two methods for describing spatial location of neurons in the visual system: distal-proximal (e.g. Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989), and medial-lateral (e.g. Ito et al., 2014), both meaning outer and inner, and refer to the distance of a structure along the visual pathway relative to the center of the brain. Currently we will adopt the classical ‘distal-proximal’.

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medulla layer M2 [FBbt_00003751]

Second most lateral layer of the medulla. It is defined by the distal extent of the distal lamina monopolar neuron L2 arborization (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989). In the literature there are two methods for describing spatial location of neurons in the visual system: distal-proximal (e.g. Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989), and medial-lateral (e.g. Ito et al., 2014), both meaning outer and inner, and refer to the distance of a structure along the visual pathway relative to the center of the brain. Currently we will adopt the classical ‘distal-proximal’.

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medulla layer M3 [FBbt_00003752]

Third most lateral layer of the medulla. It is defined by the proximal border of the lamina monopolar neuron L2 arborization to that of the lamina neuron L3 terminal (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989). In the literature there are two methods for describing spatial location of neurons in the visual system: distal-proximal (e.g. Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989), and medial-lateral (e.g. Ito et al., 2014), both meaning outer and inner, and refer to the distance of a structure along the visual pathway relative to the center of the brain. Currently we will adopt the classical ‘distal-proximal’.

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medulla layer M4 [FBbt_00003753]

Fourth most lateral layer of the medulla. It corresponds to the narrow layer between the proximal end of lamina neuron L3 and the distal border of lamina neuron L1’s proximal arborization (Takemura et al., 2008). In the literature there are two methods for describing spatial location of neurons in the visual system: distal-proximal (e.g. Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989), and medial-lateral (e.g. Ito et al., 2014), both meaning outer and inner, and refer to the distance of a structure along the visual pathway relative to the center of the brain. We use the classical ‘distal-proximal’.

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medulla layer M5 [FBbt_00003754]

Fifth most lateral layer of the medulla. It is defined by the lamina neuron L1’s proximal arborization and contains the proximal lamina neuron L5 terminal (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989). In the literature there are two methods for describing spatial location of neurons in the visual system: distal-proximal (e.g. Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989), and medial-lateral (e.g. Ito et al., 2014), both meaning outer and inner, and refer to the distance of a structure along the visual pathway relative to the center of the brain. Currently we will adopt the classical ‘distal-proximal’.

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medulla layer M6 [FBbt_00003755]

Sixth most lateral layer of the medulla, immediately lateral to the serpentine layer. It lies between the lamina neuron L1’s arborization and the serpentine layer (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989). In the literature there are two methods for describing spatial location of neurons in the visual system: distal-proximal (e.g. Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989), and medial-lateral (e.g. Ito et al., 2014), both meaning outer and inner, and refer to the distance of a structure along the visual pathway relative to the center of the brain. Currently we will adopt the classical ‘distal-proximal’.

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medulla sublayer M3A [FBbt_00111267]

Distal sublayer of the medulla layer M3, proximal to layer M2. It is defined by the extent of the arborization of Dm3 neurons. In the literature there are two methods for describing spatial location of neurons in the visual system: distal-proximal (e.g. Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989), and medial-lateral (e.g. Ito et al., 2014), both meaning outer and inner, and refer to the distance of a structure along the visual pathway relative to the center of the brain. Currently we will adopt the classical ‘distal-proximal’.

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medulla sublayer M3B [FBbt_00111268]

Proximal sublayer of the medulla layer M3, proximal to layer M3A. It is defined by the extent of the arborization of Dm12 and Dm20 neurons. In the literature there are two methods for describing spatial location of neurons in the visual system: distal-proximal (e.g. Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989), and medial-lateral (e.g. Ito et al., 2014), both meaning outer and inner, and refer to the distance of a structure along the visual pathway relative to the center of the brain. Currently we will adopt the classical ‘distal-proximal’.

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medulla sublayer M6A [FBbt_00111269]

Distal sublayer of the medulla layer M6, proximal to layer M5. It is defined by the extent of the arborization of Dm8 neurons proximally. In the literature there are two methods for describing spatial location of neurons in the visual system: distal-proximal (e.g. Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989), and lateral-medial (e.g. Ito et al., 2014), both meaning outer and inner, respectively, and refer to the distance of a structure along the visual pathway relative to the center of the brain. Currently we will adopt the classical ‘distal-proximal’.

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medulla sublayer M6B [FBbt_00111270]

Proximal sublayer of the medulla layer M6, proximal to layer M6A and distal to the serpentine layer (M7). It is defined by the extent of the arborization of Dm2 neurons proximally. In the literature there are two methods for describing spatial location of neurons in the visual system: distal-proximal (e.g. Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989), and lateral-medial (e.g. Ito et al., 2014), both meaning outer and inner, respectively, and refer to the distance of a structure along the visual pathway relative to the center of the brain. Currently we will adopt the classical ‘distal-proximal’.

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mushroom body alpha\' anterior-posterior layer [FBbt_00100266]

Anterior-most layer of the mushroom body alpha’ lobe. This layer was originally defined as two different regions, anterior and posterior (Tanaka et al., 2008). It was later recognized that the same Kenyon cells innervate both parts of the layer, meaning it can be considered as one (anterior-posterior) layer (Aso et al., 2014).

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mushroom body anterior-posterior layer of beta' lobe slice 2 [FBbt_00047078]

A subdomain of the adult mushroom body beta’ lobe where slice 2 intersects with the anterior-posterior layer (Aso et al., 2014). This compartment can be further subdivided into anterior and posterior regions that contain distinct MBON dendrites (Aso et al., 2014).

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mushroom body beta\' anterior-posterior layer [FBbt_00100269]

Anterior-most layer of the mushroom body beta’ lobe. This layer was originally defined as two different regions, anterior and posterior (Tanaka et al., 2008). It was later recognized that the same Kenyon cells innervate both parts of the layer, meaning it can be considered as one (anterior-posterior) layer (Aso et al., 2014).

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mushroom body slice [FBbt_00047310]

Division of a mushroom body lobe along the length of the mushroom body lobe system (Pauls et al., 2010; Aso et al., 2014). Slices of the horizontal lobe are regions along the horizontal axis and slices of the vertical lobe are regions along the vertical axis (Pauls et al., 2010; Aso et al., 2014). Slices are defined by the innervation patterns of input and output neurons (Pauls et al., 2010; Aso et al., 2014).

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outer layer of the larval mushroom body [FBbt_00110201]

Outer layer of the third instar larval mushroom body, encompassing the pedunculus and lobes. It is surrounded by the surface layer. Part of the larval-born gamma type Kenyon cells are contained in this layer. This layer was identified by staining with a FasII antibody. The outer layer is FasII-positive, and displays the strongest labelling. At the second larval instar, the outer and inner layers are part of the same middle layer (Pauls et al., 2010; Kurusu et al., 2002).

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pedunculus divide of adult mushroom body [FBbt_00045009]

The anterior end of the pedunculus of the adult mushroom body, where the Kenyon cell fibers bifurcate to project to the vertical and medial lobes. Considering that the Kenyon cell fiber projecting from the calyx divide rather than meet at this point, the term ‘pedunculus junction’ is somewhat misleading. Similarly, to prevent ambiguity, the terms ‘heel’ and ‘knee’ have been avoided as they are also used for referring to the mushroom body spur.

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posterior superior lateral protocerebrum [FBbt_00040046]

Posterior subregion of the superior lateral protocerebrum. Boundaries defined by Ito et al. (2014) (used to define this term) differ slightly from those defined for pslpr in Otsuna and Ito, (2006). There is no prominent natural boundary that clearly separates the posterior and anterior superior lateral protocerebrum. A frontal plane extrapolated from the boundary of the PVLP and PLP, which corresponds to the anterioposterior level of the great commissure, is used as a practical boundary.

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posterior superior medial protocerebrum [FBbt_00040063]

Region of the superior medial protocerebrum posterior to the fan-shaped body. Because the fan-shaped body protrudes deeply into the SMP, its superior apex is used as a practical boundary landmark between anterior and posterior superior medial protocerebrum (Ito et al., 2014).

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protocerebral bridge glomerulus [FBbt_00003669]

One of the 18 slices that make up the adult protocerebral bridge, 9 on each side of the midline, numbered 1-9 from medial to lateral. The identification of the most medial slice (slice 1) by Wolff et al. (2015) meant that the domain that was previously called slice 1 corresponds in fact to slice 2. Author mentions of 8 slices in the protocerebral bridge indicates that they are using the old nomenclature. Each of the two neighboring slices (2-3, 4-5, 6-7, 8-9) are associated more closely because small-field columnar neurons innervate the fan-shaped body via the protocerebral bridge, and these neurons are generated by the same neuroblasts, forming four groups on each side of the midline, from lateral to medial: segment pair W, X, Y and Z (Boyan and Williams et al., 2011; Ito and Awasaki, 2008).

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protocerebral bridge glomerulus 1 [FBbt_00111511]

The most medial slice of the protocerebral bridge of the adult brain. It is the smallest of the slices. The identification of this slice by Wolff et al. (2015) meant that the domain that was previously called slice 1 corresponds in fact to slice 2. Author mentions of 8 slices in the protocerebral bridge indicates that they are using the old nomenclature.

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rubus [FBbt_00040038]

The rubus is a small subregion that is embedded in the crepine, lying behind the mushroom body medial lobe. It consists of a small rough-surfaced mostly round structure. Fibers from the central complex form specific output terminals in this subregion, an project further towards the gall. The rubus is distinct from the round body (Wolff and Rubin, 2018).

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small unit of anterior optic tubercle [FBbt_00051217]

Region of the adult anterior optic tubercle that receives input from neurons that project from the medulla (Timaeus et al., 2020). It can be further subdivided based on the innervation patterns of medulla-tubercle and tubercle-bulb neurons (Timaeus et al., 2020).

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subregion FDA of AMMC zone F [FBbt_00049960]

Dorsoanterior subregion of AMMC zone F (Hampel et al., 2020). It is one of three subareas formed by the proximal neurites of zone F Johnston organ neurites (Hampel et al., 2020). This region is formed by neurites that run adjacent to the JO-EVM neurons (Hampel et al., 2020).

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subregion FDL of AMMC zone F [FBbt_00049962]

Dorsolateral subregion of AMMC zone F (Hampel et al., 2020). It is one of three subareas formed by the proximal neurites of zone F Johnston organ neurites (Hampel et al., 2020). It is a relatively small, anterior-protruding subregion, lateral and slightly ventral to FDA (Hampel et al., 2020).

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subregion FDP of AMMC zone F [FBbt_00049961]

Dorsoposterior subregion of AMMC zone F (Hampel et al., 2020). It is one of three subareas formed by the proximal neurites of zone F Johnston organ neurites (Hampel et al., 2020). It is formed by a posterior branch of JO-F neurons that projects adjacent to the JO-EVP neurons (Hampel et al., 2020).

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superior clamp [FBbt_00040048]

Superior (dorsal) part of the clamp, above the dorsal surface of the mushroom body pedunculus and in front of the mushroom body calyx. It is located above the superior ellipsoid commissure (SEC) and superior arch commissure (SAC). Different regions of the SCL correspond to the subdivisions of the ilpr and impr (Otsuna and Ito, 2006). The anterior and posterior regions of the lateral SCL match part of ilpr; the anterior and posterior regions of the medial SCL match part of impr. The SCL also corresponds to the medial part of the superpeduncular protocerebrum (SPP) of Chiang et al., (2011), and to the medial and lateral inferior protocerebrum (Ito et al., 2014).

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superior posterior slope [FBbt_00045040]

Superior (dorsal) part of the posterior slope. It lies behind the great commissure, gorget and vest and below the inferior clamp and inferior bridge. It has no clear glial boundary with the surrounding neuropils. The SPS corresponds to part of the superior part of the psl of Otsuna and Ito (2006) and to the dorsal postcommissural ventromedial cerebrum (Ito et al., 2014).

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surface layer of the larval mushroom body [FBbt_00110200]

Surface layer of the third instar larval mushroom body, encompassing the pedunculus and lobes. The embryonic-born gamma type Kenyon cells are contained in this layer. This layer was identified by staining with a FasII antibody. The surface layer is partially FasII-negative (Pauls et al., 2010; Kurusu et al., 2002).

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taste-sensory region glomerulus [FBbt_00004014]

Glomerular region in the adult subesophageal zone which contains the terminals of labial sensory neurons. There are 4 distinct regions, three of them present in both hemispheres. Must be part of the labellar gustatory association center, due to presence of labial sensory neuron terminals. These regions are identified in preparations treated with diamino-benzidine (DAB) (Shanbhag and Singh, 1992).

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tooth of fan-shaped body [FBbt_00049146]

Protrusion of layer 1 of the fan-shaped body at its ventral margin (Wolff et al., 2015). There are seven distinct teeth resembling cogs, plus an additional two ‘cryptic teeth’, making a total of nine teeth (Wolff et al., 2015). The central tooth is most posterior, spanning both hemispheres, and it is flanked on each side by three prominent and increasingly anterior teeth (Wolff et al., 2015). The most lateral (cryptic) tooth in each hemisphere is the smallest and lies ventral and anterior to its nearest neighbor (Wolff et al., 2015). Each tooth corresponds to one of the nine columns defined by columnar neurons innervating the protocerebral bridge and fan-shaped body (Hulse et al., 2020). The ‘cryptic teeth’ that are elusive in that they are not evident in nc82-labeled samples, but only in specimens with the right combination of labeled cells (Wolff et al., 2015).

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upper toe of larval mushroom body medial lobe [FBbt_00047979]

Dorsal lobe of the medial part of the larval mushroom body medial lobe, which forms a compartment defined by the innervation pattern of mushroom body extrinsic neurons (MBINs and MBONs) (Saumweber et al., 2018). This appears to be within the M1 region described by Pauls et al., 2010. Unclear how well shaft, upper toe, intermediate toe, lower toe terminology from Saumweber et al., 2018 (FlyBase:FBrf0238440) maps to M2, M1 and medial appendix from Pauls et al., 2010 (FlyBase:FBrf0211533) [FBC:CP].

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V1 segment of the vertical lobe [FBbt_00110199]

Ventral-most segment of the vertical lobe of the larval mushroom body, ventral to V2. It is associated with aversive memory (Eschbach et al., 2020). Unclear how well upper, intermediate, lower terminology from Saumweber et al., 2018 (FlyBase:FBrf0238440) maps to V3, V2, V1 from Pauls et al., 2010 (FlyBase:FBrf0211533) [FBC:CP].

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V2 segment of the vertical lobe [FBbt_00110198]

Medial segment of the vertical lobe of the larval mushroom body, ventral to V3 and dorsal to V1. It is associated with aversive memory (Eschbach et al., 2020). Unclear how well upper, intermediate, lower terminology from Saumweber et al., 2018 (FlyBase:FBrf0238440) maps to V3, V2, V1 from Pauls et al., 2010 (FlyBase:FBrf0211533) [FBC:CP].

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