Tag: Neuroblast

abdominal 9 neuroblast NB5-4 [FBbt_00052513]

Neuroblast NB5-4 found in abdominal segment 9. It begins to express doublesex in the late embryo, resulting in sexually-dimorphic behavior in the larva (Birkholz et al., 2013). Appears to be two of these on each side in the larva (expressing same markers and generating similar male secondary lineage) - unclear whether this is due to division, migration or if one is a different type of neuroblast (Birkholz et al., 2013).

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anterior protocerebral neuroblast [FBbt_00001335]

A neuroblast located in the anterior region of the protocerebrum. In the embryo, individual neuroblasts are named according to their position relative to major morphological features (cephalic furrow, invaginating foregut, dorsal and ventral midline, their relative position with respect to each other, their time of segregation and their expression of markers) (Urbach et al., 2003).

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central protocerebral neuroblast [FBbt_00001343]

A neuroblast located in the central region of the protocerebrum. In the embryo, individual neuroblasts are named according to their position relative to major morphological features (cephalic furrow, invaginating foregut, dorsal and ventral midline, their relative position with respect to each other, their time of segregation and their expression of markers) (Urbach et al., 2003).

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Dd1 neuroblast [FBbt_00005947]

Neuroblast 1 of the dorsal deutocerebrum. It displays serial homology to NB5-3 (Urbach et al., 2016). It delaminates in early embryonic stage 9 (Urbach et al., 2016). Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Dd10 neuroblast [FBbt_00005956]

Neuroblast 10 of the dorsal deutocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Dd11 neuroblast [FBbt_00005957]

Neuroblast 11 of the dorsal deutocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Dd12 neuroblast [FBbt_00005958]

Neuroblast 12 of the dorsal deutocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Dd13 neuroblast [FBbt_00005959]

Neuroblast 13 of the dorsal deutocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Dd2 neuroblast [FBbt_00005948]

Neuroblast 2 of the dorsal deutocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Dd3 neuroblast [FBbt_00005949]

Neuroblast 3 of the dorsal deutocerebrum. It displays serial homology to NB3-3 (Urbach et al., 2016). It delaminates in late embryonic stage 8 (Urbach et al., 2016). Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo. Urbach et al. (2016) could not unambiguously assign NB3-3 to either Dd3 or Dd6.

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Dd4 neuroblast [FBbt_00005950]

Neuroblast 4 of the dorsal deutocerebrum. It displays serial homology to NB4-4 (Urbach et al., 2016). It delaminates in late embryonic stage 11 (Urbach et al., 2016). Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Dd5 neuroblast [FBbt_00005951]

Neuroblast 5 of the dorsal deutocerebrum. It displays serial homology to NB6-2 and NB7-2 (Urbach et al., 2016). It delaminates in late embryonic stage 9 (Urbach et al., 2016). Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Dd6 neuroblast [FBbt_00005952]

Neuroblast 6 of the dorsal deutocerebrum. It displays serial homology to NB3-3 (Urbach et al., 2016). It delaminates in late embryonic stage 9 (Urbach et al., 2016). Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo. Urbach et al. (2016) could not unambiguously assign NB3-3 to either Dd3 or Dd6.

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Dd7 neuroblast [FBbt_00005953]

Neuroblast 7 of the dorsal deutocerebrum. It displays serial homology to NB5-6 (Urbach et al., 2016). It delaminates in early embryonic stage 9 (Urbach et al., 2016). Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Dd8 neuroblast [FBbt_00005954]

Neuroblast 8 of the dorsal deutocerebrum. It displays serial homology to NB3-5 (Urbach et al., 2016). It delaminates in late embryonic stage 8 (Urbach et al., 2016). Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Dd9 neuroblast [FBbt_00005955]

Neuroblast 9 of the dorsal deutocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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deutocerebral neuroblast [FBbt_00001353]

A neuroblast located in the deutocerebrum. Some of these are serial homologues of neuroblasts found in the thoracic neuromeres (Urbach et al., 2016). In the embryo, individual neuroblasts are named according to their position relative to major morphological features (cephalic furrow, invaginating foregut, dorsal and ventral midline, their relative position with respect to each other, their time of segregation and their expression of markers) (Urbach et al., 2003).

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dorsal central protocerebral neuroblast [FBbt_00005876]

A neuroblast located in the dorsal region of the central protocerebrum. In the embryo, individual neuroblasts are named according to their position relative to major morphological features (cephalic furrow, invaginating foregut, dorsal and ventral midline, their relative position with respect to each other, their time of segregation and their expression of markers) (Urbach et al., 2003).

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dorsal deutocerebral neuroblast [FBbt_00001354]

A neuroblast located in the dorsal region of the deutocerebrum. In the embryo, individual neuroblasts are named according to their position relative to major morphological features (cephalic furrow, invaginating foregut, dorsal and ventral midline, their relative position with respect to each other, their time of segregation and their expression of markers) (Urbach et al., 2003).

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dorsal posterior protocerebral neuroblast [FBbt_00005878]

A neuroblast located in the dorsal region of the posterior protocerebrum. In the embryo, individual neuroblasts are named according to their position relative to major morphological features (cephalic furrow, invaginating foregut, dorsal and ventral midline, their relative position with respect to each other, their time of segregation and their expression of markers) (Urbach et al., 2003).

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dorsal tritocerebral neuroblast [FBbt_00005968]

A neuroblast located in the dorsal region of the tritocerebrum. In the embryo, individual neuroblasts are named according to their position relative to major morphological features (cephalic furrow, invaginating foregut, dorsal and ventral midline, their relative position with respect to each other, their time of segregation and their expression of markers) (Urbach et al., 2003).

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Dv1 neuroblast [FBbt_00005960]

Neuroblast 1 of the ventral deutocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Dv2 neuroblast [FBbt_00005961]

Neuroblast 2 of the ventral deutocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Dv3 neuroblast [FBbt_00005962]

Neuroblast 3 of the ventral deutocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Dv4 neuroblast [FBbt_00005963]

Neuroblast 4 of the ventral deutocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Dv5 neuroblast [FBbt_00005964]

Neuroblast 5 of the ventral deutocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Dv6 neuroblast [FBbt_00005965]

Neuroblast 6 of the ventral deutocerebrum. It displays serial homology to NB3-2 and NB4-2 (Urbach et al., 2016). It delaminates in early embryonic stage 9 (Urbach et al., 2016). Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Dv7 neuroblast [FBbt_00005966]

Neuroblast 7 of the ventral deutocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Dv8 neuroblast [FBbt_00005967]

Neuroblast 8 of the ventral deutocerebrum. It displays serial homology to NB1-2 (Urbach et al., 2016). It delaminates in early embryonic stage 10 (Urbach et al., 2016). Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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embryonic optic neuroblast [FBbt_00048429]

Neuroblast of the embryonic optic lobe that arises from the neuroepithelium. They are produced continuously between stage 12 and stage 17, with a final number of around 8 or 9 per brain lobe. They express similar markers to larval neuroblasts and produce neurons and glia during embryogenesis. They enter G0 quiescence prior to larval hatching and persist into the larval stage, they are among the last neuroblasts in the larval brain to reactivate (Hakes et al., 2018).

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larval terminal neuroblast [FBbt_00048511]

Neuroblast found in a terminal abdominal neuromere of the larval ventral nerve cord that exits quiescence in early larval stages (Ghosh et al., 2019). There are 12 of these cells, four of which express doublesex (Ghosh et al., 2019). In females, doublesex-positive neuroblasts die during larval stages (Ghosh et al., 2019).

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mushroom body neuroblast [FBbt_00007113]

Neuroblast that is the precursor to the Kenyon cells (Kunz et al., 2012). There are four of these per hemisphere and they each arise from a distinct neuroectodermal progenitor and produce morphologically distinct primary lineages (Kunz et al., 2012). They continue to divide from the embryonic to the late pupal stage (Lee et al., 1999; Kunz et al., 2012). All four produce largely identical lineages postembryonically (Ito et al., 2013; Yu et al., 2013), sequentially producing gamma, alpha’/beta’ and alpha/beta Kenyon cells (Lee et al., 1999; Kunz et al., 2012). In the adult, each lineage remains distinct within the calyx and pedunculus, but the axons reorganize and intermingle within the lobes (Li et al., 2020). See Ito et al. (2013) figure S1 for distinction between MBp1-4.

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neuroblast ALad1 [FBbt_00067346]

Neuroblast that generates three types of antennal lobe projection neuron; uniglomerular, biglomerular and multiglomerular, which all tend to send axons to glomeruli of the mushroom body calyx (Das et al., 2013). The neurons have cell bodies on the anterior-dorsal surface of the antennal lobe in the adult (Jefferis et al., 2001; Yu et al., 2013).

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neuroblast ALl1 [FBbt_00067347]

Neuroblast that generates antennal lobe neurons with laterally-located cell bodies in the adult (Jefferis et al., 2001; Yu et al., 2013). It skips the quiescent period beginning in late embryogenesis and produces a large number of neurons (200 or more) (Yu et al., 2013). It produces various multiglomerular and oligoglomerular primary local interneurons, many of which also project to the neighboring subesophageal neuropil (Das et al., 2013). Eckstein et al. (2020) - doi:10.1101/2020.06.12.148775 map dorsal and ventral hemilineages of ALl1 to dorsal and ventral hemilineages of BAlc.

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neuroblast ALv1 [FBbt_00067348]

Neuroblast that generates antennal lobe projection neurons with cell bodies in a cluster found ventral to the antennal lobe in the adult (Jefferis et al., 2001; Yu et al., 2013). This lineage mainly generates neurons with only short branches into the antennal lobe and more extensive ones into the adjacent basal brain compartments posterior to the antennal lobe. It also generates a few oligoglomerular and multiglomerular primary projection neurons (Das et al., 2013). Some neurons of this lineage, referred to as extra-antennal BAla1 projection neurons, do not enter the antennal lobe (Das et al., 2013).

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neuroblast BAmd2 [FBbt_00100735]

. The existence of this neuroblast is inferred from lineage data (Pereanu and Hartenstein, 2006). This paper studies secondary neuroblast divisions. Although all of these lineages will correspond to a lineage from a known primary neuroblast lineage, only some will correspond to lineages from the secondary neuroblast division. Might be the same as neuroblast WEDd2 (Wong et al., 2013 - FBrf0223298).

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neuroblast BLD1 [FBbt_00100620]

Most anterior neuroblast in the BLD group (Pereanu and Hartenstein, 2006). It has descendants that enter the superior lateral protocerebrum and join the intermediate superior transverse fascicle (Lovick et al., 2013; Hartenstein et al., 2015). At the secondary stage, one hemilineage continues to follow this route and another follows a more ventrally-directed tract along the surface of the posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (Lovick et al., 2013). Eckstein et al. (2020) - doi:10.1101/2020.06.12.148775 map lateral and posterior hemilineages of LHl4 to lateral and posterior hemilineages of BLD1.

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neuroblast BLD2 [FBbt_00100621]

Neuroblast with a relatively anterior position in the BLD group (Pereanu and Hartenstein, 2006). It has descendants that enter the superior lateral protocerebrum and join the intermediate superior transverse fascicle (Lovick et al., 2013; Hartenstein et al., 2015). Eckstein et al. (2020) - doi:10.1101/2020.06.12.148775 map the dorsal hemilineage of SLPav2 to the dorsal hemilineage of BLD2.

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neuroblast BLD3 [FBbt_00100622]

Neuroblast with a relatively anterior position in the BLD group (Pereanu and Hartenstein, 2006). It has descendants that enter the superior lateral protocerebrum and join the intermediate superior transverse fascicle (Lovick et al., 2013; Hartenstein et al., 2015). At the secondary stage, one hemilineage continues to follow this route and another follows a more ventrally-directed tract (Lovick et al., 2013).

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neuroblast BLD4 [FBbt_00100623]

Neuroblast with a relatively anterior position in the BLD group (Pereanu and Hartenstein, 2006). It has descendants that enter the superior lateral protocerebrum and join the intermediate superior transverse fascicle (Lovick et al., 2013; Hartenstein et al., 2015). At the secondary stage, one hemilineage continues to follow this route and another follows a more ventrally-directed tract that reaches the anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (Lovick et al., 2013). Eckstein et al. (2020) - doi:10.1101/2020.06.12.148775 map the lateral hemilineage of LHl1 to the lateral hemilineage of BLD4.

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neuroblast BLVa1 [FBbt_00100630]

Neuroblast that forms a paired lineage with BLVa2 (Lovick et al., 2013; Wong et al., 2013; Hartenstein et al., 2015). Their descendants follow a longer fiber tract that those of BLVa3/4 that projects dorsally, entering the ventrolateral protocerebrum at the base of the lateral horn (Lovick et al., 2013; Wong et al., 2013; Hartenstein et al., 2015). Their cell body clusters shift dorsally during late pupal stages (Lovick et al., 2013). Eckstein et al. (2020) - doi:10.1101/2020.06.12.148775 map dorsal and ventral hemilineages of LHa2 to dorsal and ventral hemilineages of BLVa1.

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neuroblast BLVa2 [FBbt_00100631]

Neuroblast that forms a paired lineage with BLVa1 (Lovick et al., 2013; Wong et al., 2013; Hartenstein et al., 2015). Their descendants follow a longer fiber tract that those of BLVa3/4 that projects dorsally, entering the ventrolateral protocerebrum at the base of the lateral horn (Lovick et al., 2013; Wong et al., 2013; Hartenstein et al., 2015). Their cell body clusters shift dorsally during late pupal stages (Lovick et al., 2013). Suggested to be equivalent to neuroblast LHa4 in Hartenstein et al. (2017) - FBrf0234128, but BLVa2 mapped to LHa3 in Bates et al. (2020) - FlyBase:FBrf0246460 and Eckstein et al. (2020) - doi:10.1101/2020.06.12.148775 (and BLVa2a mapped to SLPav3).

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neuroblast BLVa3 [FBbt_00100632]

Neuroblast that forms a paired lineage with BLVa4 (Lovick et al., 2013; Wong et al., 2013; Hartenstein et al., 2015). Their descendants follow a short tract that projects dorsally into the ventrolateral protocerebrum (Lovick et al., 2013; Wong et al., 2013; Hartenstein et al., 2015). VLPl1 mapped to BLVa3/4 in Eckstein et al. (2020) - doi:10.1101/2020.06.12.148775.

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neuroblast BLVa4 [FBbt_00049155]

Neuroblast that forms a paired lineage with BLVa3 (Lovick et al., 2013; Wong et al., 2013; Hartenstein et al., 2015). Their descendants follow a short tract that projects dorsally into the ventrolateral protocerebrum (Lovick et al., 2013; Wong et al., 2013; Hartenstein et al., 2015). VLPl1 mapped to BLVa3/4 in Eckstein et al. (2020) - doi:10.1101/2020.06.12.148775.

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neuroblast BLVp1 [FBbt_00100633]

Neuroblast that is relatively posteriorly-located in the BLV group, close to BLVp2 (Pereanu and Hartenstein, 2006; Lovick et al., 2013; Hartenstein et al., 2015). It produces two hemilineages that migrate apart at metamorphosis (Lovick et al., 2013; Wong et al., 2013). The BLVp1/2 of Pereanu and Hartenstein (2006) may be branches/hemilineages of BLVp1 (Cardona et al., 2010; Lovick et al., 2013 Wong et al., 2013). Eckstein et al. (2020) - doi:10.1101/2020.06.12.148775 map the posterior hemilineage of VLPl&p2 to the posterior hemilineage of BLVp1.

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neuroblast BLVp2 [FBbt_00049157]

Neuroblast that is relatively posteriorly-located in the BLV group, close to BLVp1 (Lovick et al., 2013; Hartenstein et al., 2015). It produces two hemilineages that migrate apart at metamorphosis (Lovick et al., 2013; Wong et al., 2013). The BLVp3/4 of Pereanu and Hartenstein (2006) (FBrf0194268) may be branches/hemilineages of BLVp2 (Cardona et al., 2010; Lovick et al., 2013 Wong et al., 2013). Referred to as BLVp3 in the larva by Cardona et al. (2010) (Lovick et al., 2013). Eckstein et al. (2020) - doi:10.1101/2020.06.12.148775 map anterior and posterior hemilineages of VLPl&p1 to anterior and posterior hemilineages of BLVp2.

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neuroblast CM2 [FBbt_00100568]

A type II centromedial neuroblast of the posterior deutocerebrum. The existence of this neuroblast is inferred from lineage data (Pereanu and Hartenstein, 2006). This paper studies secondary neuroblast divisions. Although all of these lineages will correspond to a lineage from a known primary neuroblast lineage, only some will correspond to lineages from the secondary neuroblast division.

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neuroblast CM5 [FBbt_00100571]

A type II centromedial neuroblast of the posterior deutocerebrum. The existence of this neuroblast is inferred from lineage data (Pereanu and Hartenstein, 2006). This paper studies secondary neuroblast divisions. Although all of these lineages will correspond to a lineage from a known primary neuroblast lineage, only some will correspond to lineages from the secondary neuroblast division.

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neuroblast DALl1 [FBbt_00100547]

Neuroblast found lateral to the DALcl and DALv groups (Pereanu and Hartenstein, 2006; Lovick et al., 2013; Wong et al., 2013; Hartenstein et al., 2015). Its descendants enter the ventrolateral protocerebrum, with secondary neurons having a characteristic trajectory along the lateral surface of the peduncle and then backward to the anterior anterior optic tubercle (Lovick et al., 2013; Hartenstein et al., 2015).

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neuroblast DALv1 [FBbt_00100543]

. The existence of this neuroblast is inferred from lineage data (Pereanu and Hartenstein, 2006). This paper studies secondary neuroblast divisions. Although all of these lineages will correspond to a lineage from a known primary neuroblast lineage, only some will correspond to lineages from the secondary neuroblast division. Might be the same as neuroblast VLPa2 (Wong et al., 2013 - FBrf0223298).

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neuroblast DALv3 [FBbt_00100645]

Ventral DAL neuroblast. It is part of the deutocerebrum (Pereanu and Hartenstein, 2006). The existence of this neuroblast is inferred from lineage data (Pereanu and Hartenstein, 2006). This paper studies secondary neuroblast divisions. Although all of these lineages will correspond to a lineage from a known primary neuroblast lineage, only some will correspond to lineages from the secondary neuroblast division. Bridi et al. (2019) - FlyBase:FBrf0243005 suggest that Ppd5 corresponds to EBa1/p1 and DALv2/3.

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neuroblast DPLpv [FBbt_00049161]

Posteriormost DPL neuroblast (Pereanu and Hartenstein, 2006; Wong et al., 2013). Cell bodies of its descendants move from a postero-dorsal position in the larva to a postero-ventral position in the adult (Lovick et al., 2013). Eckstein et al. (2020) - doi:10.1101/2020.06.12.148775 map dorsal and ventral hemilineages of VLPp&l1 to dorsal and ventral hemilineages of DPLpv.

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neuroblast LHa4 [FBbt_00110359]

. Suggested to be equivalent to neuroblast BLVa2 in Hartenstein et al. (2017) - FBrf0234128, but BLVa2 mapped to LHa3 in Bates et al. (2020) - FBrf0246460 and Eckstein et al. (2020) - doi:10.1101/2020.06.12.148775 and Schlegel et al. (2023) - doi:10.1101/2023.06.27.546055. Schlegel et al. (2023) suggest that the LHa4 clone might be LHa2 with shifted cell bodies (can happen for lateral lineages).

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neuroblast MNB [FBbt_00001419]

An unpaired neuroblast delaminating in stage 4 along the ventral midline of the CNS. During embryonic development, it gives rise to a cluster of around 8 cells (interneurons and motorneurons) with short bilateral projections in the anterior and posterior commissures and long fibers that enter the intersegmental nerve. In the larva, this neuroblast is reactivated in segments S3 to A1. The neurons that develop from this neuroblast after larval hatching form postembryonic lineage 0.

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neuroblast NB1-1 [FBbt_00001371]

Neuroblast NB1-1 delaminates at stage 1 and generates the aCC and pCC neurons, glia, interneurons and additional motorneurons in the thoracic segments. In the larva, it resumes proliferation in all thoracic segments. The neurons that develop from this neuroblast after larval hatching form postembryonic lineage 16. Originally referred to as NB2-2 by Doe (1992), this was renamed to NB1-1 by Broadus et al. (1995) to reflect the fact that it makes the aCC/pCC lineage in both Drosophila and Schistocerca.

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neuroblast NB1-2 [FBbt_00001384]

Neuroblast NB1-2 delaminates at S2 and generates 4-6 intersegmental interneurons. It also produces approximately 20 local interneurons and, in the thoracic segments, the semaphorin II (FBgn0011260) positive DC motorneuron. In the third instar larva, the lineage originated by this neuroblast is located at the ventro-lateral border of the T1-A1 neuromere. The neurons that develop from this neuroblast after larval hatching form postembryonic lineage 1, and show segment-specific differences. Originally referred to as NB1-1 by Doe (1992), this was renamed to NB1-2 by Broadus et al. (1995) to reflect the fact that it is the only engrailed-expressing anterior row neuroblast in both Drosophila and Schistocerca.

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neuroblast NB2-1 [FBbt_00001410]

Neuroblast NB2-1 delaminates at S4 and generates approximately 9-15 local interneurons by embryonic stage 17. The fibers from these cells cross the midline via a single projection in a posterior fascicle of the anterior commissure. In the third instar larva, the lineage originated by this neuroblast is located near the midline on the anterior margin of the neuromere. The neurons that develop from this neuroblast after larval hatching form postembryonic lineage 2.

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neuroblast NB2-2 [FBbt_00001385]

Neuroblast NB2-2 delaminates at S2 and generates two to three motorneurons that innervate anterior lateral muscles via the SNa. It generates a large number of local interneurons and a smaller number of late-developing intersegmental interneurons. In the larva, it resumes proliferation in all thoracic segments. The neurons that develop from this neuroblast after larval hatching form postembryonic lineage 10. Originally referred to as NB2-3 by Doe (1992), this was renamed to NB2-2 by Broadus et al. (1995) to keep the names of row 2 neuroblasts consistent with their position in Schistocerca.

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neuroblast NB2-3 [FBbt_00001421]

Neuroblast NB2-3 delaminates at S5. It generates three large, round axonless cells at the dorsal side of the thoracic clones which are proposed by Schmid et al., (1999) to be latent leg motorneurons that will extend axons during leg disk eversion. It also generates 2-4 small interneurons at the ventral side of the clone. In the abdominal segments only a single large neuroblast is observed at embryonic stage 17, which either does not divide or all progeny die. This neuroblast resumes proliferation in the larva and generates postembryonic lineage 15 (Lacin and Truman, 2016). Originally referred to as NB1-2 by Doe (1992), this was renamed to NB2-3 by Broadus et al. (1995) to keep the names of row 2 neuroblasts consistent with their position in Schistocerca. Birkholz et al. (2015) suggest that NB2-3 does not generate a postembryonic lineage and NB3-2 generates postembryonic lineage 15, but Lacin and Truman (2016) provide lineage tracing and marker data showing that NB2-3 generates lineage 15.

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neuroblast NB2-4 [FBbt_00001411]

Neuroblast NB2-4 delaminates at S4 and generates a contralaterally projecting motorneuron and approximately 8 local interneurons. This neuroblast resumes proliferation in the larva and generates postembryonic lineage 18 (Lacin and Truman, 2016). Birkholz et al. (2015) suggest that NB2-4 generates postembryonic lineage 8 and NB3-4 generates postembryonic lineage 18, but Lacin and Truman (2016) provide lineage tracing and marker data showing that NB2-4 generates lineage 18.

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neuroblast NB2-5 [FBbt_00001374]

Neuroblast NB2-5 delaminates at S1 and generates a diverse array of cell types including motorneurons, intersegmental interneurons, local interneurons, glial cells and sometimes a PNS sub-clone. In the larva, it resumes proliferation in T1 to A1 segments. The neurons that develop from this neuroblast after larval hatching form postembryonic lineage 17.

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neuroblast NB3-1 [FBbt_00001394]

Neuroblast NB3-1 delaminates at S3 in the medial column of neuroblasts. It generates the well characterized RP1 (FBbt:00001452), RP3 (FBbt:00001455), RP4 (FBbt:00001456) and RP5 (FBbt:00001457) motorneurons and a cluster of intersegmental interneurons. It also generates a variable number of local interneurons. In the third instar larva, the lineage originated by this neuroblast is located near the midline and corresponds to postembryonic lineage 4.

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neuroblast NB3-2 [FBbt_00001388]

Neuroblast NB3-2 delaminates at S1 and generates as many as 6 motorneurons and a cluster of local interneurons. It is the mirror image of the clone derived from NB4-2. This neuroblast resumes proliferation in the larva and generates postembryonic lineage 7 (Lacin and Truman, 2016). Birkholz et al. (2015) suggest that NB3-2 generates postembryonic lineage 15 and NB4-2 generates postembryonic lineage 7, but Lacin and Truman (2016) provide lineage tracing and marker data showing that NB3-2 generates lineage 7.

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neuroblast NB3-3 [FBbt_00001422]

Neuroblast NB3-3 delaminates predominantly at S4 (Schmidt et al., 1997). It generates a single motorneuron positioned midway along the dorsoventral axis, though slightly lateral and posterior. It also generates 10-18 interneurons that project across the anterior commissure (Schmid et al., 1999). In the third instar larva, the lineage originated by this neuroblast is located at the ventro-lateral anterior half of the neuromere. This neuroblast resumes proliferation in the larva and generates postembryonic lineage 8 (Lacin and Truman, 2016). Birkholz et al. (2015) suggest that NB3-3 generates postembryonic lineage 13 and NB2-4 generates postembryonic lineage 8, but Lacin and Truman (2016) provide lineage tracing and marker data showing that NB3-3 generates lineage 8.

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neuroblast NB3-4 [FBbt_00001414]

Neuroblast NB3-4 delaminates at S5. It produces a single motorneuron located on the posterior boundary of the clone and projects into the anterior root of the ISN by embryonic stage 15. Along with several local interneurons, it also produces at least 2 intersegmental interneurons by embryonic stage 17, one extending ipsilaterally, the other crossing the anterior commissure before extending anteriorly. This neuroblast resumes proliferation in the larva and generates postembryonic lineage 25 (Lacin and Truman, 2016). Birkholz et al. (2015) suggest that NB3-4 generates postembryonic lineage 18, but Lacin and Truman (2016) identify lineage 25 and provide lineage tracing data showing that it is generated by NB3-4.

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neuroblast NB3-5 [FBbt_00001375]

Neuroblast NB3-5 delaminates at stage 1 in the interior-most row of the lateral column (Hartenstein and Campos-Ortega, 1984), and generates a diverse array of cell types including motorneurons, intersegmental interneurons, local interneurons, glial cells and sometimes a PNS sub-clone. In the larva, it resumes proliferation in all thoracic segments, and posteriorly to A8. The neurons that develop from this neuroblast after larval hatching form postembryonic lineage 9. This is equivalent to the ‘dorsolateral neuroblast’ of Truman and Bate (1988), due to existence in A2-7 and large size of lineage (Truman and Bate, 1988 (FBrf0047815); Truman et al., 2004 (FBrf0180161); Lacin and Truman, 2016 (FBrf0231327)).

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neuroblast NB4-1 [FBbt_00001397]

Neuroblast NB4-1 delaminates at S3 in the medial column. It produces the putative motorneuron of the transverse nerve (FBbt:00001996) and a variety of intersegmental and local interneurons. In the third instar larva, the lineage originated by this neuroblast is located anteriorly in the medial region of the hemineuromere. In the larva, it resumes proliferation in all thoracic segments. The neurons that develop from this neuroblast after larval hatching form postembryonic lineage 14.

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neuroblast NB4-2 [FBbt_00001389]

Neuroblast NB4-2 delaminates at S2 in the intermediate column and produces the well characterized RP2 motorneuron (FBbt:00001453), which innervates muscles 2, 9 and 11. It also produces the Cousins if RP2 motorneurons (CoR), which generate the entirety of the SNc, innervating muscles 26, 27 and 29. It also generates local interneurons and, in a small number of cases, an epidermal subclone. This neuroblast resumes proliferation in the larva and generates postembryonic lineage 13 (Lacin and Truman, 2016). Birkholz et al. (2015) suggest that NB4-2 generates postembryonic lineage 7 and NB3-3 generates postembryonic lineage 13, but Lacin and Truman (2016) provide lineage tracing and marker data showing that NB4-2 generates lineage 13.

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neuroblast NB4-3 [FBbt_00001423]

Neuroblast NB4-3 delaminates at S5. It generates 2-3 neurosecretory cells that project together out of the CNS, appearing to join the transverse nerve in the periphery. In addition, 10-12 small, axonless interneurons are also produced at stage 17. In the larva, it resumes proliferation in all thoracic segments. The neurons that develop from this neuroblast after larval hatching form postembryonic lineage 21. Schmidt et al., (1997) describe this lineage as producing motorneurons that project into the SN. Contrarily, Schmid et al., (1999) suggest that the cells identified as motorneurons by Schmidt are actually neurosecretory cells of the TN.

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neuroblast NB4-4 [FBbt_00001415]

Neuroblast NB4-4 delaminates at S4. It generates a single motorneuron located at the posterior ventral boundary of the clone and projects into the anterior root of the ISN by stage 5. Amongst several local interneurons, it generates at least two intersegmental interneurons, one extending anterior ipsilaterally and the other crossing the anterior commissure. In the larva, it resumes proliferation in all thoracic segments. The neurons that develop from this neuroblast after larval hatching form postembryonic lineage 24, composed exclusively of motorneurons.

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neuroblast NB5-1 [FBbt_00001424]

Neuroblast NB5-1 delaminates at S5 in the medial column. It generates approximately 6-9 local interneurons that predominantly project across the posterior commissure (Schmid et al., 1999). This neuroblast does not resume proliferation in the larva. Schmid et al., (1999) comment that NB5-2 may give rise to a larger number of clones, including at least one motorneuron, but were not observed due to observational restrictions.

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neuroblast NB5-2 [FBbt_00001376]

Neuroblast NB5-2 delaminates at stage 1 in the medial column (Hartenstein and Campos-Ortega, 1984). It generates a single motorneuron innervating muscle 12 via the SNb and a large number of intersegmental and local interneurons. Most of the posterior commissure derives from NB5-2 interneurons. In the third instar larva, the lineage originated by this neuroblast is located in the medial region. It resumes proliferation in segments S3 to A1, to give rise to the postembryonic lineage 6. This is equivalent to the ‘ventromedial neuroblast’ of Truman and Bate (1988), due to existence in A2-7 and its relatively medial location (Truman and Bate, 1988 (FBrf0047815); Lacin and Truman, 2016 (FBrf0231327)).

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neuroblast NB5-3 [FBbt_00001390]

Neuroblast NB5-3 delaminates at S1. It generates an SNa motorneuron anteriorly and intersegmental interneurons in every segment. In the larva, it resumes proliferation in S3, all thoracic segments, A1 and A7. The neurons that develop from this neuroblast after larval hatching form postembryonic lineage 5. This is equivalent to the ‘ventrolateral neuroblast’ of Truman and Bate (1988), due to existence in A2-7 and its relatively lateral location (Truman and Bate, 1988 (FBrf0047815); Lacin and Truman, 2016 (FBrf0231327)).

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neuroblast NB5-4 [FBbt_00001416]

Neuroblast NB5-4 most frequently delaminates at S4 in an intermediate column. In the third instar larva, the lineage originated by this neuroblast is located at the ventro-lateral region of the neuromere. Using DiI with antibody labelling, Schmidt et al., (1997) propose NB5-4 produces 5-9 thoracic neurons or 3-4 abdominal motorneurons with ipsilateral targets. Schmid et al., (1999), also use DiI with en-GFP, but find 2-3 large cells that match descriptions of CCAP/CAP+ neurosecretory cells, along with abdomen-specific interneurons. Also, Schmid et al., (1999) state that NB5-4 delaminates during S5, whilst Schmidt et al., (1997) find that delamination occurs over the period of S3/4 to S5, most frequently at S4, and as such we have chosen to define NB5-4 as a stage 4 neuroblast. According to Lacin and Truman (2016), this neuroblast resumes proliferation in the larva and generates postembryonic lineage 22. However, according to Birkholz et al. (2015) it generates lineage 20 or 22.

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neuroblast NB5-7 [FBbt_00111737]

Neuroblast NB5-7 is located medial to NB5-4 in the embryo. It does not generate any embryonic progeny. It proliferates in the larval stages in the thoracic segments to generate postembryonic lineage 20. It is thought to have arisen as a duplication of NB5-4. Birkholz et al. (2015) suggest that NB5-4 generates postembryonic lineage 20; Lacin and Truman (2016) identify neuroblast NB5-7 and provide lineage tracing data showing that it generates lineage 20.

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neuroblast NB6-1 [FBbt_00001398]

Neuroblast NB6-1 generates intersegmental and ~10-16 interneurons in every segment, but only generates a motorneuron in segment T1. In the larva, it resumes proliferation in segments S3 to A1, displaying segment-specific differences. The lineage originated by this neuroblast is located lateral to the median lineage, and corresponds to lineage 12.

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neuroblast NB6-2 [FBbt_00001391]

Neuroblast NB6-2 delaminates in S2 in the intermediate column. Its lineage contains 8-16 interneurons that project in two bundles across the posterior commissure. In the larva, it resumes proliferation in segments S3 to A2 (Lacin and Truman, 2016). The neurons that develop from this neuroblast after larval hatching form postembryonic lineage 19, located at the most dorsolateral location.

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neuroblast NB7-1 [FBbt_00001380]

Neuroblast NB7-1 is the largest neuroblast lineage generating 40 cells or more, including the U neurons and a large number of local interneurons. It also frequently generates the putative segment boundary cells. In the larva, it resumes proliferation in segments S3 to A1. The neurons that develop from this neuroblast after larval hatching form postembryonic lineage 3, located at the posterior border of the neuromere.

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neuroblast NB7-2 [FBbt_00001392]

Neuroblast NB7-2 delaminates at S2 in the intermediate column. Its lineage contains 8-14 interneurons that project either contralaterally in the posterior commissure or ipsilaterally. It is the only neuroblast clone that generates ipsilaterally-projecting intersegmental neurons. This neuroblast resumes proliferation in the larva and generates postembryonic lineage 11 (Lacin and Truman, 2016). Birkholz et al. (2015) suggest that NB7-2 does not generate a postembryonic lineage and NB6-4 generates postembryonic lineage 11, but Lacin and Truman (2016) provide lineage tracing and marker data showing that NB7-2 generates lineage 11.

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neuroblast NB7-3 [FBbt_00001426]

Neuroblast NB7-3 delaminates at S5. It generates the relatively small GW motorneuron, positioned on the lateral side of the clone and projects out the posterior root of the ISN. It also generates three slightly larger interneurons that project across the posterior commissure, and a small axonless cell. It may also generate a glial cell. This neuron dies after producing the third GMC.

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neuroblast TRdl [FBbt_00100573]

Neuroblast of the tritocerebrum that generates two secondary hemilineages (Kuert et al., 2014; Hartenstein et al., 2018). The existence of this neuroblast is inferred from lineage data (Pereanu and Hartenstein, 2006). This paper studies secondary neuroblast divisions. Although all of these lineages will correspond to a lineage from a known primary neuroblast lineage, only some will correspond to lineages from the secondary neuroblast division.

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neuroblast TRdm [FBbt_00100572]

Neuroblast of the tritocerebrum that generates a secondary lineage (Kuert et al., 2014). The existence of this neuroblast is inferred from lineage data (Pereanu and Hartenstein, 2006). This paper studies secondary neuroblast divisions. Although all of these lineages will correspond to a lineage from a known primary neuroblast lineage, only some will correspond to lineages from the secondary neuroblast division.

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neuroblast X [FBbt_00001408]

Neuroblast that delaminates during wave 3, but is no longer present after wave 5 (Doe, 1992). It is found lateral to neuroblasts NB3-5 and NB5-6 (Doe, 1992). It expresses achaete (Doe, 1992). Appears to be distinct from other VNC neuroblasts, but could not find any further description of this cell beyond Doe (1992) and its appearance in figures in a few subsequent Doe lab papers and no progeny appear to have ever been identified [cp210610].

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outer optic anlage neuroblast [FBbt_00007418]

A neuroblast that is located in the larval outer optic anlage and that will give rise the to neurons of the adult lamina and outer medulla. It develops from a neuroepithelial cell in the medial region of the outer optic anlage. Neuroblasts in the medial edge give rise to the outer medulla neurons, whereas neuroblasts at the lateral edge give rise to lamina neurons.

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Pad1 neuroblast [FBbt_00005842]

Neuroblast 1 of the dorsal anterior protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pad10 neuroblast [FBbt_00005851]

Neuroblast 10 of the dorsal anterior protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pad11 neuroblast [FBbt_00005852]

Neuroblast 11 of the dorsal anterior protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pad12 neuroblast [FBbt_00005853]

Neuroblast 12 of the dorsal anterior protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pad13 neuroblast [FBbt_00005854]

Neuroblast 13 of the dorsal anterior protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pad14 neuroblast [FBbt_00005855]

Neuroblast 14 of the dorsal anterior protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pad15 neuroblast [FBbt_00005856]

Neuroblast 15 of the dorsal anterior protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pad16 neuroblast [FBbt_00005857]

Neuroblast 16 of the dorsal anterior protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pad17 neuroblast [FBbt_00005858]

Neuroblast 17 of the dorsal anterior protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pad18 neuroblast [FBbt_00005859]

Neuroblast 18 of the dorsal anterior protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pad2 neuroblast [FBbt_00005843]

Neuroblast 2 of the dorsal anterior protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pad3 neuroblast [FBbt_00005844]

Neuroblast 3 of the dorsal anterior protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pad4 neuroblast [FBbt_00005845]

Neuroblast 4 of the dorsal anterior protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pad5 neuroblast [FBbt_00005846]

Neuroblast 5 of the dorsal anterior protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pad6 neuroblast [FBbt_00005847]

Neuroblast 6 of the dorsal anterior protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pad7 neuroblast [FBbt_00005848]

Neuroblast 7 of the dorsal anterior protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pad8 neuroblast [FBbt_00005849]

Neuroblast 8 of the dorsal anterior protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pad9 neuroblast [FBbt_00005850]

Neuroblast 9 of the dorsal anterior protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pav1 neuroblast [FBbt_00005862]

Neuroblast 2 of the ventral anterior protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pcd1 neuroblast [FBbt_00005864]

Neuroblast 1 of the dorsal central protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pcd10 neuroblast [FBbt_00005880]

Neuroblast 10 of the central dorsal protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pcd11 neuroblast [FBbt_00005881]

Neuroblast 11 of the central dorsal protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pcd12 neuroblast [FBbt_00005989]

Neuroblast 12 of the dorsal central protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pcd13 neuroblast [FBbt_00005990]

Neuroblast 13 of the dorsal central protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pcd14 neuroblast [FBbt_00005991]

Neuroblast 14 of the dorsal central protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pcd15 neuroblast [FBbt_00005992]

Neuroblast 15 of the dorsal central protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pcd16 neuroblast [FBbt_00005993]

Neuroblast 16 of the dorsal central protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pcd17 neuroblast [FBbt_00005994]

Neuroblast 17 of the dorsal central protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pcd18 neuroblast [FBbt_00005995]

Neuroblast 18 of the dorsal central protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pcd19 neuroblast [FBbt_00005996]

Neuroblast 19 of the dorsal central protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pcd2 neuroblast [FBbt_00005865]

Neuroblast of the dorsal central protocerebrum (Urbach et al., 2003) that produces larval Kenyon cells that have their cell bodies in a relatively dorsal cluster (Kunz et al., 2012). It also produces non-Kenyon cells (Kunz et al., 2012). Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pcd20 neuroblast [FBbt_00005997]

Neuroblast 20 of the dorsal central protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pcd21 neuroblast [FBbt_00005998]

Neuroblast 21 of the dorsal central protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pcd3 neuroblast [FBbt_00005866]

Neuroblast 3 of the dorsal central protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pcd4 neuroblast [FBbt_00005867]

Neuroblast of the dorsal central protocerebrum (Urbach et al., 2003) that produces larval Kenyon cells that have their cell bodies in a relatively posterior cluster (Kunz et al., 2012). It also produces non-Kenyon cells, including a characteristic primary neuron that projects to the ventral nerve cord (Kunz et al., 2012). Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pcd5 neuroblast [FBbt_00005868]

Neuroblast 5 of the dorsal central protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pcd6 neuroblast [FBbt_00005869]

Neuroblast 6 of the dorsal central protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pcd7 neuroblast [FBbt_00005870]

Neuroblast 7 of the dorsal central protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pcd8 neuroblast [FBbt_00005871]

Neuroblast 8 of the dorsal central protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pcd9 neuroblast [FBbt_00005879]

Neuroblast of the central dorsal protocerebrum (Urbach et al., 2003) that produces larval Kenyon cells that have their cell bodies in a relatively ventral, lateral cluster (Kunz et al., 2012). It also produces non-Kenyon cells (Kunz et al., 2012). Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pcv1 neuroblast [FBbt_00006000]

Neuroblast 1 of the ventral central protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pcv2 neuroblast [FBbt_00005894]

Neuroblast 2 of the central ventral protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pcv3 neuroblast [FBbt_00005895]

Neuroblast 3 of the central ventral protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pcv4 neuroblast [FBbt_00005896]

Neuroblast 4 of the central ventral protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pcv5 neuroblast [FBbt_00006002]

Neuroblast 5 of the ventral central protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pcv6 neuroblast [FBbt_00006003]

Neuroblast 6 of the ventral central protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pcv7 neuroblast [FBbt_00006004]

Neuroblast 7 of the ventral central protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pcv8 neuroblast [FBbt_00006005]

Neuroblast 8 of the ventral central protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Pcv9 neuroblast [FBbt_00006006]

Neuroblast of the ventral central protocerebrum (Urbach et al., 2003) that produces larval Kenyon cells that have their cell bodies in a relatively medial cluster (Kunz et al., 2012). It also produces non-Kenyon cells, including a characteristic type of primary neuron that exits the mushroom body pedunculus at the spur region and does not innervate the lobes (Kunz et al., 2012). Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Ppd1 neuroblast [FBbt_00005924]

Neuroblast 1 of the posterior dorsal protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Ppd10 neuroblast [FBbt_00005936]

Neuroblast 10 of the dorsal posterior protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Ppd11 neuroblast [FBbt_00005937]

Neuroblast 11 of the dorsal posterior protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Ppd12 neuroblast [FBbt_00005938]

Neuroblast 12 of the dorsal posterior protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Ppd13 neuroblast [FBbt_00005939]

Neuroblast 13 of the dorsal posterior protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Ppd14 neuroblast [FBbt_00005940]

Neuroblast 14 of the dorsal posterior protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Ppd15 neuroblast [FBbt_00005941]

Neuroblast 15 of the dorsal posterior protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Ppd16 neuroblast [FBbt_00005942]

Neuroblast 16 of the dorsal posterior protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Ppd17 neuroblast [FBbt_00005943]

Neuroblast 17 of the dorsal posterior protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Ppd18 neuroblast [FBbt_00005944]

Neuroblast 18 of the dorsal posterior protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Ppd19 neuroblast [FBbt_00005945]

Neuroblast 19 of the dorsal posterior protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Ppd2 neuroblast [FBbt_00005872]

Neuroblast 2 of the posterior dorsal protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Ppd20 neuroblast [FBbt_00005946]

Neuroblast 20 of the dorsal posterior protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Ppd3 neuroblast [FBbt_00005873]

Neuroblast 3 of the posterior dorsal protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Ppd4 neuroblast [FBbt_00005930]

Neuroblast 4 of the posterior dorsal protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Ppd5 neuroblast [FBbt_00005931]

Neuroblast 5 of the dorsal posterior protocerebrum (Urbach et al., 2003). It generates ring neurons and neurons that project to the superior protocerebrum (Bridi et al., 2019). Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo. Bridi et al. (2019) suggest that Ppd5 corresponds to EBa1/p1 and DALv2/3.

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Ppd6 neuroblast [FBbt_00005932]

Neuroblast 6 of the dorsal posterior protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Ppd7 neuroblast [FBbt_00005933]

Neuroblast 7 of the dorsal posterior protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Ppd8 neuroblast [FBbt_00005934]

Neuroblast 8 of the dorsal posterior protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Ppd9 neuroblast [FBbt_00005935]

Neuroblast 9 of the dorsal posterior protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Ppv1 neuroblast [FBbt_00005925]

Neuroblast 1 of the posterior ventral protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Ppv2 neuroblast [FBbt_00005928]

Neuroblast 2 of the posterior ventral protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Ppv3 neuroblast [FBbt_00005929]

Neuroblast 3 of the posterior ventral protocerebrum. Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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protocerebral neuroblast [FBbt_00001334]

A neuroblast located in the protocerebrum. None of these are serial homologues of neuroblasts found in the thoracic neuromeres (Urbach et al., 2016). In the embryo, individual neuroblasts are named according to their position relative to major morphological features (cephalic furrow, invaginating foregut, dorsal and ventral midline, their relative position with respect to each other, their time of segregation and their expression of markers) (Urbach et al., 2003).

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secondary neuroblast [FBbt_00100738]

Progeny of the type II neuroblast that divides between 4 and 8 times to produce another secondary neuroblast and GMC, which further divides to produce a pair of neurons, glia or mixed neuronal/glial progeny (Bayraktar et al., 2010, Viktorin et al., 2011). There is heterogeneity regarding the gliogenic potential of the different secondary neuroblasts: some secondary neuroblasts will produce only glia, mixed glial/neuronal clones or only neurons and rarely glia. The glial lineage is located closer to the midline commissural region and more spatially dispersed toward the neuropile than the neuronal cells (Viktorin et al., 2011).

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segmentally-repeated neuroblast [FBbt_00051362]

Neuroblast that has serial homologues across multiple neuromeres. All neuroblasts of the ventral nerve cord and gnathal ganglia are segmentally-repeated (Urbach et al., 2016). Most neuroblasts of the tritocerebrum and some neuroblasts of the deutocerebrum also have serial homology to neuroblasts of more posterior segments (Urbach et al., 2016). Applies to neuroblasts at all stages of development [FBC:CP].

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stage 1 neuroblast [FBbt_00001370]

The first neuroblast subpopulation delaminating from the ventral neurectoderm towards the end of the second mesodermal cell division, shortly after gastrulation (Hartenstein and Campos-Ortega, 1984). These neuroblasts are generally arranged in two fairly regular longitudinal rows (the medial and lateral longitudinal rows), with a few cells scattered in an intermediate row. Doe (1992) defines the end of S1 as being early embryonic stage 9 following the development of NB3-2. Figure 7 of Hartenstein and Campos-Ortega, (1984), graphically depicts the pattern formed by the population of neuroblasts for the left half of the germ band.

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Td1 neuroblast [FBbt_00005970]

Neuroblast 1 of the dorsal tritocerebrum. It displays serial homology to NB3-2 and NB4-2 (Urbach et al., 2016). It delaminates in early embryonic stage 10 (Urbach et al., 2016). Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Td2 neuroblast [FBbt_00005971]

Neuroblast 2 of the dorsal tritocerebrum. It displays serial homology to NB5-3 (Urbach et al., 2016). It delaminates in early embryonic stage 10 (Urbach et al., 2016). Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Td3 neuroblast [FBbt_00005972]

Neuroblast 3 of the dorsal tritocerebrum. It displays serial homology to NB6-2 and NB7-2 (Urbach et al., 2016). It delaminates in early embryonic stage 10 (Urbach et al., 2016). Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Td4 neuroblast [FBbt_00005973]

Neuroblast 4 of the dorsal tritocerebrum. It displays serial homology to NB5-6 (Urbach et al., 2016). It delaminates in early embryonic stage 10 (Urbach et al., 2016). Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Td5 neuroblast [FBbt_00005974]

Neuroblast 5 of the dorsal tritocerebrum. It displays serial homology to NB7-4 (Urbach et al., 2016). It delaminates in late embryonic stage 11 (Urbach et al., 2016). Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Td6 neuroblast [FBbt_00005975]

Neuroblast 6 of the dorsal tritocerebrum. It displays serial homology to NB3-5 (Urbach et al., 2016). It delaminates in early embryonic stage 10 (Urbach et al., 2016). Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Td7 neuroblast [FBbt_00005976]

Neuroblast 7 of the dorsal tritocerebrum. It displays serial homology to neuroblast GP (glial precursor) (Urbach et al., 2016). It delaminates in early embryonic stage 10 (Urbach et al., 2016). Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Td8 neuroblast [FBbt_00005977]

Neuroblast 8 of the dorsal tritocerebrum. It displays serial homology to NB3-4 (Urbach et al., 2016). It delaminates in embryonic stage 11 (Urbach et al., 2016). Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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tritocerebral neuroblast [FBbt_00001363]

A neuroblast located in the tritocerebrum. Most, if not all, of these have serial homology to neuroblasts found in the thoracic neuromeres (Urbach et al., 2016). There are 13 of these, of which four produce a secondary lineage (Kuert et al., 2012; Urbach et al., 2016). In the embryo, individual neuroblasts are named according to their position relative to major morphological features (cephalic furrow, invaginating foregut, dorsal and ventral midline, their relative position with respect to each other, their time of segregation and their expression of markers) (Urbach et al., 2003).

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Tv1 neuroblast [FBbt_00006046]

Neuroblast 1 of the ventral tritocerebrum. It displays serial homology to NB3-1 (Urbach et al., 2016). It delaminates in embryonic stage 11 (Urbach et al., 2016). Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Tv2 neuroblast [FBbt_00005978]

Neuroblast 2 of the ventral tritocerebrum. It displays serial homology to NB4-1 (Urbach et al., 2016). It delaminates in late embryonic stage 9 (Urbach et al., 2016). Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Tv3 neuroblast [FBbt_00005980]

Neuroblast 3 of the ventral tritocerebrum. It displays serial homology to NB503 (Urbach et al., 2016). It delaminates in embryonic stage 11 (Urbach et al., 2016). Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo.

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Tv4 neuroblast [FBbt_00005981]

Neuroblast 4 of the ventral tritocerebrum. It displays serial homology to NB1-2, NB6-1 and NB7-1 (Urbach et al., 2016). It delaminates in early embryonic stage 11 (Urbach et al., 2016). Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo. Urbach et al. (2016) could not unambiguously assign NB6-1 and NB7-1 to either Tv4 or Tv5.

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Tv5 neuroblast [FBbt_00005982]

Neuroblast 5 of the ventral tritocerebrum. It displays serial homology to NB6-1 and NB7-1 (Urbach et al., 2016). It delaminates in late embryonic stage 11 (Urbach et al., 2016). Numbering also indicates relative position: we follow the nomenclature of Urbach et al., (2003), in which neuroblasts are numbered from anterior-to-posterior and ventral-to-dorsal (so that numbers reflect relative positions along the dorsoventral axis). Figure 1 of Urbach et al., 2003, provides a survey of the spatial organization of the embryonic head and brain neuroblasts of a stage 11 embryo. Urbach et al. (2016) could not unambiguously assign NB6-1 and NB7-1 to either Tv4 or Tv5.

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type II neuroblast [FBbt_00100533]

Neuroblast that asymmetrically divides to produce a large daughter neuroblast cell and a smaller secondary neuroblast (also called a transit-amplifying GMC) that can generate up to ten daughter neurons or glial cells (Boone and Doe, 2008, Viktorin et al., 2011). Bayraktar et al., 2010, show that type II neuroblasts can be distinguished from type I neuroblasts as being Deadpan-positive, but Prospero- and Asense-negative.

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ventral central protocerebral neuroblast [FBbt_00005877]

A neuroblast located in the ventral region of the central protocerebrum. In the embryo, individual neuroblasts are named according to their position relative to major morphological features (cephalic furrow, invaginating foregut, dorsal and ventral midline, their relative position with respect to each other, their time of segregation and their expression of markers) (Urbach et al., 2003).

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ventral deutocerebral neuroblast [FBbt_00001356]

A neuroblast located in the ventral region of the deutocerebrum. In the embryo, individual neuroblasts are named according to their position relative to major morphological features (cephalic furrow, invaginating foregut, dorsal and ventral midline, their relative position with respect to each other, their time of segregation and their expression of markers) (Urbach et al., 2003).

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ventral posterior protocerebral neuroblast [FBbt_00005921]

A neuroblast located in the ventral region of the posterior protocerebrum. In the embryo, individual neuroblasts are named according to their position relative to major morphological features (cephalic furrow, invaginating foregut, dorsal and ventral midline, their relative position with respect to each other, their time of segregation and their expression of markers) (Urbach et al., 2003).

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ventral tritocerebral neuroblast [FBbt_00005969]

A neuroblast located in the ventral region of the tritocerebrum. In the embryo, individual neuroblasts are named according to their position relative to major morphological features (cephalic furrow, invaginating foregut, dorsal and ventral midline, their relative position with respect to each other, their time of segregation and their expression of markers) (Urbach et al., 2003).

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