The supraesophageal neuropils of the adult brain located above, around and partially below the esophagus, including the optic lobes. It excludes the gnathal ganglion. Developmentally, it comprises three fused neuromeres: protocerebrum, deutocerebrum, and tritocerebrum. This term is related to what used to be called supraesophageal ganglion, and is now referred to as supraesophageal zone. The adult cerebral ganglion, together with the gnathal ganglia (GNG), denote regions that follow the segmental neuromeres of the brain (the 3 rostral and 3 caudal, respectively). These are distinguishable from supra- and subesophageal zones, as these refer to the neuropil masses above and below the esophagus and do not respect neuromere boundaries (Ito et al., 2014).
The cerebral ganglion, minus the optic lobes. It includes part of the protocerebrum (without the optic lobes), the deutocerebrum and the tritocerebrum. Also referred to as the central brain that excludes the gnathal ganglion (Ito et al., 2014).
Ventral region of the adult brain, consisting of the fused ganglia of the three gnathal neuromeres; mandibular, maxillary and labial (Ito et al., 2014). It is found beneath the esophagus in the ventral part of the subesophageal zone (Ito et al., 2014). This term refers to what used to be called subesophageal ganglion (SOG). The new name, together with cerebral ganglia (CRG), denote the segmental neuromeres of the brain (the 3 caudal and 3 rostral, respectively). These are distinguishable from supra- and subesophageal zones, as these refer to the neuropil masses above and below the esophagus and do not respect neuromere boundaries (Ito et al., 2014). The posterior part of the GNG also corresponds to part of the inferior ipsl of Otsuna and Ito (2006) and to the ventral part of the subesophageal ganglion (SOG) of Chiang et al., (2011) (Ito et al., 2014).
Ganglion of the adult nervous system, found between the esophagus and the aorta (Mahishi and Huetteroth, 2019). It is fused to the corpus cardiacum (Predel et al., 2004; Mahishi and Huetteroth, 2019) and is part of the adult ring gland (Hartenstein, 1993). It is connected to the tritocerebrum via the stomodeal nerve and receives sensory input from the esophagus, aorta and anterior midgut (Mahishi and Huetteroth, 2019). It contributes to the innervation of the crop (Hadjieconomou et al., 2020). Min et al. (2021) casually mention that the hypocerebral ganglion and the adjacent corpora cardiaca together contain approximately 35 neurons, including 20 Akh-expressing neurons, 5 mechanosensory neurons expressing Piezo, and 5 chemosensory neurons expressing Gr43a. [FlyBase:FBrf0248237]
The region of the adult central nervous system posterior to the brain, containing all of the thoracic and abdominal neuromeres (Court et al., 2020). It exists as a single consolidated ganglion located in the ventral part of the thorax (Court et al., 2020). It is connected to the brain by descending and ascending neurons that pass through the neck connective (Court et al., 2020).
Ganglion situated posterior to the larval dorsal organ which contains the cell bodies of the odorant receptor cells which send dendrites into the dorsal organ and axons to the antennal lobe via the larval antennal nerve.
A small paired ganglion of the embryonic stomatogastric nervous system attached to the anterior surface of the brain. It consists of approximately 25-30 neurons that form a U-shaped ganglion wedged between the anterior aspect of the brain hemispheres and the dorsal pharynx. The somata of the neurons surround a sparse neuropil domain and are enclosed in a glial sheath. Lateral projections from these neurons form the frontal connective. Medial projections that turn anteriorly on reaching the midline form the frontal nerve. Medial projections that turn posteriorly on reaching the midline form the recurrent nerve. The term parapharyngeal ganglion was previously used to designate the embryonic frontal ganglion (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
Small ganglion of the embryonic stomatogastric nervous system. By stage 16 it is located on the left hand side of the embryo, between the two brain hemispheres and behind the supraesophageal commissure. It is more compact than the paraesophageal ganglion and occupies a more dorsal position. It contains approximately 10-12 neurons.
Extended ganglion of the embryonic stomatogastric nervous system. Five to ten neurons are scattered along the axon bundle that extends from the paraesophageal ganglion and that by late embryogenesis grows further posteriorly onto the proventriculus.
Supraesophageal ganglion of the late embryo or larva, consisting of the protocerebrum, deutocerebrum and tritocerebrum (Urbach and Technau, 2003; Li et al., 2014; Crews, 2019).
A small paired ganglion of the embryonic and larval stomatogastric nervous system. At embryonic stage 17, it consists of approximately 25-30 neurons that form a U-shaped ganglion wedged between the anterior aspect of the brain hemispheres and the dorsal pharynx, and that have formed axons. The somata of the neurons surround a sparse neuropil domain and are enclosed in a glial sheath. Lateral projections from these neurons form the frontal connective. Medial projections that turn anteriorly on reaching the midline form the frontal nerve. Medial projections that turn posteriorly on reaching the midline form the recurrent nerve. The term parapharyngeal ganglion was previously used to designate the frontal ganglion (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
Small ganglion of the embryonic or larval stomatogastric nervous system. At embryonic stage 17, it is located on the left hand side of the embryo, between the two brain hemispheres and behind the supraesophageal commissure. It is more compact than the paraesophageal ganglion and occupies a more dorsal position. It contains approximately 10-12 neurons.
A cluster of about 10 neurons whose somata are associated with the embryonic/larval proventriculus. Short axons projecting posteriorly from this structure fan out over the surface of the proventriculus.
Region of the central nervous system consisting of the neuromeres of the three gnathal segments; mandibular, maxillary and labial (Ito et al., 2014; Hartenstein et al., 2018). It is located beneath the esophagus (Ito et al., 2014; Hartenstein et al., 2018). In the early larva, the three segmental neuromeres can be clearly identified, but they become fused during development and their segmental organization is obscured in the adult (Hartenstein et al., 2018).
Region of the embryonic/larval central nervous system consisting of the neuromeres of the three gnathal segments; mandibular, maxillary and labial (Hartenstein et al., 2018). Compared to thoracic and abdominal neuromeres, the number and size of primary lineages are decreased in the labial neuromere, and decrease further in each successive anterior gnathal neuromere (Rickert et al., 2018). It is found in the subesophageal zone, between the tritocerebrum and the prothoracic neuromere (Hartenstein et al., 2018). It separates from the prothoracic neuromere during metamorphosis (Kendroud et al., 2018).
Region of the larval central nervous system posterior to the gnathal neuromeres (Clark et al., 2018; Eschbach and Zlatic, 2020; Miroschnikow et al., 2020). It consists of three thoracic neuromeres, eight abdominal neuromeres and a terminal plexus (Clark et al., 2018). There is some inconsistency in the literature as to whether the larval gnathal ganglion is a part of the ventral nerve cord, many recent papers consider it to be a distinct region, so it is not included here.
Detached ganglion that sits below a lateral ocellus and contains the axonal projections of the lateral retinula cells (Caldwell et al., 2007; Scheffer et al., 2020).
Detached ganglion that sits below the medial ocellus and contains the axonal projections of the medial retinula cells (Caldwell et al., 2007; Scheffer et al., 2020).
Detached ganglion that sits below an ocellus and contains the axonal projections of its photoreceptors (Caldwell et al., 2007; Scheffer et al., 2020). Four giant ocellar interneurons connect each ganglion to the posterior slope via the ocellar nerve (Caldwell et al., 2007; Ito et al., 2014).
Small ganglion of the embryonic/larval stomatogastric nervous system located on the right hand side of the larva, between the two brain hemispheres, behind the supraesophageal commissure. It is elongated, less compact than the hypoesophageal ganglion and occupies a more ventral position, closely attached to the esophageal wall. It contains 10-12 neurons.
The pre-oral neuropils of the brain located above and some of it below the esophagus, comprising three fused ganglia (protocerebrum, deutocerebrum, and tritocerebrum) in the head. In the adult, this region is referred to as cerebral ganglia (Ito et al., 2014).
Ganglion of the larval terminal organ. It contains the cell bodies of approximately 32-33 neurons (Python and Stocker, 2002), dendrites from which terminate in the terminal organ, and axons from which travel to the larval brain by way of the maxillary nerve.
Ganglion that contains the cell bodies of neurons associated with the larval ventral organ. It connects to the central nervous system via the maxillary nerve.