Tag: Peptidergic_neuron

adult A1-A5 heart CCAP neuron [FBbt_00052353]

Adult heart CCAP neuron with its soma in an abdominal 1-5 segment (Dulcis and Levine, 2003). Its soma is located near the row of spiracles and its axon follows a transverse nerve to reach the heart (Dulcis and Levine, 2003). There is one of these on each side in each of abdominal segments 1-5 (Dulcis and Levine, 2003).

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adult A6 heart CCAP neuron [FBbt_00052354]

Adult heart CCAP neuron that has its soma in abdominal segment 6 (Dulcis and Levine, 2003). It innervates the terminal chamber of the heart (Dulcis and Levine, 2003). There are four of these cells per organism, which have large somas and are found together as a medial cluster (Dulcis and Levine, 2003).

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adult abdominal ganglion Leucokinin neuron [FBbt_00110054]

Adult neuron that expresses Leucokinin (FBgn0028418) whose cell body is located dorsally in the abdominal ganglion, with their cell bodies and neurites resembling a ladder-like appearance. From each neuron emerge two axons: one fasciculates with the abdominal nerves and the other branches toward the anterior and posterior ABLK. The more anterior ABLK neurons are connected to the leucokinin SELK neuron of the subesophageal ganglion in the dorsal-medial tract (de Haro et al., 2010).

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adult abdominal large ventral posterior medial Mip neuron [FBbt_00047862]

Myoinhibitory peptide (Mip)-expressing neuron of the adult that has a relatively large soma located in a ventral and medial position in the posterior abdominal neuromere (Jang et al., 2017). There is one of these cells per hemisphere (Jang et al., 2017). Not labelled by Mip antibody (Jang et al., 2017).

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adult abdominal small medial posterior medial Mip neuron [FBbt_00047907]

Myoinhibitory peptide (Mip)-expressing neuron of the adult that has a relatively small soma located in a medial position, posteriormost of the Mip cells of the abdominal neuromere (Jang et al., 2017). There are one or two of these cells per hemisphere (Jang et al., 2017). Not labelled by Mip antibody (Jang et al., 2017).

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adult abdominal small ventral posterior medial Mip neuron [FBbt_00047855]

Myoinhibitory peptide (Mip)-expressing neuron of the adult that has a relatively small soma located in a ventral and medial position in the posterior abdominal neuromere (Jang et al., 2017). There are one or two of these cells per hemisphere (Jang et al., 2017). Not labelled by Mip antibody (Jang et al., 2017).

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adult abdominal ventral anterior lateral (female) dsx/Mip neuron [FBbt_00047368]

Doublesex and myoinhibitory peptide (Mip)-expressing local interneuron of the adult female that has its soma in a relatively ventral and lateral location in the anterior abdominal neuromere (Jang et al., 2017). There are two of these cells per hemisphere in the female and there is no male equivalent (Jang et al., 2017). It extensively innervates the abdominal ganglion, where it has input and output terminals, it also sends an axon along the midline to the metathoracic neuromere, where it has presynaptic terminals (Jang et al., 2017). Its activity is required for normal mating receptivity in virgin flies (Jang et al., 2017).

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adult abdominal ventral anterior medial (female) Mip neuron [FBbt_00047538]

Myoinhibitory peptide (Mip)-expressing neuron of the adult female that has its soma in a relatively ventral and medial location in the anterior abdominal neuromere (Jang et al., 2017). There are one or two of these cells per hemisphere in the female and there is no male equivalent (Jang et al., 2017). It has higher activity in virgin than mated females and its activity promotes mating receptivity (Jang et al., 2017). Not labelled by Mip antibody (Jang et al., 2017).

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adult anterior large descending DN Tachykinin neuron [FBbt_00110049]

Adult neuron that expresses Tachykinin (FBgn0037976) whose cell body is located in the anterior subesophageal zone and innervates the thoracico-abdominal ganglia. There is one neuron per hemisphere (Winther et al., 2003; Siviter et al., 2000). Tachykinin expression was observed by in situ hybridization and immunostaining (Winther et al., 2003; Siviter et al., 2000).

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adult CCAP abdominal neuron [FBbt_00111321]

Adult neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007), whose soma is located in the cell body rind of the abdominal ganglion. There are around 2 neurons in each hemineuromere. Some neurons degenerate shortly after eclosion, by 10h-12h. These include the dCCAP-IR neurons, two dozen neurons on the dorsal surface of the fused metathoracic and abdominal neuromeres, and the vCCAP-IR neurons, one pair of neurons on either side of the midline in each of the ventral surface of the thoracic neuromeres (Draizen et al., 1999).

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adult CCAP heart abdominal neuron [FBbt_00111322]

A subset of CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007) neurons of the adult abdominal ganglion. It has a bipolar morphology, with one of the neurites fasciculating with the adult transverse nerve in each neuromere, to innervate the alary muscles of the heart chambers that extend along the midline. There is one in each hemineuromere from A1 to A6.

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adult CCAP lateral dorsal subesophageal neuron [FBbt_00049194]

Adult lateral subesophageal neuron whose soma is located in a relatively dorsal position (Luan et al., 2006, Selcho et al., 2018). There is one of these per hemisphere (Luan et al., 2006, Selcho et al., 2018). The cell body fiber runs along the anterior border of the subesophageal zone (SEZ) toward the midline, bifurcates and arborizes in the median bundle and the posteriomedial SEZ (Selcho et al., 2018). In the anterior supraesophageal zone (SPZ) it arborizes in the superior medial protocerebrum (SMP) and the medial lobes and spurs of the mushroom bodies (Selcho et al., 2018). Fibers project along both medial antennal lobe tracts and symmetrically innervate the inferior bridge, inferior clamp, superior clamp, superior posterior slope, posterior lateral protocerebrum, SMP, and superior lateral protocerebrum (Selcho et al., 2018).

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adult CCAP lateral middle subesophageal neuron [FBbt_00049196]

Adult CCAP lateral subesophageal neuron whose soma is located between the dorsal and ventral cells (Luan et al., 2006, Selcho et al., 2018). There are two of these per hemisphere and one is sometimes seen to express bursicon (Luan et al., 2006, Selcho et al., 2018).

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adult CCAP lateral middle subesophageal neuron 1 [FBbt_00049197]

Adult CCAP lateral middle subesophageal neuron that arborizes in the anterior to median subesophageal zone and sends a fiber into the contralateral cervical connective (Selcho et al., 2018). There is one of these per hemisphere (Selcho et al., 2018).

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adult CCAP lateral middle subesophageal neuron 2 [FBbt_00049198]

Adult CCAP lateral middle subesophageal neuron that arborizes in the medial to lateral subesophageal zone in both hemispheres and sends a fiber into the contralateral cervical connective (Selcho et al., 2018). There is one of these per hemisphere (Selcho et al., 2018).

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adult CCAP lateral subesophageal neuron [FBbt_00111318]

Adult neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007), whose soma is located in the subesophageal zone (Luan et al., 2006). There are 4 neurons in each hemisphere: one more anterior, 2 in a medial position and one more posterior (Luan et al., 2006). These neurons descend into the ventral nerve cord (Luan et al., 2006). They all undergo programmed cell death shortly after eclosion (Selcho et al., 2018).

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adult CCAP lateral ventral subesophageal neuron [FBbt_00049195]

Adult lateral subesophageal neuron whose soma is located in a relatively ventral position (Luan et al., 2006, Selcho et al., 2018). There is one of these per hemisphere, and it also expresses Bursicon (Luan et al., 2006). Its cell body fiber runs along the posterioventral subesophageal zone to the midline, where it bifurcates (Selcho et al., 2018). A fiber runs dorsally along the contralateral median bundle to innervate the contralateral superior medial protocerebrum (SMP) and the ipsilateral SMP, via the superior arch commissure (Selcho et al., 2018). A projection also descends via the contralateral cervical connective to innervate the ventral nerve cord (Selcho et al., 2018).

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adult CCAP protocerebrum neuron [FBbt_00111317]

Adult neuron that expresses Crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) (FBgn0039007), whose soma is located in the posterior superior medial protocerebrum cell body rind, mediolateral to the mushroom body calyx (Selcho et al., 2018). There are two of these neurons per hemisphere, with seemingly identical innervation patterns, and they are the only CCAP cells of the central brain to survive throughout adulthood (Selcho et al., 2018). It predominantly arborizes in the ipsilateral superior medial protocerebrum, but there is also some contralateral arborization (Selcho et al., 2018). It follows the median bundle to innervate the flange on both sides (Selcho et al., 2018).

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adult CCAP ventral subesophageal neuron [FBbt_00049193]

Adult neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007), whose soma is located close to the midline in the ventral gnathal ganglion (Selcho et al., 2018). There is one of these neurons per hemisphere; its cell body fiber runs dorsally along the midline and it ramifies in the medial subesophageal zone (Selcho et al., 2018). It also descends to the ventral nerve cord (Selcho et al., 2018).

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adult CCAP/burs abdominal neuron [FBbt_00111324]

Adult neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007), Bursicon (FBgn0038901) and Partner of Bursicon (FBgn0264810), whose soma is located in the cell body rind of the abdominal ganglion. There is 1 neuron in each hemineuromere from A1 to A7. The main neurite extends towards the midline and arborizes. It then crosses the midline and exits the central nervous system posteriorly via one of the abdominal nerves.

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adult CCAP/burs subesophageal neuron [FBbt_00111319]

Adult neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007) and Bursicon (FBgn0038901) and Partner of Bursicon (FBgn0264810), whose soma is located in the subesophageal zone. There are 2 neurons in each hemisphere, one in a more medial position and one more posterior. The main neurite of the posterior neuron extends towards the midline and arborizes. It then crosses the midline and descends into the ventral nerve cord, arborizing mainly in the contralateral thoracic and abdominal neuromeres. In the latter, the arborizations are at similar locations to the ones of the bursicon abdominal neurons. It exits the central nervous system via one of the abdominal nerves.

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adult deutocerebrum DC Tachykinin neuron [FBbt_00110046]

Adult neuron that expresses Tachykinin (FBgn0037976) whose cell body is located in the cortex of the anterior deutocerebrum close to the antennal lobes. There are about 8 pairs of cell bodies per hemisphere (Winther et al., 2003). Tachykinin expression was observed by in situ hybridization and immunostaining (Winther et al., 2003).

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adult Dh44 neuron of pars intercerebralis [FBbt_00047127]

Diuretic hormone 44 (DH44)-expressing neuron of the adult having a cell body in the pars intercerebralis. There are three of these cells per hemisphere and they all coexpress leucokinin receptor (Cannell et al., 2016). These DH44 neurons synapse with Hugin neurons in the pars intercerebralis, the subesophageal zone and along the midline of the brain between these regions (King et al., 2017). Their subesophageal arborization is predominantly in the prow (Lee et al., 2015). Long axons project to the foregut, anterior midgut and crop (Dus et al., 2015). Synapsing data shown by GRASP (King et al., 2017).

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adult Dh44 neuron of ventral nerve cord [FBbt_00047135]

DH44-expressing neuron with a cell body located in the adult ventral nerve cord. Clusters are present in the prothoracic, mesothoracic and abdominal ganglia. Fewer of these cells exist in the adult than in the larva and pupa. These cells might be a subset of the adult ABLK cells, but not clear if every cell is LK positive (Zandawala et al., 2018 - FBrf0238083).

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adult dMP2 Ilp7 neuron [FBbt_00100539]

Ilp7-expressing neuron of the adult abdominal neuromere. These are embryonic/larval dMP2 Ilp7 neurons that persist into adulthood (with some remodeling) and are part of the posterior cluster of Ilp7 neurons in the adult. There are two large cells that strongly express Ilp7 and four to six small cells with weak expression in the ventral part of the posterior cluster.

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adult dorsal posterior Ilp7 (female) neuron [FBbt_00047238]

Female version of the adult dorsal posterior Ilp7 neuron. This is a glutamatergic motor neuron that innervates the oviduct. There are 4 of these neurons, in a dorsal cluster. These cells are generated by post-embryonic neurogenesis in the late third instar larva. Unlike the male version, this cell does not produce serotonin. These neurons express fruitless (FBgn0004652) but not doublesex (FBgn0000504). The expression of Bruchpilot was used to reveal presynaptic terminals (Castellanos et al., 2013).

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adult dorsal posterior Ilp7 (male) neuron [FBbt_00111305]

Male version of the adult dorsal posterior Ilp7 neuron, which expresses the male isoform of fruitless. This is a serotonergic neuron that innervates the seminal vesicle. There are 4 of these neurons, which are a subset of the serotonergic abdominal giant neurons. These cells are generated by post-embryonic neurogenesis in the late third instar larva. Unlike the female version, this cell is not a motor neuron and expression of postsynaptic glutamate receptors is much lower. They also express fruitless (FBgn0004652) but not doublesex (FBgn0000504). The expression of Bruchpilot was used to reveal presynaptic terminals (Castellanos et al., 2013). May be equivalent to or overlap with serotonergic abdominal giant (male) neuron 1 - FBbt:00048428 [FBC:CP].

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adult dorsal posterior Ilp7 neuron [FBbt_00047239]

Sexually dimorphic Ilp7 neuron on the dorsal side of the posterior abdominal ganglion, which also expresses fruitless. These cells are generated by post-embryonic neurogenesis in the late third instar larva. They innervate the reproductive tracts. The expression of Bruchpilot was used to reveal presynaptic terminals (Castellanos et al., 2013).

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adult Drosulfakinin MP1 neuron [FBbt_00051431]

Adult neuron that secretes Drosulfakinin and is found in a cluster of two cells close to the midline in the medial protocerebrum (Nichols and Lim, 1996; Wu et al., 2019). It also expresses fruitless and plays a role in mating behavior in both males and females, but it is not sexually dimorphic (Wu et al., 2019). There are two subtypes, both of which arborize bilaterally in the lateral protocerebrum and subesophageal zone, but differ in whether they innervate the optic lobe (Wu et al., 2019).

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adult Drosulfakinin MP3 neuron [FBbt_00051432]

Adult neuron that secretes Drosulfakinin and is found in a cluster of two cells in each hemisphere, lateral to the MP1 cells in the medial protocerebrum (Nichols and Lim, 1996; Wu et al., 2019). It projects to the superior medial and lateral protocerebrum and the lateral horn (Wu et al., 2019). It is predominantly ipsilateral, but in some cases extends a short way into the contralateral hemisphere in the dorsal part of the brain (Wu et al., 2019). It also expresses fruitless, but is not sexually dimorphic (Wu et al., 2019).

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adult Eh neurosecretory neuron [FBbt_00049192]

Neuron of the adult brain that expresses eclosion hormone (Eh). A single pair of these neurons is present in the pharate adult, and is required for the ’lights on response’ in eclosion frequency (McNabb and Truman, 2008). Eh expression is strongly reduced after eclosion (McNabb and Truman, 2008). Its cell body is found in the anterior superior medial protocerebrum (SMP) and its arborizations are visible in the medial SMP, the median bundle, around the esophageal foramen and in the dorsal subesophageal zone (Selcho et al., 2018). It has postsynapses and peptide release sites in these locations, but no apparent presynapses (Selcho et al., 2018). Descending fibers enter the cervical connective and other fibers leave the central brain along the esophagus to innervate the hypocerebral ganglion and corpus cardiacum (Selcho et al., 2018). Expresses a CCAP-GAL4, but does not immunostain for CCAP at the pharate adult stage (Selcho et al., 2018).

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adult GPA2/GPB5 neuron of the ventral nerve cord [FBbt_00110881]

An adult neuron that expresses GPA2/GPB5 (FBgn0261386 and FBgn0063368). There are 4 pairs of bilateral neurons in the first 4 abdominal neuromeres. Weak and inconsistently labelled cells were also described: 2 cells in the gnathal ganglion and 2 cells in the pars intercerebralis, and some cells in the thoracic neuromeres (Sellami et al., 2011).

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adult Hugin neuron [FBbt_00110924]

Adult neuron that expresses Hugin (FBgn0028374). These neurons have their soma in the gnathal ganglion and arborize the ventral nerve cord, corpus cardiacum and the protocerebrum. The latter neurites traverse along the median neurosecretory cells in the pars intercerebralis and terminate near the mushroom bodies (Melcher and Pankratz, 2005). Hugin neurons synapse with DH44 neurons in the pars intercerebralis, the subesophageal zone and along the midline of the brain between these regions. Hugin positive axons project to the ventral nerve cord, where they synapse with vGlut positive motor neurons (King et al., 2017). Synapsing data shown by GRASP (King et al., 2017).

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adult Hugin neuron of the corpus allatum [FBbt_00052009]

Adult neuron that expresses Hugin and projects to the ring gland, where it has peptide release sites in the corpus allatum (Mizuno et al., 2021). It has synaptic contact with Dh44 neurons in the subesophageal zone (Mizuno et al., 2021). There are two of these cells per hemisphere (Mizuno et al., 2021).

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adult insulin secreting cell of pars intercerebralis [FBbt_00110107]

Insulin-producing neurosecretory cell of the adult pars intercerebralis that innervates the corpus cardiacum and corpus allatum, and branches before exiting the brain. It extends thin branches laterally in the dorsal protocerebrum, shorter branches along the cell neurites in the dorsal part of the median bundle and has extensive arborizations in the tritocerebrum (Enell et al., 2010). A single axon extends ventrally, branching just before exiting the brain, emerging as two branches that follow the aorta and innervate the corpus cardiacum in the ring gland and the hypocerebral ganglion, near the cardiac valve of the midgut. One of the branches follows the stalk of the crop, whilst the other bifurcates, with each of these branches extending along each side of the midgut (Cao and Brown, 2001). There are seven of these cells from each hemisphere with their cell bodies clustering in the pars intercerebralis at late pupal stages (Cao and Brown, 2001, Broughton et al., 2005, Cao et al., 2014). These cells co-express Ilp2, Ilp3 and Ilp5 mRNA (Broughton et al., 2005). Insulin-producing cells are found amongst the median neurosecretory cells, but not all mNSCs are IPCs (FlyBase:FBrf0212696), despite misleading phrasing in some articles (e.g. FlyBase:FBrf0184236).

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adult ipc-1 neuron [FBbt_00047843]

Ion transport peptide (ITP)-expressing neuron of the adult brain. It is found in a cluster of four cells with cell bodies in the pars lateralis and it sends axons to the corpus cardiacum and corpus allatum (Dircksen et al., 2008). Some of these cells project to the thoracic neuromeres and one follows the crop duct, terminating in the region around the salivary glands (Dircksen et al., 2008). Unlike the larval ipc-1 cells, the adult cells also express short neuropeptide F (sNPF) and Tachykinin (Tk) (Kahsai et al., 2010). These are the same as the anterior leucokinin neurons (Zandawala et al., 2018), they express an Lk-GAL4, but Lk expression is not apparent with antibody staining (de Haro et al., 2010; Zandawala et al., 2018).

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adult ipc-2 neuron [FBbt_00048309]

Ion transport peptide (ITP)-expressing neuron of the adult brain with its cell body in a dorsal posterior medial position (Dircksen et al., 2008). There are four of these cells that can be seen from late pupal stages before eclosion (P15) and into the adult stage (Dircksen et al., 2008). Their projections are restricted to parts of the anterior dorsal, medial, and lateral areas of the superior medial and lateral protocerebrum (SMP, SLP) and parts of the protocerebral bridge (Dircksen et al., 2008).

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adult ipc-3 neuron [FBbt_00048310]

Ion transport peptide (ITP)-expressing neuron of the adult brain with its cell body close to the anterior lateral or anterior dorsal base of the medulla (Dircksen et al., 2008). There are three or four of these cells per hemisphere that can be seen in the pharate and adult stages (Dircksen et al., 2008). They project to parts of the superior medial and lateral protocerebrum (SMP, SLP) and at least one enters the accessory medulla (Dircksen et al., 2008).

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adult ipc-4 neuron [FBbt_00048311]

Ion transport peptide (ITP)-expressing neuron of the adult brain with its cell body in a dorsal medial position (Dircksen et al., 2008). There is one bilateral pair of these neurons that can be seen in the pharate and adult stages (Dircksen et al., 2008). Its axons follow the median bundle to areas around the esophageal orifice (Dircksen et al., 2008).

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adult large dMP2 Ilp7 neuron [FBbt_00047241]

Ilp7-expressing neuron of the adult abdominal neuromere. These are embryonic/larval dMP2 Ilp7 neurons that persist into adulthood (with some remodeling) and are part of the ventral posterior cluster of Ilp7 neurons in the adult. There are two of these large cells, which strongly express Ilp7 and innervate the hindgut.

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adult lateral horn Leucokinin neuron [FBbt_00110058]

Adult neuron that expresses Leucokinin (FBgn0028418) and whose large cell body is located in the lateral horn. Its thin processes run ventrally before bifurcating into two main collateral branches which innervate the superior lateral and median protocerebrum, the region around the mushroom body pedunculus and the mushroom body calyx. There is one neuron per hemisphere (de Haro et al., 2010).

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adult optic lobe OL Tachykinin neuron [FBbt_00110047]

Adult neuron that expresses Tachykinin (FBgn0037976) and whose cell body is located at the base of the optic lobe. There are about 10 pairs of cell bodies per hemisphere (Winther et al., 2003). Tachykinin expression was observed by in situ hybridization and immunostaining (Winther et al., 2003).

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adult pheromone-sensing CCAP neuron of leg [FBbt_00052301]

Adult pheromone-sensing neuron of the leg that expresses crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP), which it releases in the ventral nerve cord (Zhang et al., 2022). Some of these cells express fruitless and some are male pheromone-detecting (Zhang et al., 2022). Only studied in males by Zhang et al. (2022).

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adult post-embryonic ventral posterior Ilp7 (female) neuron [FBbt_00110664]

Female-specific adult Ilp7 neuron. There are 3 to 4 of these neurons, in a ventral cluster of the abdominal neuromere with the dMP2 Ilp7 neurons. It is a glutamatergic motor neuron that fasciculates with the abdominal nerve trunk and innervates the oviduct muscle. These cells are generated by post-embryonic neurogenesis in the late third instar larva. The expression of Bruchpilot was used to reveal presynaptic terminals. These neurons express fruitless (FBgn0004652), but not doublesex (FBgn0000504) (Castellanos et al., 2013).

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adult protocerebral LPP1 Tachykinin neuron [FBbt_00110044]

Adult neuron that expresses Tachykinin (FBgn0037976) and whose cell body is located in the posterior protocerebrum. One cluster of around 12 cell bodies is found per hemisphere (Winther et al., 2003). Tachykinin expression was observed by in situ hybridization and immunostaining (Winther et al., 2003). LPP1 neurons include some fruitless aSP-f and aSP-g neurons (Asahina et al., 2014).

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adult protocerebral LPP2 Tachykinin neuron [FBbt_00110043]

Adult neuron that expresses Tachykinin (FBgn0037976), whose cell body is located in the lateral posterior protocerebrum and that innervates the superior median protocerebrum and the fan-shaped body. One cluster of around 10 cell bodies is found per hemisphere (Winther et al., 2003). Tachykinin expression was observed by in situ hybridization and immunostaining (Winther et al., 2003).

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adult protocerebral MPP Tachykinin neuron [FBbt_00110045]

Adult neuron that expresses Tachykinin (FBgn0037976) and whose cell body is located in the median posterior protocerebrum. One cluster of around 3 cell bodies is found per hemisphere (Winther et al., 2003). Tachykinin expression was observed by in situ hybridization and immunostaining (Winther et al., 2003).

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adult protocerebral SMP Tachykinin neuron [FBbt_00110310]

Adult neuron that expresses Tachykinin (FBgn0037976) whose cell body is located in the superior medial posterior protocerebrum. It is part of a cluster of around 24 cells (Winther et al., 2003). Tachykinin expression was observed by in situ hybridization and immunostaining (Winther et al., 2003).

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adult rectal papilla RYamide neuron [FBbt_00052380]

Adult neuron that has its soma in the abdominal neuromere, expresses RYamide and innervates the rectal papillae (Veenstra and Khammassi, 2017). There is one of these cells on each side (Veenstra and Khammassi, 2017). May be the only RYamide neurons in adult or larva (Veenstra and Khammassi, 2017).

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adult SIFamide cell of pars intercerebralis [FBbt_00047427]

Neuron of the adult pars intercerebralis (PI) that expresses SIFamide (SIFa) (Verleyen et al., 2004; Terhzaz et al., 2007). There are two of these cells per hemisphere, thought to be the only SIFamide-expressing cells of the adult central nervous system (Terhzaz et al., 2007). They innervate large parts of the brain and ventral nerve cord (Terhzaz et al., 2007), including the mushroom body calyx and alpha lobe slice 3 (Aso et al., 2014). These neurons play a role in inhibiting courtship behavior in males and reducing receptivity in females (Terhzaz et al., 2007).

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adult small dMP2 Ilp7 neuron [FBbt_00047242]

Ilp7-expressing neuron of the adult abdominal neuromere. These are embryonic/larval dMP2 Ilp7 neurons that persist into adulthood (with some remodeling) and are part of the ventral posterior cluster of Ilp7 neurons in the adult. There are four to six of these cells that have weak expression of Ilp7.

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adult subesophageal Leucokinin neuron [FBbt_00110056]

Adult neuron that expresses Leucokinin (FBgn0028418) whose cell body is located in the ventromedial subesophageal zone. The axon collaterals in the brain innervate the gnathal ganglion ipsi- and contralaterally, the tritocerebrum and fasciculate with the maxillary and labral nerve. Four axons extend along the cervical connective to the ventral nerve cord. The axons that extend along the ventral nerve cord connect to the leucokinin ABLK neurons. There are two to three pairs of neurons (de Haro et al., 2010).

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adult Tachykinin neuron of the thoracic-abdominal ganglion [FBbt_00110051]

Adult neuron that expresses Tachykinin (FBgn0037976) whose cell body is located in the thoracic-abdominal ganglion. There are 10 to 12 pairs in the prothoracic, 5 to 6 in the mesothoracic, 8 to 12 in the metathoracic and 1 to 2 in the abdominal neuromeres (Winther et al., 2003).

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adult tritocerebral TC1 Tachykinin neuron [FBbt_00110050]

Adult neuron that expresses Tachykinin (FBgn0037976), whose cell body is located in the tritocerebrum and which innervates, among other regions, the fan-shaped body. One cluster of around 16 cell bodies is found per hemisphere (Winther et al., 2003). Tachykinin expression was observed by in situ hybridization and immunostaining.

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adult VNC Orcokinin A neuron [FBbt_00052361]

Adult neuron that expresses the A isoform of Orcokinin and has its soma in the ventral nerve cord (Chen et al., 2015). There are two of these cells on each side, with their cell bodies located dorsally in the posterior metathoracic neuromere (Chen et al., 2015). Only 4 cells per VNC labelled by antibody and in situ despite more expressing GAL4 driver (Chen et al., 2015).

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Allatostatin A neuron of superior lateral protocerebrum [FBbt_00049007]

Allatostatin A-expressing neuron of the adult that has its cell body in the superior lateral protocerebrum (Ni et al., 2019). These neurons are glutamatergic and express the Allatostatin A neuropeptide (Ni et al., 2019). Their activation increases sleep upstream of ExFl2 neurons, to which they synapse in the superior medial protocerebrum (Ni et al., 2019). Synapsing shown by GRASP and functional data (Ni et al., 2019).

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allatostatin C DN1p neuron [FBbt_00052250]

DN1p neuron that expresses allatostatin C (AstC). It also expresses CNMa and Dh31 (Zhang et al., 2021). There are approximately 4-6 of these cells per DN1p cluster (Diaz et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2021). Some of these cells are anterior-projecting and some are ventro-contralateral-projecting (Zhang et al., 2021). Diaz et al. (2019) report 4 cells (which are also glutamatergic), Zhang et al. (2021) report 6. Based on images in these papers, it looks like 4 stain strongly for AstC and a couple more only stain weakly. Zhang et al. (2021) report innervation of the AOTU and PI, implying both a-DN1ps and vc-DN1ps are among these cells.

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allatostatin C DN3 neuron [FBbt_00052251]

DN3 neuron that expresses allatostatin C (AstC). There are approximately 20 of these per DN3 cluster (Diaz et al., 2019). In females, its AstC levels and steady-state firing rate are reduced in cold temperatures and it is involved in the regulation of egg production in response to cold temperatures (Meiselman et al., 2022). These cells are present in males (Diaz et al., 2019) and females (Meiselman et al., 2022), but function only investigated in females in Meiselman et al. (2022).

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AstA1_L (FlyEM-HB:362473525) [VFB_jrchjsj3]

tracing status-Roughly traced, cropped-False [focussed ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM); JRC_FlyEM_Hemibrain; allatostatin A neuron; neuronbridge; is part of; female organism; AstA1_L (FlyEM-HB:362473525); Neuprint web interface - hemibrain:v1.1; JRC2018Unisex; adult brain; adult peptidergic neuron]

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AstA1_R (FlyEM-HB:5813069859) [VFB_jrchjsj4]

tracing status-Roughly traced, cropped-False [focussed ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM); JRC_FlyEM_Hemibrain; allatostatin A neuron; AstA1_R (FlyEM-HB:5813069859); neuronbridge; is part of; female organism; Neuprint web interface - hemibrain:v1.1; JRC2018Unisex; adult brain; adult peptidergic neuron]

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CRZ01_R (FlyEM-HB:294161385) [VFB_jrchjtd4]

tracing status-Traced, cropped-False [focussed ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM); JRC_FlyEM_Hemibrain; adult corazonin neuron; neuronbridge; is part of; female organism; Neuprint web interface - hemibrain:v1.1; CRZ01_R (FlyEM-HB:294161385); JRC2018Unisex; adult brain]

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CRZ02_R (FlyEM-HB:448994377) [VFB_jrchjtd5]

tracing status-Roughly traced, cropped-False [focussed ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM); JRC_FlyEM_Hemibrain; CRZ02_R (FlyEM-HB:448994377); adult corazonin neuron; neuronbridge; is part of; female organism; Neuprint web interface - hemibrain:v1.1; JRC2018Unisex; adult brain]

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dMP2 neuron [FBbt_00001602]

Insulinergic intersegmental interneuron that is one of two cells differentiating from neuroblast MP2. It projects posteriorly in a medial fascicle of the connective. Axons from dMP2 neurons innervate the hindgut, forming two fascicles that extend on opposite sides of the hindgut (Miguel-Aliaga et al., 2008). By the adult stage, arbors have formed that innervate the anterior intestines and the rectum. dMP2 neurons perform a pioneer function in embryos then undergo apoptosis in all but segments A1-A9 (Miguel-Aliaga et al., 2008).

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embryonic/larval dMP2 Ilp7 neuron [FBbt_00100534]

A dMP2 neuron that expresses Ilp7. All dMP2 neurons that survive in the larva (those in A6-9) are of this type. There are two per segment. All project to the hindgut. These projections have Ilp7 positive swellings associated with circular visceral muscle. Their terminals are also sites of Ilp7 localization.

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embryonic/larval dorsal Ilp7 neuron [FBbt_00047232]

Ilp7-expressing neuron of the embryo or larva that belongs to the dorsal pair (one cell per hemineuromere) with cell bodies in abdominal neuromere 1 (Miguel-Aliaga et al., 2008). Unlike other Ilp7 neurons, it also expresses sNPF (Hu et al., 2017). It extends anteriorly and posteriorly along the length of the ventral nerve cord and its axon terminals reach the pars intercerebralis (Hu et al., 2017). It receives input from multidendritic neurons, including class IV neurons (Hu et al., 2017) and its activity can enhance, but not induce, mechanonociceptive responses, dependent on sNPF (Hu et al., 2017).

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insulin secreting cell of pars intercerebralis [FBbt_00004011]

Insulin-producing neuron with a cell body in the pars intercerebralis. These cells coexpress the genes Insulin-like peptide (Ilp) 2, Ilp3 and Ilp5. Insulin-producing cells are found amongst the median neurosecretory cells, but not all mNSCs are IPCs (FlyBase:FBrf0212696), despite misleading phrasing in some articles (e.g. FlyBase:FBrf0184236).

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ITP and CRY expressing LNd neuron [FBbt_00047189]

LNd neuron of the adult brain characterized by the expression of ion transport peptide (ITP) and cryptochrome (CRY). From the cell body in the anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (AVLP), the neuron projects medially around the anterior optic tract (AOT) and dorsally along the surface of the lateral horn (LH). At the posterior surface of the LH, the neuron branches. One main branch projects towards the medulla, via the posterior lateral protocerebrum (PLP) and the accessory medulla (AME), with extensive further branching. The other main branch innervates the superior neuropils. Projections from both hemispheres overlap in the superior medial protocerebrum (SMP). This describes one of the six LNd neurons per hemisphere. Possible equivalence with ’extra LNd neuron’, as both have a large cell body compared to other LNds (FlyBase:FBrf0238313 and FlyBase:FBrf0191052).

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l-LNv (FlyEM-HB:1884625521) [VFB_jrchk890]

tracing status-Roughly traced, cropped-False [l-LNv neuron; focussed ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM); JRC_FlyEM_Hemibrain; l-LNv (FlyEM-HB:1884625521); neuronbridge; is part of; female organism; Neuprint web interface - hemibrain:v1.1; JRC2018Unisex; adult brain]

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l-LNv (FlyEM-HB:2065745704) [VFB_jrchk88z]

tracing status-Roughly traced, cropped-False [l-LNv neuron; focussed ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM); JRC_FlyEM_Hemibrain; l-LNv (FlyEM-HB:2065745704); neuronbridge; is part of; female organism; Neuprint web interface - hemibrain:v1.1; JRC2018Unisex; adult brain]

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l-LNv (FlyEM-HB:5813001741) [VFB_jrchk88y]

tracing status-Roughly traced, cropped-False [l-LNv neuron; l-LNv (FlyEM-HB:5813001741); focussed ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM); JRC_FlyEM_Hemibrain; neuronbridge; is part of; female organism; Neuprint web interface - hemibrain:v1.1; JRC2018Unisex; adult brain]

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l-LNv (FlyEM-HB:5813026773) [VFB_jrchk88x]

tracing status-Roughly traced, cropped-False [l-LNv neuron; focussed ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM); JRC_FlyEM_Hemibrain; l-LNv (FlyEM-HB:5813026773); neuronbridge; is part of; female organism; Neuprint web interface - hemibrain:v1.1; JRC2018Unisex; adult brain]

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l-LNv neuron [FBbt_00003763]

Neuron of the period-expressing LNv cluster of the adult brain, with a large cell body and generally located more dorsally than the s-LNv neurons (Helfrich-Forster, 1998). There are four of these cells present in each cluster, all of which express Pdf (FBgn0023178). These neurons send dendrites through the posterior optic commissure to the contralateral optic lobe, where a few short fibers terminate in the accessory medulla, but most arborize extensively in the medulla itself (Helfrich-Forster, 2005; Helfrich-Forster et al., 2007). These arborizations in the medulla are associated with varicosities. These cells also project to the ipsilateral (adjacent) accessory medulla and its ventral extension, where they arborize extensively. While l-LNv neurons fit the definition of pacemaker neurons based on molecular oscillation of Period (FBgn0003068) and Timeless (FBgn0014396) expression, they do not sustain this molecular oscillation when kept in constant darkness (Yang and Sehgal, 2001; Shafer et al., 2002). Synaptobrevin localization supports the assertion that projections through the posterior optic commissure to the contralateral optic lobe are dendritic (Helfrich-Forster et al., 2007).

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larval A26f neuron [FBbt_00048674]

Larval premotor neuron of the ventral nerve cord that is part of lineage 26 (Zwart et al., 2016). From a dorsolateral soma, its primary neurite extends ventromedially, at the midline, one branch extends dorsally and another crosses the midline, mirroring the ipsilateral circular shape of the neuron contralaterally (Zwart et al., 2016). On the contralateral side, a branch with presynapses extends anteriorly (Zarin et al., 2019). It expresses Corazonin (Zarin et al., 2019).

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larval abdominal ganglion Leucokinin neuron [FBbt_00110053]

Larval neuron that expresses Leucokinin (FBgn0028418) whose cell body is located ventrolaterally in each neuromere of the abdominal ganglion. Each neuron produces a pair of axons, one of which projects dorsally and emerges from the ventral ganglia through an anterior segmental nerve of each hemineuromere. The other branch divides centrally into two branches: one send its neurites to the anterior ABLK and the other ventrally to the posterior ABLK. From each segmental nerve one axon emerges that synapses to the adjacent segment border muscle, close to the spiracle (Haro et al., 2010; Landgraf et al., 2003). These synapses lack the typical morphology of motor-neuron synapses (Landgraf et al., 2003) and are not glutamatergic (Haro et al., 2010). There is one pair of neurons in each of seven abdominal neuromeres (de Haro et al., 2010). The more anterior ABLK neurons are connected to the leucokinin SELK neuron of the subesophageal ganglion in the dorsal-medial tract (de Haro et al., 2010). Landgraf et al., 2003, also detected leucokinin positive terminals on A1-7 ventral longitudinal (VL) muscles. It is not clear where these neuron originate from.

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larval abdominal Orcokinin A neuron [FBbt_00052365]

Larval neuron that expresses the A isoform of Orcokinin and has its soma in a larval abdominal neuromere (Chen et al., 2015). There is one of these per abdominal 1-5 hemineuromere, with a laterally-located soma (Chen et al., 2015). Distinct from Leucokinin neurons (Chen et al., 2015). These are the only Orcokinin neurons found in the third instar CNS (Chen et al., 2015).

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larval anterior large descending DN Tachykinin neuron [FBbt_00110037]

Larval neuron that expresses Tachykinin (FBgn0037976), whose cell body is located in the anterior protocerebrum and that innervates the ventral nerve cord. At the third instar larval stage, these neurons also form arborizations at two sites near the midline of the protocerebrum and in the subesophageal ganglion. At the level of the ventral nerve cord, this neuron has one main axon and two additional processes, one longer and one shorter than the main axon. There is one neuron per hemisphere (Winther et al., 2003; Siviter et al., 2000). Tachykinin expression was observed by in situ hybridization and immunostaining. This pair of neurons is present in all larval stages.

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larval CCAP A1-A4 abdominal neuron [FBbt_00111332]

Larval neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007), Bursicon (FBgn0038901), Partner of Bursicon (FBgn0264810) and Myoinhibiting peptide precursor (FBgn0036713). The soma is located around the abdominal neuromeres A1 to A4, in a varied position from more medial to more dorsal. There are two neurons in each hemineuromere.

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larval CCAP A1-A4 EN abdominal neuron [FBbt_00111351]

Larval neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007), Bursicon (FBgn0038901), Partner of Bursicon (FBgn0264810) and Myoinhibiting peptide precursor (FBgn0036713) of the abdominal neuromere. The primary neurite extends to the midline and arborizes dorsally between the DM and VM fascicles, up to the segment borders. It then projects mediodorsally and dorsolaterally until it leaves the central neuropil. It then diverges in the dorsal cortex, projects via the segmental nerve to the periphery and forms type III terminals on body wall ventral longitudinal muscles 1 and 2.

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larval CCAP A1-A4 IN abdominal neuron [FBbt_00111350]

Larval neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007), Bursicon (FBgn0038901), Partner of Bursicon (FBgn0264810) and Myoinhibiting peptide precursor (FBgn0036713) of the abdominal neuromere. The primary neurite extends to the midline and arborizes dorsally between the DM and VM fascicles, up to the segment borders. It then projects ventrolaterally in the contralateral neuropil and branches in a T-shape at the VL fascicle: a long posterior branch follows the VL fascicle until its posterior end and then bend medially; a shorter anterior branch follows the VL fascicle until its anterior end at the border between the subesophageal ganglion and brain, and then bends medially forming small arborizations.

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larval CCAP A5-A7 abdominal neuron [FBbt_00111333]

Larval neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007) and whose soma is located laterally around the abdominal neuromeres A5 to A7, between the height of the VL and DL fascicles. The primary neurite extends to the midline and arborizes dorsally between the DM and VM fascicles, up to the segment borders. It then projects ventrolaterally in the contralateral neuropil and branches in a T-shape at the VL fascicle: a long posterior branch follows the VL fascicle until its posterior end and then bend medially; a shorter anterior branch follows the VL fascicle until its anterior end at the border between the subesophageal ganglion and brain, and then bends medially forming small arborizations.

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larval CCAP A8-A9 abdominal neuron [FBbt_00111334]

Larval neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007) and Myoinhibiting peptide precursor (FBgn0036713), whose soma is located around the abdominal neuromeres A8 to A9. There are two neurons in each hemineuromere, one located more ventrolaterally (in A8) and the other more medially (in A9), near the posterior tip of the abdominal ganglion. The primary neurite crosses the midline and exits the neuropil via the hindgut nerve.

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larval CCAP abdominal neuron [FBbt_00111331]

Larval neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007) and whose soma is located around the abdominal neuromeres. There are two neurons in each hemineuromere, except in A8 and A9 where there are 3. It sends a neurite beneath the transversal projection TP4 ventromedially, where the neurites from both sides join in proximity to the VM fascicle. These neurites from extensive arborizations along the midline between the DM and VM fascicles.

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larval CCAP protocerebrum IN-1 neuron [FBbt_00111343]

Larval neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007) and whose soma is in the protocerebrum rind. It branches in the ipsilateral dorsomedial protocerebrum with some neurites reaching the dorsolateral protocerebrum and extending to the contralateral dorsomedial protocerebrum. Often, an ipsilateral neurite extends ventrally through the posterior basomedial protocerebrum to terminate in the subesophageal ganglion.

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larval CCAP protocerebrum IN-2 neuron [FBbt_00111344]

Larval neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007) and whose soma is in the protocerebrum rind. The primary neurite branches medially in the dorsomedial protocerebrum and projects ventrally through the posterior basomedial protocerebrum forming short neurites in the basomedial protocerebrum. It then projects ventrally, exiting the brain and terminating at a position between the abdominal neuromere A4 to A7. One neurite from the dorsomedial protocerebrum crosses the midline and projects ventrally similar to the ipsilateral neurite.

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larval CCAP subesophageal EN-2 neuron [FBbt_00111347]

Larval neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007) and whose soma is located in the subesophageal ganglion. The primary neurite extends medially, forming arborizations close to the cell body and between the ipsilateral DM and VM fascicles in the same segment. It then crosses the midline where it projects dorsally and then ventrally, and exits the brain via the maxillary nerve.

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larval CCAP subesophageal IN-1 neuron [FBbt_00111345]

The most anterior of the larval neurons that express CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007) and whose soma is located in the subesophageal ganglion. The primary neurite projects medially, forming extensive arborizations along the midline between the DM and VM fascicles in the subesophageal ganglion.

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larval CCAP subesophageal IN-2 neuron [FBbt_00111346]

Larval neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007) and whose soma is located in the subesophageal ganglion. The primary neurite crosses the midline and arborizes close to it, and branches: a long posterior branch follows the VL fascicle until its posterior end and then bend medially; a shorter anterior branch follows the VL fascicle until its anterior end at the border between the subesophageal ganglion and brain, and then bends medially forming small arborizations. The neuron IN SOG2 and IN SOG3 (Karsai et al., 2013) seem to correspond to the same neuron, but on different hemispheres [FBC:MMC].

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larval CCAP T1 thoracic neuron [FBbt_00111328]

Larval neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007) and whose soma is located around the prothoracic neuromere. There is one neuron in each hemineuromere. The primary neurite extends to the midline and arborizes dorsally between the DM and VM fascicles, up to the segment borders. It then projects ventrolaterally in the contralateral neuropil and branches in a T-shape at the VL fascicle: a long posterior branch follows the VL fascicle until its posterior end and then bend medially; a shorter anterior branch follows the VL fascicle until its anterior end at the border between the subesophageal ganglion and brain, and then bends medially forming small arborizations.

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larval CCAP T2 thoracic neuron [FBbt_00111329]

Larval neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007) and bursicon (FBgn0038901), and whose soma is located around the mesothoracic neuromere. There is one neuron in each hemineuromere. The primary neurite extends to the midline and arborizes dorsally between the DM and VM fascicles, up to the segment borders. It then projects ventrolaterally in the contralateral neuropil and branches in a T-shape at the VL fascicle: a long posterior branch follows the VL fascicle until its posterior end and then bend medially; a shorter anterior branch follows the VL fascicle until its anterior end at the border between the subesophageal ganglion and brain, and then bends medially forming small arborizations.

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larval CCAP T3 EN thoracic neuron [FBbt_00111349]

Larval neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007) and Bursicon (FBgn0038901) of the metathoracic neuromere. The primary neurite extends to the midline and arborizes dorsally between the DM and VM fascicles, up to the segment borders. It then projects mediodorsally and dorsolaterally until it leaves the central neuropil. It then diverges in the dorsal cortex, projects via the segmental nerve to the periphery and forms type III terminals on body wall ventral longitudinal muscles 1 and 2.

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larval CCAP T3 IN thoracic neuron [FBbt_00111348]

Larval neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007) and Bursicon (FBgn0038901) of the metathoracic neuromere. The primary neurite extends to the midline and arborizes dorsally between the DM and VM fascicles, up to the segment borders. It then projects ventrolaterally in the contralateral neuropil and branches in a T-shape at the VL fascicle: a long posterior branch follows the VL fascicle until its posterior end and then bend medially; a shorter anterior branch follows the VL fascicle until its anterior end at the border between the subesophageal ganglion and brain, and then bends medially forming small arborizations.

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larval CCAP T3 thoracic neuron [FBbt_00111330]

Larval neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007) and Bursicon (FBgn0038901), and whose soma is located ventrally around the metathoracic neuromere, approximately at the height of the VL fascicle. There are two neurons in each hemineuromere, one interneurons and one efferent neuron.

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larval CCAP thoracic neuron [FBbt_00111327]

Larval neuron that expresses CCAP (Crustacean cardioactive peptide) (FBgn0039007) and whose soma is located around the thoracic neuromeres. There is one neuron located ventrolaterally in the pro- and mesothoracic neuromeres, and two neurons in the metathoracic neuromere. It sends a neurite beneath the transversal projection TP4 ventromedially, where the neurites from both sides join in proximity to the VM fascicle. These neurites from extensive arborizations along the midline between the DM and VM fascicles, more prominently in the metathoracic neuromere.

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larval corazonin neuron of pars lateralis [FBbt_00052005]

Larval corazonin-expressing neuron that has its soma in the pars lateralis (Siegmund and Korge, 2001). It projects to the ring gland, where it has peptide release sites in the aorta, corpus cardiacum, corpus allatum and the prothoracic gland (Siegmund and Korge, 2001; Imura et al., 2020; Huckesfeld et al., 2021). In the prothoracic gland, it makes contacts with the PTTH neurons, which express the corazonin receptor (Imura et al., 2020). There are three of these cells per hemisphere (Siegmund and Korge, 2001; Imura et al., 2020).

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larval Dh44 neuron of pars intercerebralis [FBbt_00047128]

Diuretic hormone 44 (DH44)-expressing neuron having a cell body located in the larval pars intercerebralis (PI). Three bilateral pairs exist and co-express leucokinin receptor (Cabrero et al., 2002). These cells also express dimmed and are distinct from insulin-secreting cells, SIFamide cells and dromyosuppressin cells in the PI (Park et al., 2008). Possible equivalence with one of the ‘corpus cardiacum innervating neuron’ classes, particularly ‘CC/A-PI 1’ (FBbt_00007467) described in FBrf0134726.

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larval DMS cell of pars intercerebralis [FBbt_00047216]

Neuron of the larval pars intercerebralis (PI) that expresses dromyosuppressin (DMS) (Park et al., 2008). There are two of these cells per hemisphere (McCormick and Nichols, 1993), which also express dimmed, and they are distinct from the PI neurons that express insulin like peptides, diuretic hormone 44 and SIFamide (Park et al., 2008). Its axon innervates the corpus cardiacum (Wegener et al., 2011).

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larval Eh neurosecretory neuron [FBbt_00006028]

A neuron of the larval brain that expresses eclosion hormone. A single pair of these neurons is present per larva. Their processes extend the entire length of the central nervous system and also to the corpora cardiaca portion of the ring gland via the nervus corporis cardiaci I (NccI).

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larval GPA2/GPB5 neuron of the ventral nerve cord [FBbt_00110880]

A larval neuron that expresses GPA2/GPB5 (FBgn0261386 and FBgn0063368) and that is located in the ventral nerve cord ganglion. There are 4 pairs of bilateral neurons in the first 4 neuromeres. The axons of these neurons leave the neuropil via the segmental nerves and innervate abdominal muscles.

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larval Hugin neuron [FBbt_00110921]

Larval neuron of the central nervous system that expresses Hugin (FBgn0028374). There are 20 of neurons, with their cell bodies located in the subesophageal ganglion. They can be divided into 4 subsets depending on their innervation patterns: protocerebrum, ventral nerve cord, corpora cardiaca in the ring gland and the pharynx. All Hugin neurons receive inputs within the subesophageal ganglion.

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larval Hugin neuron of the corpus cardiacum [FBbt_00007468]

Larval neuron that expresses Hugin (FBgn0028374) whose soma is located in the cortex of the medial subesophageal ganglion, directly below the esophagus and whose axon innervates the contralateral corpus cardiacum. It also shows an ipsilateral neurite that can vary in length. There are two of these cells per hemisphere. The vast majority of their synaptic inputs are from interneurons and they do not have synaptic outputs within the central nervous system (Schlegel et al., 2016). They do have release sites in the ring gland that border hemal space, indicating neuroendocrine activity (Schlegel et al., 2016). Recorded as neurosecretory because Siegmund and Korge (2001) say so. Assume this is implied from its innervation of the corpus cardiacum. They also describe only 2 of these neurons, although Bader et al. (2007) say that there are 4 of these. Synapsing identified in full L1 VNC EM volume - approximately 93 percent of synapses are with interneurons (Schlegel et al., 2016).

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larval Hugin neuron of the pharynx [FBbt_00110350]

Larval neuron that expresses Hugin (FBgn0028374) and that projects to the anterior pharynx. The neurites leave the subesophageal ganglion, make a U-turn and terminate at the anterior region of the dorsal pharyngeal muscles. This neuron is part of the dopaminergic SM1 cluster of the larval brain. There are two of these per hemisphere; the vast majority of their synaptic inputs are from interneurons and they do not have synaptic outputs within the central nervous system (Schlegel et al., 2016). This neuron was described as dopaminergic because it is labelled by the driver TH-GAL4 (FBtp0020119) although it is not positive for the anti-TH antibody (Selcho et al., 2009). A subset of the pharynx and the VNC hugin neurons expresses ChAT and this expression is required for full Hugin neuron function - i.e. some neurons of this class may be cholinergic (Schlegel et al., 2016). Synapsing identified in full L1 VNC EM volume - approximately 97 percent of synapses are with interneurons (Schlegel et al., 2016).

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larval Hugin neuron of the protocerebrum [FBbt_00110922]

Cholinergic larval neuron that expresses Hugin (FBgn0028374) and that arborizes in the protocerebrum (Bader et al., 2007; Schlegel et al., 2016). This neuron arborizes in the ipsilateral or both hemispheres of the protocerebrum and the ventrolateral region of the esophagus foramen. As well as receiving inputs in the subesophageal ganglion, they also have outputs in the subesophageal ganglion. There are four of these neurons per hemisphere and they form reciprocal ipsilateral connections amongst themselves and also have outputs to insulin secreting cells of the pars intercerebralis (Schlegel et al., 2016). Much of their synaptic input is from sensory neurons (Schlegel et al., 2016). Synapsing identified in full L1 VNC EM volume - all hugin-PC cells have presynaptic connections to multiple insulin cells and up to 39 percent of synaptic input is from sensory neurons (Schlegel et al., 2016).

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larval Hugin neuron of the ventral nerve cord [FBbt_00110923]

Larval neuron that expresses Hugin (FBgn0028374) and that projects to the ventral nerve cord (Bader et al., 2007). This neuron has a long projection travelling down contralaterally along the lateral neuropil border of the ventral nerve cord. Three or four shorter fibers project on either side of the midline. Two fibers project anteriorly and pass along either side of the esophagus foramen, terminating at the medial end of the protocerebrum. There are two of these neurons per hemisphere and they form reciprocal ipsilateral connections amongst themselves (Schlegel et al., 2016). Much of their synaptic input is from sensory neurons (Schlegel et al., 2016). A subset of the pharynx and the VNC hugin neurons expresses ChAT and this expression is required for full Hugin neuron function - i.e. some neurons of this class may be cholinergic (Schlegel et al., 2016). Synapsing identified in full L1 VNC EM volume - up to 39 percent of synaptic input is from sensory neurons (Schlegel et al., 2016).

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larval iag neuron [FBbt_00048315]

Ion transport peptide (ITP)-expressing neuron with its cell body in the eighth larval abdominal neuromere (Dircksen et al., 2008). There is one dorsal lateral pair and two or three, more posterior, ventral pairs of these neurons, which extend axons medially, then exit via the eighth abdominal nerve to the hindgut (Dircksen et al., 2008). Not clear whether A8 nerve in reference (Dircksen et al., 2008) is equivalent to an A8 nerve in FBbt [FBC:CP].

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larval insulin secreting cell of pars intercerebralis [FBbt_00110035]

Insulin-producing neurosecretory cell of the larval pars intercerebralis. Its axonal projection bifurcates, with one of the main branches projecting to the contralateral side and exiting the brain and bifurcating again. One of these secondary branches fasciculates with the nerve tracts that innervate the corpus cardiacum in the ring gland and also innervates the hypocerebral ganglion. The other follows the aorta and innervates the heart (Cao and Brown, 2001, Rulifson et al., 2002, Ikeya et al., 2002). The other main projection innervates the subesophageal ganglion, the esophagus (Rulifson et al., Ikeya et al., 2002) and the tritocerebrum (de Velasco et al., 2007). In third instar larva, the axonal processes project contralaterally and posteriorly, make a U-turn and extend anteriorly to terminals outside the brain. The dendritic processes extend ventrally and laterally (Cao et al., 2014). There are seven of these cells in each hemisphere (Cao and Brown, 2001, Rulifson et al., 2002, Ikeya et al., 2002, Cao et al., 2014). The same cells express Ilp2, Ilp3 and Ilp5 mRNA with different temporal profiles (Ikeya et al., 2002). These cells also express dimmed (FBgn0023091) and Drosulfakinin (FBgn0000500) (Park et al., 2008). They receive synaptic input from hugin neurons of the protocerebrum (Schlegel et al., 2016). These cells were identified in second and third instar larva (Ikeya et al., 2002). Insulin-producing cells are found amongst the median neurosecretory cells, but not all mNSCs are IPCs (FlyBase:FBrf0212696), despite misleading phrasing in some articles (e.g. FlyBase:FBrf0184236). Synapsing identified in full L1 VNC EM volume - all insulin cells have connections from multiple hugin-PC cells (Schlegel et al., 2016).

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larval ipc-1 neuron [FBbt_00047844]

Ion transport peptide (ITP)-expressing neuron of the larval brain. It is found in a cluster of four cells with cell bodies in the pars lateralis and it sends axons to the ipsilateral ring gland, innervating the corpus cardiacum and prothoracic gland (Dircksen et al., 2008; de Haro et al., 2010). There is some heterogeneity among this population, with one cell crossing the midline and one innervating the corpus allatum (Dircksen et al., 2008). Putative dendrites extend from some of these cells, with terminals in the subesophageal ganglion (Dircksen et al., 2008). They express the neuropeptide Leucokinin and this can be detected in the corpus cardiacum terminals, although it is less apparent in the soma (de Haro et al., 2010). These may be the DMS/ITP cells (PL 1-3 and PL 7) from Park et al., 2008 (FBrf0210278). These are the same as the anterior leucokinin cells (Zandawala et al., 2018).

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larval isog neuron [FBbt_00048314]

Ion transport peptide (ITP)-expressing neuron with its cell body in the larval subesophageal ganglion, in a ventral medial position (Dircksen et al., 2008). There is one bilateral pair of these neurons with processes running to the dorsal side and spanning almost the entire ventral nerve cord (Dircksen et al., 2008).

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larval lateral horn Leucokinin neuron [FBbt_00110057]

Larval neuron that expresses Leucokinin (FBgn0028418) whose cell body is located in the anterodorsal brain and projects to a ventromedial location. The main neurite bifurcates into two collaterals during late larval stages, with the main one being in close proximity to the medial antennal lobe tract. The collaterals arborize close to the mushroom body pedunculus and calyx. There is one neuron per hemisphere (de Haro et al., 2010).

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larval lateral Ilp7 neuron [FBbt_00047233]

Ilp7-expressing neuron of the larva found laterally in the anterior part of the abdominal neuromere. Ilp7 positive cell bodies can be seen in this position from second instar stage onwards with maximal numbers at third instar stage. There are up to four pairs, one in each of abdominal neuromeres 1-4.

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larval Pdf neuron close to calyx [FBbt_00100168]

Larval Pdf (FBgn0023178) expressing neuron whose cell body lies in a cluster within the dorsal cortex. Pdf expression begins late in L1. Its process project into the median ventral brain dorsolateral to the esophagus. There are two to four of these neurons per cluster. Helfrich-Forster (1997) notes that the Pdf staining is faint and is only visible in 50% of examined larval brains.

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larval Pdf neuron of abdominal neuromere [FBbt_00100169]

Pdf-expressing neuron whose cell body is located in a ventral cluster in the eighth larval abdominal neuromere of the ventral ganglion. There are 8 of these per cluster - each projecting though the paired eighth abdominal nerve to the posterior end of the larva (Helfrich-Forster, 1997). They are glutamatergic motor neurons that arborize over the posterior end of the hindgut, with refined branches and abundant bouton structures (Zhang et al., 2014).

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larval protocerebral Pr Tachykinin neuron [FBbt_00110041]

Larval neuron that expresses Tachykinin (FBgn0037976) and whose cell body and arborization are located in the dorsal or medial protocerebrum (Siviter et al., 2000). The number of neurons increases during larval stages: 5 pairs are observed at first instar stage and 11 at prepupal stage P1. In third instar larvae some of these neurons have bilateral arborizations crossing the midline by two commissures (Winther et al., 2003). Tachykinin expression was observed by in situ hybridization and immunostaining, with more cells being labelled by in situ hybridization.

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larval s-LNv Pdf neuron [FBbt_00100167]

Larval s-LNv neuron that expresses Pdf (FBgn0023178) from 4-5 hours after hatching and persists into adulthood (Helfrich-Forster, 1997). Its cell body is located close to the larval optic neuropil, into which dendritic fibers extend, spanning the distal and intermediate regions (Larderet et al., 2017). It projects to the superior lateral protocerebrum, where it has presynaptic terminals (Larderet et al., 2017). There are four of these cells per hemisphere.

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larval SIFamide cell of pars intercerebralis [FBbt_00047217]

Neuron of the larval pars intercerebralis (PI) that expresses SIFamide (SIFa) as well as dimmed. There are two of these cells per hemisphere. These cells are distinct from the PI neurons that express insulin like peptides, diuretic hormone 44 and dromyosuppressin. The four neurons each have a major axon which projects to the contralateral side and extends into the ventral nerve cord, while a minor one projects to the deutocerebrum and tritocerebrum (Terhzaz et al., 2007).

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larval subesophageal capability neuron [FBbt_00047738]

Larval capability-releasing neuron with a cell body in the subesophageal ganglion. There is one cell per hemisphere, with a large cell body. Its axon leaves the brain via the nervus corporis cardiaci, reaching the retrocerebral complex (Kean et al., 2002). These were the only cells in the subesophageal ganglion to stain with an antibody against a linking region of the Capability prepropeptide (Kean et al., 2002).

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larval subesophageal Leucokinin neuron [FBbt_00110055]

Larval neuron that expresses Leucokinin (FBgn0028418) whose cell body is located in the subesophageal ganglion. The axon collaterals in the brain form a complex pattern of thin neurites that project in the subesophageal ganglion and tritocerebrum. The axons extend along the ventral nerve cord innervating the contralateral side and to form a ladder-like structure. The axons connect to the end of the abdominal ganglia in a terminal plexus. The axons that extend along the ventral nerve cord connect to the leucokinin ABLK neurons. There are two to three pairs of neurons (de Haro et al., 2010).

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larval Tachykinin neuron of the ventral cord [FBbt_00110048]

Larval neuron that expresses Tachykinin (FBgn0037976) whose cell body is located in the abdominal neuromere. The number of neurons increases throughout larval development: 1 pair at first instar, two to three at second instar, 4 to 8 pairs at early third instar, 7 to 10 late third instar and 7 to 8 at prepupal stage P1 (Winther et al., 2003). Tachykinin expression was observed by in situ hybridization and immunostaining. At prepupal stage P1, 7 additional pairs of labelled neurons are observed in the lateral abdominal ganglia. They are weakly labelled by immunostaining, but more strongly labelled by in situ hybridization (Winther et al., 2003).

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larval tritocerebral Tr Tachykinin neuron [FBbt_00110039]

A larval neuron that expresses Tachykinin (FBgn0037976), whose cell body is located in the tritocerebral neuropils and that innervates the subesophageal ganglion. There are one to two pairs in first instar larvae, and three in the other larval stages (Winther et al., 2003; Siviter et al., 2000). Tachykinin expression was observed by in situ hybridization and immunostaining (Winther et al., 2003).

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LP neuron [FBbt_00007432]

Period-expressing neuron located in a cluster of 3-4 cells in the lateral central brain of the adult, medial to the LNd cluster and near the posterior of the brain (Shafer et al., 2006; Helfrich-Forster, 2005). These neurons are glutamatergic and express the Allatostatin A neuropeptide (Ni et al., 2019). Their activation increases sleep upstream of ExFl2 neurons, to which they synapse in the superior medial protocerebrum (Ni et al., 2019). Synapsing shown by GRASP and functional data (Ni et al., 2019).

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LPN_R (FlyEM-HB:356818551) [VFB_jrchk088]

tracing status-Roughly traced, cropped-False [LP neuron; focussed ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM); JRC_FlyEM_Hemibrain; LPN_R (FlyEM-HB:356818551); neuronbridge; is part of; female organism; Neuprint web interface - hemibrain:v1.1; JRC2018Unisex; adult brain]

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LPN_R (FlyEM-HB:450034902) [VFB_jrchk08a]

tracing status-Roughly traced, cropped-False [LP neuron; focussed ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM); JRC_FlyEM_Hemibrain; LPN_R (FlyEM-HB:450034902); neuronbridge; is part of; female organism; Neuprint web interface - hemibrain:v1.1; JRC2018Unisex; adult brain]

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LPN_R (FlyEM-HB:480029788) [VFB_jrchk089]

tracing status-Roughly traced, cropped-False [LP neuron; focussed ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM); JRC_FlyEM_Hemibrain; neuronbridge; is part of; female organism; Neuprint web interface - hemibrain:v1.1; JRC2018Unisex; adult brain; LPN_R (FlyEM-HB:480029788)]

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MP1 neuron [FBbt_00001599]

Interneuron residing slightly anterior and ventral to the posterior commissure in the corner formed by the connectives and the posterior commissure (Bossing and Technau, 1994). Its ipsilateral projection bifurcates in an anterior and posterior branch (which spans up to three neuromeres) that run within the medial sector of the connective. It is a peptidergic neurosecretory cell (Manning et al., 2012).

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MP1a neuron [FBbt_00001600]

Lateral-most of the two bilateral MP1 neurons found at the midline, anterior to the posterior commissure (Schmid et al., 1999). Doe et al., (1988) distinguish the MP1-progeny by referring to them as left or right. However, as this changes the identity of the cell depending on whether the right or left side of the animal is observed, we have adopted a nomenclature based on reference to the midline.

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MP1b neuron [FBbt_00001601]

Medial-most of the two bilateral MP1 neurons found at the midline, anterior to the posterior commissure (Schmid et al., 1999). Doe et al., (1988) distinguish the MP1-progeny by referring to them as left or right. However, as this changes the identity of the cell depending on whether the right or left side of the animal is observed, we have adopted a nomenclature based on reference to the midline.

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Pdf negative s-LNv neuron [FBbt_00007433]

s-LNv neuron of the adult brain that does not express Pdf (FBgn0023178). There is one of these in each ventral cluster of LN period neurons. It is located more dorsally than the s-LNv Pdf neurons (Helfrich-Forster, 2007; Rieger et al., 2006). It extends a single neurite through the medulla that invades the lamina, forming thin arborizations in the lamina cortex near the retina that terminate at the border of the fenestrated glia (Damulewicz and Pyza, 2011). In the central brain, it extends arborizations that predominantly terminate in the neuropil region close to the pars intercerebralis. This neuron also expresses ion transport peptide (ITP) (Schubert et al., 2017). It is an evening cell (Liang et al., 2016; Liang et al., 2017; Delventhal et al., 2019). Helfrich-Forster et al., (2007) did not succeed in mapping the dorsal extent of the dorsal projection of this neuron. The presence of presynaptic sites was determined by immunostaining for the presynaptic marker bruchpilot (Brp) (Damulewicz and Pyza, 2011).

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Pdf neuron close to tritocerebrum [FBbt_00003766]

Neuron with its soma located anteroventrally in the adult tritocerebrum that expresses Pdf (FBgn0023178) strongly until 24hrs after eclosion, after which Pdf immunoreactivity in the soma disappears (Helfrich-Forster, 1997). Within 2-4 days post-eclosion, Pdf immunoreactivity is also lost from the arborizations (Helfrich-Forster, 1997). There are 1-2 bilateral pairs of these in the pharate and newly-eclosed adult (Selcho et al., 2018). They arborize in the medial tritocerebrum around the periesophageal neuropils and in the gnathal ganglion, a varicose branch extends dorsally, via the median bundle, to the superior medial protocerebrum (Selcho et al., 2018). It has presynapses, postsynapses and peptidergic (Pdf) release sites in the subesophageal zone and the superior medial protocerebrum (Selcho et al., 2018).

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pupal A5-A7 late CCAP neuron [FBbt_00052352]

Pupal late CCAP neuron whose soma is located in abdominal neuromeres A5 to A7 (Veverytsa and Allan, 2012). It expresses Bursicon and Partner of Bursicon in addition to CCAP (Veverytsa and Allan, 2012) There is one of these cells in each A5-A7 hemineuromere (Veverytsa and Allan, 2012). It extends an axon to the periphery via a lateral nerve trunk (Veverytsa and Allan, 2012). It is involved in leg extension during pupal ecdysis (Veverytsa and Allan, 2012).

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pupal antennal lobe Tachykinin neuron [FBbt_00110042]

Pupal neuron that expresses Tachykinin (FBgn0037976), whose cell body is located in the cortex of the antennal lobe (Winther et al., 2003). Tachykinin expression was observed by in situ hybridization and immunostaining at pupal stages P8 and P9, with more cells and stronger labelling obtained being in situ hybridization (Winther et al., 2003).

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pupal large descending DN Tachykinin neuron [FBbt_00110038]

Pupal neuron that expresses Tachykinin (FBgn0037976), whose cell body is located in the lateral protocerebrum and that innervates the ventral nerve cord (Winther et al., 2003). This neuron probably corresponds to the larval and adult large descending DN neurons. Tachykinin expression was observed by in situ hybridization and immunostaining (Winther et al., 2003).

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pupal late CCAP neuron [FBbt_00052350]

CCAP-expressing neuron that develops from an undifferentiated primary neuron shortly before pupal ecdysis (Veverytsa and Allan, 2012). There are 12 of these, found in posterior abdominal neuromeres of the ventral nerve cord. These neurons can trigger pupal ecdysis, which does not require the earlier-differentiating larval CCAP neurons (Veverytsa and Allan, 2012).

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pupal protocerebral LPP2 Tachykinin neuron [FBbt_00110040]

Pupal neuron that expresses Tachykinin (FBgn0037976), whose cell body is located in the lateral posterior protocerebrum and that innervates the superior median protocerebrum and fan-shaped body (Winther et al., 2003). Tachykinin expression was observed by in situ hybridization and immunostaining at pupal stages P8 and P9, with more cells being labelled by immunostaining (Winther et al., 2003).

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s-LNv Pdf neuron [FBbt_00003764]

s-LNv neuron of the adult brain that expresses Pdf (FBgn0023178). There are four of these in each ventral cluster of LNs. Short, fine fibers lacking presynaptic sites contact the accessory medulla, whilst longer processes project toward the dorsal protocerebrum and terminate dorsofrontal to the mushroom body calyx close to the pars lateralis and close to the DN2 neurons (Helfrich-Forster et al., 2007). Thes dorsal arbors contain both pre- and postsynaptic connections, including reciprocal connections to DN1p neurons (Yasuyama and Meinertzhagen, 2010, Fernandez et al., 2020), and their morphology and connectivity vary throughout the day (Gorostiza et al., 2014). Pdf rich dense-synaptic vesicles accumulate in terminal varicosities in these cells, but are not associated with presynaptic sites (Miskiewicz et al., 2004; Yasuyama and Meinertzhagen, 2010). They can be observed docked at the plasma membrane, suggesting paracrine release of Pdf. They drive the morning locomotor activity peak (Liang et al., 2016; Liang et al., 2017; Delventhal et al., 2019) and display a morning neural activity peak that precedes this increased locomotor activity (Liang et al., 2016). Dorsal projections judged by curator to terminate in the superior lateral protocerebrum (SLP) as defined by the Ito et al. (2014) standard. This is the only group of pacemaker neurons currently classed as ‘morning cells’ (Liang et al., 2016; Liang et al., 2017; Delventhal et al., 2019). In some older papers, it is unclear whether l-LNvs are included as ‘morning cells’ (Grima et al., 2004 - FBrf0179741; Lear et al., 2009 - FBrf0208444).

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SIFa(PDM34) (FlyEM-HB:1137590785) [VFB_jrchk544]

tracing status-Roughly traced, cropped-False [SIFa(PDM34) (FlyEM-HB:1137590785); focussed ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM); JRC_FlyEM_Hemibrain; adult SIFamide cell of pars intercerebralis; neuronbridge; is part of; female organism; Neuprint web interface - hemibrain:v1.1; JRC2018Unisex; adult brain]

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SIFa(PDM34) (FlyEM-HB:1418618235) [VFB_jrchk542]

tracing status-Traced, cropped-False [focussed ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM); JRC_FlyEM_Hemibrain; adult SIFamide cell of pars intercerebralis; SIFa(PDM34) (FlyEM-HB:1418618235); neuronbridge; is part of; female organism; Neuprint web interface - hemibrain:v1.1; JRC2018Unisex; adult brain]

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SIFa(PDM34) (FlyEM-HB:5813062866) [VFB_jrchk543]

tracing status-Roughly traced, cropped-False [focussed ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM); JRC_FlyEM_Hemibrain; adult SIFamide cell of pars intercerebralis; neuronbridge; is part of; female organism; Neuprint web interface - hemibrain:v1.1; JRC2018Unisex; adult brain; SIFa(PDM34) (FlyEM-HB:5813062866)]

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SIFa(PDM34) (FlyEM-HB:699031185) [VFB_jrchk541]

tracing status-Roughly traced, cropped-False [SIFa(PDM34) (FlyEM-HB:699031185); focussed ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM); JRC_FlyEM_Hemibrain; adult SIFamide cell of pars intercerebralis; neuronbridge; is part of; female organism; Neuprint web interface - hemibrain:v1.1; JRC2018Unisex; adult brain]

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sugar-sensing neuron of the adult brain [FBbt_00058222]

Chemosensory neuron in the posterior superior lateral protocerebrum that senses sugars in the hemolymph to regulate feeding. There are 4 of these cells per brain hemisphere. They express the fructose receptor Gr43a and the sugar receptor Gr64a, and secrete corazonin (Miyamoto et al., 2012; Miyamoto and Amrein, 2014; Fujii et al., 2015).

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Va neuron [FBbt_00110116]

Larval neurosecretory abdominal neuron whose cell body is located near the ventrolateral tract of the midline. It projects its axon dorsomedially through the neuropil passing below the central intermediate and dorsal median tracts. The axon reaches the midline near the transverse projection 3 where it joins with the axon of the contralateral Va neuron. The two axons project dorsally together a short distance before diverging and forming a loop inside the neuropil and dorsal cortex. The loop closes just before the neurites leave the ventral ganglion and innervate the abdominal neurohemal organ. There are 3 bilateral pairs of Va neurons, one bilateral pair in each of the first 3 abdominal neuromeres, and they all express Capability (Santos et al., 2007). The neuron is identified as neurosecretory because it expresses neuropeptides and innervates a neurohemal organ (Santos et al., 2007).

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ventral group vA neuron [FBbt_00004103]

Peptidergic neuron located at the ventral surface of the larval ventral nerve cord in abdominal segments A2-A4. Suska et al., 2011, use immunoreactivity to proCapa, Dimm and Dac to identify vA neurons. Expression is restricted to abdominal segments A2-A4 from embryonic stage 17 onwards, but is present in vA-like cells in most abdominal and thoracic segments from stage 14 to 17.

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