Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the internal dorsal acute and oblique muscles of larval abdominal segments A1 to A7 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the posterior root of the intersegmental nerve and fasciculates with the ISNb or ISNd intersegmental nerve branches. These neurons have a virtually identical arborization pattern, shared with the lateral and ventral VUM neurons of A1-7. They arborize along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012). There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7.
Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the lateral transverse muscles of larval abdominal segments A1 to A7 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the segmental nerve and fasciculates with the SNa segmental nerve branches. These neurons have a virtually identical arborization pattern, shared with the dorsal and ventral VUM neurons of A1-7. They arborize along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012). There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7. In A2-7, these might also synapse to muscles 26 (VA1), 27 (VA2) and 29 (VA3) (Selcho et al., 2012).
Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the internal ventral oblique and longitudinal muscles of larval abdominal segments A1 to A7 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the posterior root of the intersegmental nerve and fasciculates with the ISNb or ISNd intersegmental nerve branches. These neurons have a virtually identical arborization pattern, shared with the dorsal and lateral VUM neurons of A1-7. They arborize along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012). There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7.
Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the internal dorsal acute and oblique muscles of larval abdominal segment A1 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the posterior root of the intersegmental nerve and fasciculates with the ISNb or ISNd intersegmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).
Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the lateral transverse muscles of larval abdominal segment A1 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the segmental nerve and fasciculates with the SNa segmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).
Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the internal ventral oblique and longitudinal muscles of larval abdominal segment A1 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the posterior root of the intersegmental nerve and fasciculates with the ISNb or ISNd intersegmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).
Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the internal dorsal acute and oblique muscles of larval abdominal segment A2 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the posterior root of the intersegmental nerve and fasciculates with the ISNb or ISNd intersegmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).
Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the lateral transverse muscles of larval abdominal segment A2 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the segmental nerve and fasciculates with the SNa segmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).
Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the internal ventral oblique and longitudinal muscles of larval abdominal segment A2 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the posterior root of the intersegmental nerve and fasciculates with the ISNb or ISNd intersegmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).
Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the internal dorsal acute and oblique muscles of larval abdominal segment A3 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the posterior root of the intersegmental nerve and fasciculates with the ISNb or ISNd intersegmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).
Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the lateral transverse muscles of larval abdominal segment A3 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the segmental nerve and fasciculates with the SNa segmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).
Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the internal ventral oblique and longitudinal muscles of larval abdominal segment A3 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the posterior root of the intersegmental nerve and fasciculates with the ISNb or ISNd intersegmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).
Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the internal dorsal acute and oblique muscles of larval abdominal segment A4 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the posterior root of the intersegmental nerve and fasciculates with the ISNb or ISNd intersegmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).
Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the lateral transverse muscles of larval abdominal segment A4 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the segmental nerve and fasciculates with the SNa segmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).
Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the internal ventral oblique and longitudinal muscles of larval abdominal segment A4 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the posterior root of the intersegmental nerve and fasciculates with the ISNb or ISNd intersegmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).
Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the internal dorsal acute and oblique muscles of larval abdominal segment A5 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the posterior root of the intersegmental nerve and fasciculates with the ISNb or ISNd intersegmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).
Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the lateral transverse muscles of larval abdominal segment A5 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the segmental nerve and fasciculates with the SNa segmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).
Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the internal ventral oblique and longitudinal muscles of larval abdominal segment A5 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the posterior root of the intersegmental nerve and fasciculates with the ISNb or ISNd intersegmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).
Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the internal dorsal acute and oblique muscles of larval abdominal segment A6 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the posterior root of the intersegmental nerve and fasciculates with the ISNb or ISNd intersegmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).
Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the lateral transverse muscles of larval abdominal segment A6 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the segmental nerve and fasciculates with the SNa segmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).
Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the internal ventral oblique and longitudinal muscles of larval abdominal segment A6 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the posterior root of the intersegmental nerve and fasciculates with the ISNb or ISNd intersegmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).
Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the internal dorsal acute and oblique muscles of larval abdominal segment A7 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the posterior root of the intersegmental nerve and fasciculates with the ISNb or ISNd intersegmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).
Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the lateral transverse muscles of larval abdominal segment A7 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the segmental nerve and fasciculates with the SNa segmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).
Neuromodulatory motor neuron that innervates the internal ventral oblique and longitudinal muscles of larval abdominal segment A7 via type II boutons. It exits the ventral nerve cord via the posterior root of the intersegmental nerve and fasciculates with the ISNb or ISNd intersegmental nerve branches. It arborizes along and dorsal to the dorsal median fascicle and laterally along the dorsal lateral fascicle, invading the next anterior neuromere. In the dorsomedial neuropil, arborizations are sent into at least two (usually three) anterior neuromeres and the adjacent posterior neuromere (Selcho et al., 2012).
Octopamine-expressing VUM neuron with a cell body located in abdominal neuromere 8 (a8) of the larval ventral nerve cord. There are two of these cells. Processes arborize in the dorsomedial neuropil of anterior neuromeres and some neurites reach the posterior part of a5. The efferents project via the intersegmental nerve. Vomel and Wegener, 2008 (FBrf0210246) reported that these cells were located in abdominal neuromere 7. For neurotransmitter expression analysis, Vomel and Wegener, 2008 used Tdc2-GAL4 (tyrosine decarboxylase - implies presence of tyramine) and anti-Tbh (tyramine beta-hydroxylase - implies presence of octopamine). Selcho et al., 2012 used Tdc2-GAL4, validated with anti-Tbh, anti-p-tyramine and anti-conjugated octopamine, to visualize tyraminergic and octopaminergic neurons. These may be motor neurons and may innervate the female reproductive tract (Vomel and Wegener, 2008), but muscle targets have not been demonstrated.
Unpaired median neuron of abdominal neuromere 9 (terminal neuromere) of the larval ventral nerve cord (VNC). Its cell body is on the VNC midline in a dorsal location and it arborizes mostly in the dorsal part of A9, but neurites also branch extensively in the dorsal and medial neuropil of A8 and reach the posterior part of A7. It is tyraminergic and octopaminergic. There are two of these cells. Vomel and Wegener, 2008 (FBrf0210246) reported that these cells were located in abdominal neuromere 8. For neurotransmitter expression analysis, Vomel and Wegener, 2008 used Tdc2-GAL4 (tyrosine decarboxylase - implies presence of tyramine) and anti-Tbh (tyramine beta-hydroxylase - implies presence of octopamine). Selcho et al., 2012 used Tdc2-GAL4, validated with anti-Tbh, anti-p-tyramine and anti-conjugated octopamine, to visualize tyraminergic and octopaminergic neurons.
Adult octopaminergic neuron of the medial gnathal ganglion with its soma in the posteriormost of three clusters, thought to correspond to the labial neuromere (Busch et al., 2009).
Adult octopaminergic neuron of the medial gnathal ganglion with its soma in the anteriormost of three clusters, thought to correspond to the mandibular neuromere (Busch et al., 2009).
Adult octopaminergic neuron of the medial gnathal ganglion with its soma in the middle of three (anterior-posterior) clusters, thought to correspond to the maxillary neuromere (Busch et al., 2009).
Adult octopaminergic neuron that innervates a somatic abdominal muscle via type II boutons (Pauls et al., 2018). These neurons collectively innervate at least the dorsal, ventral and lateral muscles of abdominal segments 2-6 (Pauls et al., 2018). Octopamine assessed based on expression of Tdc2-GAL4 (Pauls et al., 2018).
Any adult octopaminergic neuron (FBbt:00058203) that capable of some glutamate secretion, neurotransmission (GO:0061535). Approximately 70 of these (of 100 OA neurons) in the male (Sherer et al., 2020).
Adult octopaminergic neuron of the abdominal neuromere that also expresses doublesex and is sexually dimorphic (Rezaval et al., 2014). There are more of these cells in the female (around 9) than the male (around three) (Rezaval et al., 2014). Thought to be octopaminergic based on Tdc2-GAL4 expression (Rezaval et al., 2014). These appear to be the only CNS octopamine/dsx neurons (Rezaval et al., 2014).
Adult female octopaminergic neuron of the abdominal neuromere that also expresses doublesex (Rezaval et al., 2014). There are approximately nine of these cells in each female organism (Rezaval et al., 2014). They project to the female reproductive system, collectively innervating the lateral oviducts, common oviduct, uterus, spermathecae, seminal receptacle and parovaria (Rezaval et al., 2014). These neurons are activated following mating and collectively mediate several post-mating responses (Rezaval et al., 2014; Yoshinari et al., 2020) Thought to be octopaminergic based on Tdc2-GAL4 expression (Rezaval et al., 2014).
Adult male octopaminergic neuron of the abdominal neuromere that also expresses doublesex (Rezaval et al., 2014). There are approximately three of these cells in each male organism (Rezaval et al., 2014). They project to the male reproductive system, collectively innervating the ejaculatory duct, testes, and accessory glands (Rezaval et al., 2014). Thought to be octopaminergic based on Tdc2-GAL4 expression (Rezaval et al., 2014).
Octopaminergic neuron that innervates the frontal pulsatile organ muscle via type II boutons (Pauls et al., 2018). It has its soma in the thorax (Pauls et al., 2018). Octopamine assessed based on expression of Tdc2-GAL4 (Pauls et al., 2018).
Adult octopaminergic neuron that innervates a heart muscle cell via type II boutons (Pauls et al., 2018). These neurons collectively innervate at least the ventral longitudinal and alary muscles (Pauls et al., 2018). Octopamine assessed based on expression of Tdc2-GAL4 (Pauls et al., 2018).
Octopaminergic neuron that innervates a leg muscle via type II boutons (Pauls et al., 2018). It fasciculates with the leg nerve (Pauls et al., 2018). Octopamine assessed based on expression of Tdc2-GAL4 (Pauls et al., 2018).
Octopaminergic neuron that innervates a proboscis muscle via type II boutons (Pauls et al., 2018). Octopamine assessed based on expression of Tdc2-GAL4 (Pauls et al., 2018).
Neuron that innervates a direct or indirect muscle of the wing via type II boutons (Stocker et al., 2018). It is octopaminergic (Stocker et al., 2018).
Adult neuron with its soma in a ventrolateral location in the subesophageal zone that expresses the receptors for Adipokinetic hormone (Akh) and insulin-like peptides (Ilps) (Yu et al., 2016). There are approximately two to four of these cells per hemisphere and they are octopaminergic (Yu et al., 2016). They send Y-shaped projections into the subesophageal zone (Yu et al., 2016). They are involved in regulating starvation-induced hyperactivity (Yu et al., 2016).
Octopaminergic larval neurosecretory neuron whose soma is located in the pars intercerebralis and whose axon innervates the corpus cardiacum and the aorta. There are six of these per animal. Believed to be octopaminergic on the basis of tyramine beta hydroxylase expression (Siegmund and Korge, 2001).
Adult descending neuron with its soma in the brain, ventral to the prow. It is a putative embryonic-born neuron. It has postsynapses in the contralateral anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, the contralateral vest, the contralateral posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, the contralateral flange, the contralateral superior posterior slope and the contralateral wedge. It has presynapses in the contralateral anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum and the contralateral posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum. Its predicted neurotransmitter is octopamine. Uncharacterized putative cell type from Schlegel et al. (2023), based on FlyWire v783 (FAFB) data (Dorkenwald et al., 2023). Soma locations are based on the closest annotated neuropil region. Pre- or post-synapse locations are the fewest regions that collectively contain at least 80 percent of all pre- or post-synapses of these neurons in FlyWire. Neurotransmitter predictions are from Eckstein et al. (2023). Other annotations are based on annotations in FlyWire and are available in the supplemental material of Schlegel et al. (2023).
Adult descending neuron with its soma in the brain, posterior to the gnathal ganglia. It belongs to the LB0_anterior hemilineage. Its predicted neurotransmitter is octopamine. Uncharacterized putative cell type from Schlegel et al. (2023), based on FlyWire v783 (FAFB) data (Dorkenwald et al., 2023). Soma locations are based on the closest annotated neuropil region. Pre- or post-synapse locations are the fewest regions that collectively contain at least 80 percent of all pre- or post-synapses of these neurons in FlyWire. Neurotransmitter predictions are from Eckstein et al. (2023). Other annotations are based on annotations in FlyWire and are available in the supplemental material of Schlegel et al. (2023).
Adult descending neuron with its soma in the brain, posterior-ventral to the gnathal ganglia. It belongs to the LB0_anterior hemilineage. Its predicted neurotransmitter is octopamine. Uncharacterized putative cell type from Schlegel et al. (2023), based on FlyWire v783 (FAFB) data (Dorkenwald et al., 2023). Soma locations are based on the closest annotated neuropil region. Pre- or post-synapse locations are the fewest regions that collectively contain at least 80 percent of all pre- or post-synapses of these neurons in FlyWire. Neurotransmitter predictions are from Eckstein et al. (2023). Other annotations are based on annotations in FlyWire and are available in the supplemental material of Schlegel et al. (2023).
Adult descending neuron with its soma in the brain, posterior-ventral to the gnathal ganglia. It belongs to the LB0_posterior hemilineage. Its predicted neurotransmitter is octopamine. Uncharacterized putative cell type from Schlegel et al. (2023), based on FlyWire v783 (FAFB) data (Dorkenwald et al., 2023). Soma locations are based on the closest annotated neuropil region. Pre- or post-synapse locations are the fewest regions that collectively contain at least 80 percent of all pre- or post-synapses of these neurons in FlyWire. Neurotransmitter predictions are from Eckstein et al. (2023). Other annotations are based on annotations in FlyWire and are available in the supplemental material of Schlegel et al. (2023).
Neuromodulatory motor neuron developing from the VUM midline precursor. It innervates the dorsal oblique and acute muscles. Following Landgraf et al., 1997, larval motor neurons are named according to the muscle they innervate. The same caveats therefore apply regarding inference of serial homology from nomenclature as for the muscles: Following Bate (1993), larval hypodermal muscles are named for their orientation and numbered based on their order from dorsal to ventral or anterior to posterior. So, except where musculature is essentially identical between segments (as for A1-7, with a couple of exceptions for A1), serial homology should not be assumed on the basis of a shared name. VUM neurons are found in thoracic and abdominal segments (Schmid et al., 1999).
Any hemilineage B (Notch OFF) neuron that develops from neuroblast MNB during the postembryonic phase of neurogenesis. It is octopaminergic (Pop et al., 2020).
Octopaminergic, bilaterally-paired neuron of the labial neuromere of the larval subesophageal ganglion. There is one of these neurons per hemisphere. They form a cluster with the VUM neuron cell bodies, but unlike the VUM neurons, the VPM neurons are restricted to the CNS. The labial VPM neuron arborizes in the subesophageal ganglion and various regions of the protocerebrum (Selcho et al., 2014).
Larval VUM neuron with a cell body at the level of the labial neuromere. There are three of these cells and they have different morphology to the maxillary and mandibular VUM neurons. These are octopaminergic descending neurons (Selcho et al., 2014).
Larval VUM neuron of the labial cluster that innervates the subesophageal ganglion and thoracic neuromeres, mainly at lateral levels (Selcho et al., 2014).
Larval VUM neuron of the labial cluster that innervates the subesophageal ganglion, the basomedial protocerebrum and the medial and lateral areas of the thoracic and abdominal neuromeres (Selcho et al., 2014).
Larval VUM neuron of the labial cluster that densely innervates the subesophageal ganglion and the posterior basolateral and basomedial protocerebrum. One axon per side extends, close to the midline, to the third thoracic neuromere and then follows a more lateral path to ramify in the third thoracic neuromere and all abdominal neuromeres (Selcho et al., 2014).
Octopaminergic, bilaterally-paired neuron of the mandibular neuromere of the larval subesophageal ganglion. There are two of these neurons per hemisphere. They form a cluster with the VUM neuron cell bodies, but unlike the VUM neurons, the VPM neurons are restricted to the CNS. The mandibular VPM neuron arborizes in the subesophageal ganglion, and also posteriorly into the thoracic and abdominal neuromeres (Selcho et al., 2014).
Larval mandibular VPM neuron that extends into the thoracic and abdominal neuromeres on the ipsilateral side (Selcho et al., 2014). There is one of these cells per hemisphere (Selcho et al., 2014).
Larval mandibular VPM neuron that extends into the thoracic and abdominal neuromeres on the contralateral side (Selcho et al., 2014). There is one of these cells per hemisphere (Selcho et al., 2014).
Larval VUM neuron with a cell body at the level of the mandibular neuromere. There are three of these cells, which are octopaminergic and are anatomically similar to the maxillary VUM neurons. They are ascending neurons (Selcho et al., 2014).
Larval octopaminergic ventral unpaired median neuron of the mandibular neuromere that innervates the subesophageal ganglion, the antennal lobes and the centroposterior medial compartment (clamp) (Selcho et al., 2014). It also innervates the mushroom body calyces via the medial antennal lobe tract. It receives input from FB2N-2 and FFN-35 (Eschbach et al., 2020).
Larval VUM neuron of the mandibular cluster that innervates the subesophageal ganglion and the basomedial, dorsomedial and dorsolateral protocerebrum. It also innervates the larval optic neuropil (Selcho et al., 2014).
Larval VUM neuron of the mandibular cluster that innervates the subesophageal ganglion and the posterior basomedial and basolateral protocerebrum. It also has terminals posterior to the mushroom body medial lobe and medial appendix and medial to the mushroom body vertical lobe (Selcho et al., 2014).
Octopaminergic, bilaterally-paired neuron of the maxillary neuromere of the larval subesophageal ganglion. There is one of these neurons per hemisphere. They form a cluster with the VUM neuron cell bodies, but unlike the VUM neurons, the VPM neurons are restricted to the CNS (Selcho et al., 2014). The maxillary VPM neuron has its postsynaptic sites mainly in the subesophageal ganglia of both hemispheres and presynaptic sites in the contralateral mushroom body lower vertical lobe (V1 region), as well as the centroposterior lateral compartment (clamp) and the dorsoanterior and dorsoposterior compartments (superior medial protocerebrum) (Saumweber et al., 2018). It receives input from FAN-2, FB2N-20 and FFN-35 (Eschbach et al., 2020). MBE22 synonym from catmaid.
Larval VUM neuron with a cell body at the level of the maxillary neuromere. There are three of these cells, which are octopaminergic and are anatomically similar to the mandibular VUM neurons. They are ascending neurons (Selcho et al., 2014).
Larval octopaminergic ventral unpaired median neuron of the maxillary neuromere that innervates the subesophageal ganglion, the antennal lobes and the centroposterior medial compartment (clamp) (Selcho et al., 2014). It also innervates the mushroom body calyces via the medial antennal lobe tract. It receives input from FB2N-2 and FFN-35 (Eschbach et al., 2020).
Larval VUM neuron of the maxillary cluster that innervates the subesophageal ganglion and the basomedial, dorsomedial and dorsolateral protocerebrum. It also innervates the larval optic neuropil (Selcho et al., 2014).
Larval VUM neuron of the maxillary cluster that innervates the subesophageal ganglion and the posterior basomedial and basolateral protocerebrum. It also has terminals posterior to the mushroom body medial lobe and medial appendix and medial to the mushroom body vertical lobe (Selcho et al., 2014).
Larval neuron that has presynapses in the dorsal tip (V3 segment) of the ipsilateral vertical lobe of the mushroom body and postsynaptic sites in the anterior and posterior superior medial protocerebrum (Saumweber et al., 2018). This neuron is octopaminergic (Eichler et al., 2017). It receives input from FBNs, FB2Ns and FFNs (Eschbach et al., 2020). Neurotransmitter identity revealed by anti-TDC (tyrosine decarboxylase) staining (Eichler et al., 2017). MBE9a synonym from catmaid.
Octopaminergic neuron with its cell body dorsomedial to the antennal lobe (Selcho et al., 2014). It innervates the subesophageal ganglion and both antennal lobes (Selcho et al., 2014). There are about two of these cells per hemisphere (Selcho et al., 2014).
Octopaminergic, bilaterally-paired neuron of the larval ventral nerve cord. Their cell bodies are found in the ventral cortex of the three subesophageal neuromeres (Selcho et al., 2014), the three thoracic neuromeres and the first abdominal neuromere, somewhat ventro-lateral to the VM fascicles (Vomel and Wegener, 2008). They form a cluster with the VUM neuron cell bodies of the same neuromere, but unlike the VUM neurons, the VPM neurons are restricted to the CNS. Most VPM neurons project anteriorly and cross the midline to arborize mainly in the contralateral neuropil (Selcho et al., 2012; Selcho et al., 2014). For neurotransmitter expression analysis, Vomel and Wegener, 2008 used Tdc2-GAL4 (tyrosine decarboxylase - implies presence of tyramine) and anti-Tbh (tyramine beta-hydroxylase - implies presence of octopamine). Selcho et al., 2012 used Tdc2-GAL4, validated with anti-Tbh, anti-p-tyramine and anti-conjugated octopamine, to visualize tyraminergic and octopaminergic neurons.
Ventral unpaired median cell that has a cell body in the larval subesophageal ganglion. These are octopaminergic cells, but unlike thoracic and abdominal VUM neurons, they are not motor neurons. Ascending sVUM neurons are found in the mandibular and maxillary neuromeres and descending neurons are found in the labial neuromere (Selcho et al., 2014).
Neuromodulatory motor neuron developing from the VUM midline precursor. It innervates the lateral transverse muscles. Following Landgraf et al., 1997, larval motor neurons are named according to the muscle they innervate. The same caveats therefore apply regarding inference of serial homology from nomenclature as for the muscles: Following Bate (1993), larval hypodermal muscles are named for their orientation and numbered based on their order from dorsal to ventral or anterior to posterior. So, except where musculature is essentially identical between segments (as for A1-7, with a couple of exceptions for A1), serial homology should not be assumed on the basis of a shared name. VUM neurons are found in thoracic and abdominal segments (Schmid et al., 1999).
Octopaminergic neuron of the adult female gnathal ganglion. They do not form the same connections to fruitless neurons as in males and do not affect sleep (Machado et al., 2017). These neurons do not express fruitless (Machado et al., 2017).
Octopaminergic neuron of the adult male gnathal ganglion. They have postsynaptic terminals around the esophagus and presynaptic terminals in the antennal lobe, lateral horn, anterior superior medial protocerebrum, mushroom body calyx and around the esophagus. They suppress sleeping in the presence of females and provide excitatory input into the fruitless circuit, acting upstream of P1 (pMP-e) neurons (Machado et al., 2017). These neurons do not express fruitless and are also present in females (Machado et al., 2017).
Octopaminergic, bilaterally-paired neuron of the mesothoracic neuromere of the larval ventral nerve cord. There is one of these neurons per hemisphere. They form a cluster with the VUM neuron cell bodies, but unlike the VUM neurons, the VPM neurons are restricted to the CNS. The mesothoracic VPM neuron arborizes in the contralateral medial neuropil of the prothoracic neuromere and the subesophageal ganglion. A secondary neurite bifurcates in the contralateral prothoracic neuromere to innervate the mediodorsal subesophageal ganglion and the tritocerebrum (Selcho et al., 2012).
Octopaminergic VUM motor neuron with its cell body in the larval mesothoracic neuromere. There are three of these cells with very similar innervation patterns within the ventral nerve cord. The neuron projects dorsally, then branches laterally in both directions to form a T-shape. Ramifications are mostly found in the lateral neuropil of T2 and T1. It also innervates the anterior part of T3 with dorsomedial bifurcations. Generally, two of these neurons (tVUM2sn) project via the segmental nerve with the other projecting via the intersegmental nerve (tVUM2isn), but this is sometimes the opposite way (Selcho et al., 2012). Innervation pattern has not been studied, so it is unclear how the three subclasses differ and whether they belong to the dorsal, lateral and ventral groups identified for abdominal neurons.
Octopaminergic, bilaterally-paired neuron of the metathoracic neuromere of the larval ventral nerve cord. There is one of these neurons per hemisphere. They form a cluster with the VUM neuron cell bodies, but unlike the VUM neurons, the VPM neurons are restricted to the CNS. The metathoracic VPM neuron bifurcates after crossing the midline, with one process running anteriorly to the subesophageal ganglion. The other process innervates the dorsomedial and dorsolateral neuropil of the thoracic neuromeres. The metathoracic VPN neuron also arborizes in the basal protocerebrum (Selcho et al., 2012).
Octopaminergic VUM motor neuron with its cell body in the larval mesothoracic neuromere. There are three of these cells with very similar innervation patterns within the ventral nerve cord. The neuron projects dorsally, then branches laterally in both directions to form a T-shape. Ramifications are mostly found in the lateral neuropil of T3 and T2. It also innervates the anterior part of A1 with dorsomedial bifurcations. Generally, two of these neurons (tVUM3sn) project via the segmental nerve with the other projecting via the intersegmental nerve (tVUM3isn), but this is sometimes the opposite way (Selcho et al., 2012). Innervation pattern has not been studied, so it is unclear how the three subclasses differ and whether they belong to the dorsal, lateral and ventral groups identified for abdominal neurons.
[transmission electron microscopy (TEM); VFB CATMAID Adult Brain (FAFB); is part of; female organism; OA Neuron #1 (FAFB:8758596); JRC2018Unisex; adult brain; octopaminergic VM neuron]
Octopaminergic neuron whose cell body is located in a cluster in the ventromedial border of the antennal lobe. One neurite runs along the esophagus foramen to the posterior slope where it branches, forming spiny dendritic arborizations. It has axonal projections that innervate the optic lobe. There are seven cells in this cluster that belong to two main subtypes, OA-AL2i and AL2b (Busch et al., 2009). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] and NP7088-GAL4 [FBti0037217]. Post- versus pre-synaptic innervation was determined using the postsynaptic marker Rdl-HA or the presynaptic marker Synaptotagmin-HA (Busch et al., 2009).
Octopaminergic neuron of the AL2 cluster which innervates both the ipsilateral and contralateral optic lobes. Secondary processes originating in the esophagus foramen bilaterally innervate both lobulae. Additional processes branch off this neurite to innervate the posteriolateral, posterioinferior lateral and ventrolateral protocerebra, forming varicose terminals. There is one subtype of OA-AL2b neurons: AL2b1 (Busch et al., 2009). One other subtype, AL2b2 was described, although its identity as octopaminergic neuron was not confirmed. The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] and NP7088-GAL4 [FBti0037217]. Post- versus pre-synaptic innervation was determined using the postsynaptic marker Rdl-HA or the presynaptic marker Synaptotagmin-HA (Busch et al., 2009).
Octopaminergic neuron of the AL2 cluster which innervates both the ipsilateral and contralateral lobulae. The neurite that innervates the lobulae originates in the dorsolateral esophagus foramen. Additional processes branch off this neurite and form varicose terminals in the posteriolateral, posterioinferior lateral and ventrolateral protocerebra (Busch et al., 2009). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] and NP7088-GAL4 [FBti0037217]. Post- versus pre-synaptic innervation was determined using the postsynaptic marker Rdl-HA or the presynaptic marker Synaptotagmin-HA (Busch et al., 2009).
Octopaminergic neuron of the AL2 cluster which innervates the ipsilateral optic lobe. Secondary processes originating in the posterior slope terminate in the optic lobe, forming varicose terminals. In the posterior slope, thin processes branch off the neurite that projects to the optic lobe, innervating the ventral inferior posterior slope forming varicose terminals. There are four different subtypes of AL2i neurons, AL2i1-4, which differ in their arborization patterns (Busch et al., 2009). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] and NP7088-GAL4 [FBti0037217]. Post- versus pre-synaptic innervation was determined using the postsynaptic marker Rdl-HA or the presynaptic marker Synaptotagmin-HA (Busch et al., 2009).
Octopaminergic neuron of the AL2 cluster which innervates the ipsilateral medulla and lobula complex (Busch et al., 2009). Secondary processes branch off the neurite that projects from the posterior slope to the optic lobe and innervate the posterior lateral, posterior inferior medial and ventromedial protocerebra, and protocerebral bridge, forming varicose terminals (Busch et al., 2009). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] and NP7088-GAL4 [FBti0037217]. Post- versus pre-synaptic innervation was determined using the postsynaptic marker Rdl-HA or the presynaptic marker Synaptotagmin-HA (Busch et al., 2009).
Octopaminergic neuron of the AL2 cluster which innervates the ipsilateral inner medulla and lobula. Secondary processes branch off the neurite that projects from the posterior slope to the optic lobe and innervate the ipsilateral posteriolateral and ventromedial protocerebra, forming varicose terminals (Busch et al., 2009). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] and NP7088-GAL4 [FBti0037217]. Post- versus pre-synaptic innervation was determined using the postsynaptic marker Rdl-HA or the presynaptic marker Synaptotagmin-HA (Busch et al., 2009).
Octopaminergic neuron of the AL2 cluster which innervates the ipsilateral outer medulla. Secondary processes branch off the neurite that projects from the posterior slope to the optic lobe and innervate the ipsilateral posteriolateral and ventromedial protocerebra, forming varicose terminals (Busch et al., 2009). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] and NP7088-GAL4 [FBti0037217]. Post- versus pre-synaptic innervation was determined using the postsynaptic marker Rdl-HA or the presynaptic marker Synaptotagmin-HA (Busch et al., 2009).
Octopaminergic neuron of the AL2 cluster which innervates the ipsilateral inner medulla, forming varicose terminals (Busch et al., 2009). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] and NP7088-GAL4 [FBti0037217]. Post- versus pre-synaptic innervation was determined using the postsynaptic marker Rdl-HA or the presynaptic marker Synaptotagmin-HA (Busch et al., 2009).
Octopaminergic neuron of the ASM cluster, whose cell body is located in the anterior superior medial protocerebrum. This neuron sends a process to the posterior protocerebrum where it branches out. Three different subtypes can be distinguished based on their arborization patterns in the posterior protocerebrum: OA-ASM1, OA-ASM2 and OA-ASM3 (Busch et al., 2009). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] (Busch et al., 2009).
Octopaminergic neuron of the ASM cluster which arborizes extensively in the ipsilateral side of the posterior protocerebrum and the anterior superior lateral protocerebrum. From the posterior ramifications a single branch emerges and bifurcates in the area dorsolateral to the esophagus foramen. One process projects to the ipsilateral inner medulla and lobula. The other process crosses the midline dorsal to the fan-shaped body and innervates the contralateral inner medulla and lobula (Busch et al., 2009). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] (Busch et al., 2009).
Octopaminergic neuron of the ASM cluster which arborizes extensively in the ipsilateral side of the posterior protocerebrum. The primary neurite bifurcates dorsolaterally to the fan-shaped body. The main ipsilateral process projects laterally and ramifies extensively in the ipsilateral posterior protocerebrum, around the pedunculus of the mushroom body. The other process bifurcates again above the fan-shaped body, with the resulting branches running laterally to the midline. Then they project to the posterior where they turn toward the ipsilateral and contralateral inferior protocerebrum, respectively. The contralateral branch crosses the midline dorsal of the fan-shaped body. Each of the two branches arborizes in the inferior and ventrolateral protocerebrum (Busch et al., 2009). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] (Busch et al., 2009).
Octopaminergic neuron of the ASM cluster which arborizes extensively around the peduncle of the mushroom body of the adult brain. The main neurite bifurcates dorsolaterally to the fan-shaped body. One process runs laterally, arborizing in the superior protocerebrum; the other process crosses the midline dorsal to the fan-shaped body. These processes give rise to complicated ramifications in the posterior protocerebrum (around the mushroom body pedunculus), ventrolateral protocerebrum and in the subesophageal zone (Busch et al., 2009). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] (Busch et al., 2009).
Neuron that innervates the peritoneal sheath or oviduct with octopaminergic type II terminals (Middleton et al., 2006). It reaches the reproductive system via the abdominal nerve to the ovary (Middleton et al., 2006). Octopamine stimulates the rupture of the posterior follicle cells prior to ovulation (Deady et al., 2017). These neurons also modulate contractions of these regions and movement of eggs out of the ovary (Middleton et al., 2006). Octopaminergic type II boutons identified based on bouton morphology and Tdc2-GAL4 expression (Middleton et al., 2006). Not clear from Middleton et al. (2006) whether each cell innervates both regions or whether there are subpopulations.
Octopaminergic neuron of the VL cluster, whose cell body is located between the antennal lobe and the ventrolateral protocerebrum of the adult brain. This neuron sends a process to the subesophageal zone where it crosses the midline. Bilateral ramifications arborize in the antennal lobes and the gnathal ganglion. On the ipsilateral side, ramifications extend to the inferior lateral and ventrolateral protocerebra. A descending axon diverges from the main neurite medial to the antennal nerve. Two different subtypes can be distinguished, which differ on the projection pattern of this descending neurite: OA-VL1 and OA-VL2. There are two neurons per cluster (Busch et al., 2009). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] and NP7088-GAL4 [FBti0037217] (Busch et al., 2009).
Octopaminergic neuron of the VL cluster whose descending neurite projects through the subesophageal ganglion, joins the cervical connective and innervates the ipsilateral side of all three thoracic neuromeres (Busch et al., 2009). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] and NP7088-GAL4 [FBti0037217] (Busch et al., 2009).
Octopaminergic neuron of the VL cluster whose descending neurite runs posteriorly along the lateral margin of the subesophageal ganglion (Busch et al., 2009). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] and NP7088-GAL4 [FBti0037217] (Busch et al., 2009).
Octopaminergic neuron whose cell body is located along the ventral midline of the adult gnathal ganglion of the adult brain. Two main subtypes can be identified: VPM and VUM (Busch et al., 2009). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] and NP7088-GAL4 [FBti0037217] (Busch et al., 2009).
A bilaterally paired octopaminergic neuron of the VM cluster, whose cell body is located slightly lateral to the midline of the subesophageal zone of the adult brain. VPM neurites do not join the median tract and show asymmetric arborization patterns in the brain and gnathal ganglion, except for OA-VPM1. Spiny dendritic processes are present in the posterior slope, with projections in different areas of the brain forming varicose terminals. Five different subtypes can be identified: OA-VPM1-5 (Busch et al., 2009). Except for the subtype VPM5, all OA-VPM neurons project dorsally and do not join the median tracts of the OA-VUM neurons. The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] and NP7088-GAL4 [FBti0037217] (Busch et al., 2009).
Octopaminergic neuron of the VM cluster of the adult brain, whose cell body is located at the anterior margin of the subesophageal zone midline, in the mandibular segment. Its main neurite projects along the ventral esophagus and innervates the ventromedial protocerebrum and subesophageal zone, forming varicose terminals. These arborizations are mirror-symmetric. The descending secondary neurite emerges from the ventrolateral esophagus laterally into the ipsilateral half of the gnathal ganglion and turns ventrally to descend through the cervical connective. It innervates the three ipsilateral thoracic neuromeres and the abdominal one (Busch et al., 2009, Certel et al., 2010, Busch and Tanimoto, 2010). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] and NP7088-GAL4 [FBti0037217] (Busch et al., 2009), or only using the tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] (Certel et al., 2010, Busch and Tanimoto, 2010).
Octopaminergic neuron of the VM cluster, whose cell body is located slightly lateral to the subesophageal ganglion midline, in the mandibular segment. Its main neurite projects to the area surrounding the ventral esophagus foramen where it crosses the midline. It then bifurcates at the ventral area of the contralateral ventrolateral protocerebrum. These processes innervate the contralateral ventrolateral, ventromedial, anterioinferior medial protocerebra and the subesophageal ganglion, and fasciculate with the antennal nerve. There is also some innervation in the ipsilateral subesophageal ganglion (Busch et al., 2009, Certel et al., Busch and Tanimoto, 2010). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] and NP7088-GAL4 [FBti0037217] (Busch et al., 2009) or only using the tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] (Busch and Tanimoto, 2010). Certel et al., (2010) describes a OA-VPM2 neuron, although it resembles the VMP1 subtype, and not the VPM2 described by Busch et al., (2009).
Octopaminergic neuron of the VM cluster, whose cell body is located posterior to that of OA-VPM1 and VPM2, in the mandibular segment of the adult brain. Its main neurite projects to the ventral esophagus where it crosses the midline. It then passes the posterior margin of the contralateral antennal lobe and runs further dorsally to the anterior superior medial protocerebrum. There it turns posteriorly and medially to cross the midline again and to terminate in the ipsilateral middle superior medial and lateral protocerebra. Various processes branch off the main neurite innervating the contralateral superior medial and lateral protocerebra, the fan-shaped body, the contralateral noduli, the contralateral gamma lobe and spur (slices 1, 3, 4 and 5) and outer region of the calyx of the mushroom body (Busch et al., 2009, Busch and Tanimoto, 2010). There is one neuron of this type in each hemisphere. It is synapsed to the MVP2 neuron in mushroom body gamma lobe slice 1 (Sayin et al., 2019). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] and NP7088-GAL4 [FBti0037217] (Busch et al., 2009) or only using the tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] (Busch and Tanimoto, 2010).
Octopaminergic neuron of the VM cluster, whose cell body is located posterior to that of OA-VPM3, and slightly lateral, in the labial segment of the adult brain. Its main neurite projects to the ventral esophagus where it crosses the midline. Its secondary neurite shares the tract with OA-VPM3, running further along the posterior margin of the antennal lobe to the anterior superior medial protocerebrum. There it turns posteriorly and medially to cross the midline again along the dorsal margin of the fan-shaped body. Various processes branch off the main and secondary neurites, innervating the contralateral superior, inferior and ventrolateral protocerebra, the whole contralateral gamma lobe and spur of the mushroom body, the subesophageal zone and the ipsilateral middle inferior lateral and middle inferior medial protocerebra (Busch et al., 2009, Busch and Tanimoto, 2010). There is one neuron of this type in each hemisphere. It is synapsed to the MVP2 neuron in mushroom body gamma lobe slice 1 and is involved in food odor attraction (Sayin et al., 2019). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] and NP7088-GAL4 [FBti0037217] (Busch et al., 2009) or only using the tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] (Busch and Tanimoto, 2010).
Octopaminergic neuron of the VM cluster, whose cell body is located posterior to that of OA-VPM3, and slightly lateral, in the labial segment of the adult brain. It bifurcates ventrally to the esophagus to innervate both the ipsi- and, sparsely, contralateral antennal lobe. A single neurite from the contralateral branch joins the inner antennocerebral tract to innervate the calyx of the mushroom body and the lateral horn (Busch et al., 2009, Busch and Tanimoto, 2010). There is one neuron of this type in each hemisphere. The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] and NP7088-GAL4 [FBti0037217] (Busch et al., 2009) or only using the tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] (Busch and Tanimoto, 2010).
An unpaired octopaminergic neuron of the VM cluster whose cell body is located on the midline of the gnathal ganglion of the adult brain. The primary neurites of OA-VUM neurons join one of the three median tracts along the anterioposterior axis and mainly innervate the periesophageal region. These neurites follow the tracts toward the posterior ventral area of the esophagus foramen where they symmetrically branch out to innervate the cerebral ganglion and subesophageal zone and in some cases the ventral nerve cord. Two main subtypes can be identified: OA-VUMa and OA-VUMd (Busch et al., 2009, Certel et al., 2010). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] and NP7088-GAL4 [FBti0037217] (Busch et al., 2009) , or only using the tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] (Certel et al., 2010).
Octopaminergic neuron of the VUM cluster, whose cell body is located more anteriorly than those of OA-VUMd neurons, in either the mandibular or maxillary segments. Its primary neurite projects dorsally through the median tracts. It bifurcates in the area ventral to the esophagus foramen and form spiny dendritic arborizations in the posterior slope. Pairs of secondary processes emerge from these arbors and project to distinct brain regions, forming varicose nerve terminals (Busch et al., 2009, Busch and Tanimoto, 2010). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] and NP7088-GAL4 [FBti0037217] (Busch et al., 2009) or only using the tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] (Busch and Tanimoto, 2010).
Octopaminergic neuron of the VUMa cluster with symmetric and complex processes throughout the ventromedial protocerebra, including the posterior margin of the antennal lobes and the ventral margins of the mushroom body pedunculi. Another neurite originating from the region ventrolateral to the esophagus foramen innervates the inferior posterior slope, forming varicose terminals (Busch et al., 2009). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] and NP7088-GAL4 [FBti0037217] (Busch et al., 2009).
Octopaminergic neuron of the VUMa cluster with bilaterally symmetrical projections that branch from the primary neurite at the region ventrolateral to the esophagus foramen (Busch et al., 2009). In each hemisphere, it extends to the posterior margin of the antennal lobe and bifurcates (Busch et al., 2009). One branch ramifies within the antennal lobe, with panglomerular arborization (Bates et al., 2020) and runs further to the anterior subesophageal ganglion (Busch et al., 2009). The second branch joins the medial antennal lobe tract and innervates the lateral horn (Busch et al., 2009; Bates et al., 2020). In addition, there are numerous terminals in calyx of the mushroom body (Busch et al., 2009). There are two neurons of this type (Aso et al., 2014; Bates et al., 2020). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] and NP7088-GAL4 [FBti0037217] (Busch et al., 2009).
Octopaminergic neuron of the VUMa cluster with symmetric secondary neurites projecting dorsally, bypassing the anterior margin of the ellipsoid body. In the anterior superior medial protocerebrum, these neurites turn laterally and posteriorly. They ramify densely in the superior posterior slope and posterior protocerebrum surrounding the mushroom body pedunculi. One branch also innervates the middle lateral protocerebrum (Busch et al., 2009). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] and NP7088-GAL4 [FBti0037217] (Busch et al., 2009).
Octopaminergic neuron of the VUMa cluster that arborizes extensively in the ventrolateral and ventromedial protocerebra. One branch enters and arborizes in the middle inferior medial protocerebrum, between the fan-shaped body and the pedunculus (Busch et al., 2009). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] and NP7088-GAL4 [FBti0037217] (Busch et al., 2009).
Octopaminergic neuron of the VUMa cluster. Its axons emerge from ramifications surrounding the esophagus foramen in the posterior slope. Secondary neurites project from the ventrolateral esophagus to the antennal lobes, where they ramify extensively (Busch et al., 2009). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] and NP7088-GAL4 [FBti0037217] (Busch et al., 2009).
Octopaminergic neuron of the VUMa cluster. Its axons emerge from ramifications surrounding the esophagus foramen in the posterior slope. It sends a pair of two major branches in each hemisphere laterally from the dorsal esophagus foramen. They ramify in the inferior and superior protocerebra (Busch et al., 2009). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] and NP7088-GAL4 [FBti0037217] (Busch et al., 2009).
Octopaminergic neuron of the VUMa cluster. Its axons emerge from ramifications surrounding the esophagus foramen in the posterior slope. It sends one secondary neurite along the midline from the esophagus and this bifurcates ventral to the ellipsoid body and starts to ramify in both hemispheres. This single-sided secondary neurite that projects in parallel to the midline is a unique feature of this neuron. The emerging symmetric projections ramify in the anterior area of the medial and lateral protocerebra. In the posterior slope one neurite projects from the ventrolateral esophagus to the inferior lateral protocerebrum (Busch et al., 2009). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] and NP7088-GAL4 [FBti0037217] (Busch et al., 2009).
Octopaminergic neuron of the VUMa cluster. Its axons emerge from ramifications surrounding the esophagus foramen in the posterior slope. It exhibits a pair of mirror-symmetric neurites projecting from the area around the ventral esophagus to the anterior. It further branches in the ventromedial protocerebrum, profuse arbors cover the ventrolateral and superior medial protocerebra (Busch et al., 2009). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] and NP7088-GAL4 [FBti0037217] (Busch et al., 2009).
Octopaminergic neuron of the VUM cluster, whose cell body is located more posteriorly than those of OA-VUMa neurons, in the labial segment. Its primary neurite projects dorsally through the median tracts. In the area ventral to the esophagus foramen, the neurite branches and forms a pair of secondary neurites that descend through the cervical connective and innervate the ventral nerve cord. Similarly to OA-VUM neurons, VUMd neurons form spiny dendritic arborizations in the posterior slope and project to distinct brain regions, forming varicose nerve terminals (Busch et al., 2009, Busch and Tanimoto, 2010). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] and NP7088-GAL4 [FBti0037217] (Busch et al., 2009) or only using the tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] (Busch and Tanimoto, 2010).
Octopaminergic neuron of the VUMd cluster that exhibits a fan-shaped projection in the brain. Two laterally projecting neurites that originate in the ventral esophagus arborize in the ventrolateral protocerebrum, antennal nerve, the subesophageal ganglion and the antennal motor and mechanosensory center. A pair of descending axons project from the ventral esophagus into the cervical connective (Busch et al., 2009). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] and NP7088-GAL4 [FBti0037217] (Busch et al., 2009).
Octopaminergic neuron of the VUMd cluster that exhibits a fan-shaped projection in the brain. Secondary neurites that originate in area surrounding the ventral esophagus foramen project to the lateral inferior posterior slope where they turn ventrally and fasciculate with the cervical connective. Projections to the posterior subesophageal ganglion and the inferior posterior slope form varicose terminals (Busch et al., 2009). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] and NP7088-GAL4 [FBti0037217] (Busch et al., 2009). The varicose terminals in the posterior slope may indicate presynaptic terminals, but we have omitted recording this formally in the absence of molecular evidence.
Octopaminergic neuron of the VUMd cluster that exhibits a fan-shaped projection in the brain. Secondary neurites that originate in area surrounding the ventral esophagus foramen fasciculate with the cervical connective. Apart from forming spiny arborizations in the posterior slope, this neuron does not innervate other areas in the brain (Busch et al., 2009). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] and NP7088-GAL4 [FBti0037217] (Busch et al., 2009).
Octopaminergic neuron of the VUMd cluster of the adult brain (Busch and Tanimoto, 2010). The neurotransmitter was assessed by labelling cells with tdc2-GAL4 [FBti0101786] (Busch and Tanimoto, 2010).
Octopaminergic, bilaterally-paired neuron of the prothoracic neuromere of the larval ventral nerve cord. There is one of these neurons per hemisphere. They form a cluster with the VUM neuron cell bodies, but unlike the VUM neurons, the VPM neurons are restricted to the CNS (Selcho et al., 2012). Selcho et al., 2012 did not see an individual prothoracic VPM neuron in any of their flp-out larvae, so were unable to analyze one in detail.
Octopaminergic VUM motor neuron with its cell body in the larval prothoracic neuromere. There are three of these cells with very similar innervation patterns within the ventral nerve cord. The neuron projects dorsally, then branches laterally in both directions to form a T-shape. Ramifications are mostly found in the lateral neuropil of T1 and the posterior subesophageal ganglion. It also innervates the anterior part of T2 with dorsomedial bifurcations. Generally, two of these neurons (tVUM1sn) project via the segmental nerve with the other projecting via the intersegmental nerve (tVUM1isn), but this is sometimes the opposite way (Selcho et al., 2012). Innervation pattern has not been studied, so it is unclear how the three subclasses differ and whether they belong to the dorsal, lateral and ventral groups identified for abdominal neurons.
Adult motor neuron that reaches the uterus or common oviduct via the abdominal nerve to the uterus and innervates the muscle or epithelial layer with octopaminergic type II terminals (Middleton et al., 2006). Octopaminergic type II boutons identified based on bouton morphology and Tdc2-GAL4 expression (Middleton et al., 2006). Not clear from Middleton et al. (2006) whether each cell innervates multiple regions or whether there are subpopulations.
Motor neuron that innervates a sperm storage organ (spermatheca or seminal receptacle) with octopaminergic type II terminals (Avila et al., 2012). The seminal receptacle is innervated in the region proximal to the uterus and the spermathecal duct is innervated mainly in the distal third (Avila et al., 2012). Octopaminergic type II boutons identified based on bouton morphology and Tdc2-GAL4 expression (Avila et al., 2012). Not clear from Avila et al. (2012) whether each cell innervates both organs or whether there are subpopulations.
Neuromodulatory motor neuron developing from the VUM midline precursor. It innervates the ventral oblique and longitudinal muscles. Following Landgraf et al., 1997, larval motor neurons are named according to the muscle they innervate. The same caveats therefore apply regarding inference of serial homology from nomenclature as for the muscles: Following Bate (1993), larval hypodermal muscles are named for their orientation and numbered based on their order from dorsal to ventral or anterior to posterior. So, except where musculature is essentially identical between segments (as for A1-7, with a couple of exceptions for A1), serial homology should not be assumed on the basis of a shared name. VUM neurons are found in thoracic and abdominal segments (Schmid et al., 1999).
Motor neuron that is part of the median neuroblast lineage that innervates the larval body wall muscles. There are three of these cells per segment from T1 to A7. They are modulatory motor neurons; in A1-7, one VUM motor neuron innervates the dorsal muscles, one innervates the ventral muscles, and one innervates the lateral muscles. Neurotransmitter was assessed by the expression of the vesicular glutamate transporter (vGlut) (FBgn0031424) for glutamate; the enzyme that converts tyramine to octopamine, tyramine beta-hydroxylase (Tbh) (FBgn0010329) and the vesicular monoamine transporter gene (Vmat) (FBgn0260964) (Wheeler et al., 2006). Vomel and Wegener, 2008 used Tdc2-GAL4 (tyrosine decarboxylase - implies presence of tyramine) and anti-Tbh (implies presence of octopamine). Selcho et al., 2012 used Tdc2-GAL4, validated with anti-Tbh, anti-p-tyramine and anti-conjugated octopamine, to visualize tyraminergic and octopaminergic neurons. VUM neurons are found in thoracic and abdominal segments (Schmid et al., 1999).