An ontology of Drosophila melanogaster scRNAseq data from a single dataset (FBlc0007347). This information is taken from FlyBase, which sources it from the EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas, which compiles scRNAseq data from multiple sources.
VFB scRNAseq Ontology for dataset FBlc0007347
definition
A property representing the English language definitions of what NCI means by the concept. They may also include information about the definition's source and attribution in a form that can easily be interpreted by software.
The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with.
PERSON:Daniel Schober
If R <- P o Q is a defining property chain axiom, then it also holds that R -> P o Q. Note that this cannot be expressed directly in OWL
If R <- P o Q is a defining property chain axiom, then (1) R -> P o Q holds and (2) Q is either reflexive or locally reflexive. A corollary of this is that P SubPropertyOf R.
is a defining property chain axiom where second argument is reflexive
disease characteristic (MONDO:0021125) has cross-reference (http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#hasDbXref) "NCIT:C41009"^^xsd:string
An annotation property that links an ontology entity or a statement to a prefixed identifier or URI.
Reference database or publication source.
is part of
my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity)
this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a part and its whole
Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other.
Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'.
part_of
part of
has part
my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity)
this year has part this day (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a whole and its part
Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part.
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'.
has_part
realized in
this disease is realized in this disease course
this fragility is realized in this shattering
this investigator role is realized in this investigation
is realized by
realized_in
[copied from inverse property 'realizes'] to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003])
Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a realizable entity and a process, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process
realizes
this disease course realizes this disease
this investigation realizes this investigator role
this shattering realizes this fragility
Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process
to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003])
preceded by
x is preceded by y if and only if the time point at which y ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which x starts. Formally: x preceded by y iff ω(y) <= α(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
An example is: translation preceded_by transcription; aging preceded_by development (not however death preceded_by aging). Where derives_from links classes of continuants, preceded_by links classes of processes. Clearly, however, these two relations are not independent of each other. Thus if cells of type C1 derive_from cells of type C, then any cell division involving an instance of C1 in a given lineage is preceded_by cellular processes involving an instance of C. The assertion P preceded_by P1 tells us something about Ps in general: that is, it tells us something about what happened earlier, given what we know about what happened later. Thus it does not provide information pointing in the opposite direction, concerning instances of P1 in general; that is, that each is such as to be succeeded by some instance of P. Note that an assertion to the effect that P preceded_by P1 is rather weak; it tells us little about the relations between the underlying instances in virtue of which the preceded_by relation obtains. Typically we will be interested in stronger relations, for example in the relation immediately_preceded_by, or in relations which combine preceded_by with a condition to the effect that the corresponding instances of P and P1 share participants, or that their participants are connected by relations of derivation, or (as a first step along the road to a treatment of causality) that the one process in some way affects (for example, initiates or regulates) the other.
is preceded by
preceded_by
precedes
x precedes y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x precedes y iff ω(x) <= α(y), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
A relation between a developmental stage and another, larger developmental stage during which it happens.
Creating this relation as a temporary fix, pending adding the axiom occurrent_part_of subproperty of happens_during to RO.
see is_input_of example_of_usage
The inverse property of is specified input of
8/17/09: specified inputs of one process are not necessarily specified inputs of a larger process that it is part of. This is in contrast to how 'has participant' works.
PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
has specified input
some Autologous EBV(Epstein-Barr virus)-transformed B-LCL (B lymphocyte cell line) is_input_for instance of Chromum Release Assay described at https://wiki.cbil.upenn.edu/obiwiki/index.php/Chromium_Release_assay
A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process that is not created during the process. The presence of the continuant during the process is explicitly specified in the plan specification which the process realizes the concretization of.
Alan Ruttenberg
is specified input of
The inverse property of is specified output of
has specified output
A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process. The presence of the continuant at the end of the process is explicitly specified in the objective specification which the process realizes the concretization of.
is specified output of
A cell sorting process achieves the objective specification 'material separation objective'
This relation obtains between a planned process and a objective specification when the criteria specified in the objective specification are met at the end of the planned process.
modified according to email thread from 1/23/09 in accordince with DT and PPPB branch
This relation obtains between an objective specification and a planned process when the criteria specified in the objective specification are met at the end of the planned process.
inheres in
this fragility is a characteristic of this vase
this red color is a characteristic of this apple
a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence.
inheres_in
Note that this relation was previously called "inheres in", but was changed to be called "characteristic of" because BFO2 uses "inheres in" in a more restricted fashion. This relation differs from BFO2:inheres_in in two respects: (1) it does not impose a range constraint, and thus it allows qualities of processes, as well as of information entities, whereas BFO2 restricts inheres_in to only apply to independent continuants (2) it is declared functional, i.e. something can only be a characteristic of one thing.
characteristic of
bearer of
this apple is bearer of this red color
this vase is bearer of this fragility
Inverse of characteristic_of
A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist.
bearer_of
is bearer of
has characteristic
participates in
this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation
this input material (or this output material) participates in this process
this investigator participates in this investigation
a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
participates_in
has participant
this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot
this investigation has participant this investigator
this process has participant this input material (or this output material)
a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time.
has_participant
A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The journal article (a generically dependent continuant) is concretized as the quality (a specifically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant).
An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process).
A relationship between a generically dependent continuant and a specifically dependent continuant or process, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant or process in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant or process also depends on that same independent continuant. A generically dependent continuant may be concretized as multiple specifically dependent continuants or processes.
is concretized as
A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The quality (a specifically dependent continuant) concretizes the journal article (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant).
A relationship between a specifically dependent continuant or process and a generically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant or process also depends on that same independent continuant. Multiple specifically dependent continuants or processes can concretize the same generically dependent continuant.
concretizes
this investigator role is a role of this person
a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A role inheres in its bearer at all times for which the role exists, however the role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
is role of
role_of
This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020.
role of
this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator)
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
has_role
has role
A relation that holds between two neurons that are electrically coupled via gap junctions.
relation between an anatomical structure and a neuron projection bundle that has synaptic terminals in the structure.
innervated by
has synaptic terminal of
A part of relation that applies only between occurrents.
Previously had ID http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002122 in test files in sandpit - but this seems to have been dropped from ro-edit.owl at some point. No re-use under this ID AFAIK, but leaving note here in case we run in to clashes down the line. Official ID now chosen from DOS ID range.
during which ends
Previously had ID http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002124 in test files in sandpit - but this seems to have been dropped from ro-edit.owl at some point. No re-use under this ID AFAIK, but leaving note here in case we run in to clashes down the line. Official ID now chosen from DOS ID range.
encompasses
X ends_after Y iff: end(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with end(X)
ends after
X immediately_preceded_by Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y)
immediately preceded by
Previously had ID http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002123 in test files in sandpit - but this seems to have been dropped from ro-edit.owl at some point. No re-use under this ID AFAIK, but leaving note here in case we run in to clashes down the line. Official ID now chosen from DOS ID range.
during which starts
X immediately_precedes_Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y)
immediately precedes
X starts_during Y iff: (start(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with start(X)) AND (start(X) before_or_simultaneous_with end(Y))
starts during
X happens_during Y iff: (start(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with start(X)) AND (end(X) before_or_simultaneous_with end(Y))
happens during
X ends_during Y iff: ((start(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with end(X)) AND end(X) before_or_simultaneous_with end(Y).
ends during
Relation between a neuron and a material anatomical entity that its soma is part of.
<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051> some ( <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0043025> and <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050> some ?Y)
has soma location
relationship between a neuron and a neuron projection bundle (e.g.- tract or nerve bundle) that one or more of its projections travels through.
(forall (?x ?y) (iff (fasciculates_with ?x ?y) (exists (?nps ?npbs) (and ("neuron ; CL_0000540" ?x) ("neuron projection bundle ; CARO_0001001" ?y) ("neuron projection segment ; CARO_0001502" ?nps) ("neuron projection bundle segment ; CARO_0001500' " ?npbs) (part_of ?npbs ?y) (part_of ?nps ?x) (part_of ?nps ?npbs) (forall (?npbss) (if (and ("neuron projection bundle subsegment ; CARO_0001501" ?npbss) (part_of ?npbss ?npbs) ) (overlaps ?nps ?npbss) ))))))
fasciculates with
Relation between an anatomical structure (including cells) and a neuron that chemically synapses to it.
<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051> some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045211> that part_of some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045202> that has_part some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0042734> that <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050> some Y?)))
synapsed by
Relation between a neuron and some structure (e.g.- a brain region) in which it receives (chemical) synaptic input.
synapsed in
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some ( http://purl.org/obo/owl/GO#GO_0045211 and http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050 some ( http://purl.org/obo/owl/GO#GO_0045202 and http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050 some ?Y))
has postsynaptic terminal in
synapses in
<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051> some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0042734> that <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050> some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045202> that <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050> some Y?)
has presynaptic terminal in
Relation between a neuron and an anatomical structure (including cells) that it chemically synapses to.
<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051> some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0042734> that part_of some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045202> that <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051> some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045211> that <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050> some Y?)))
N1 synapsed_to some N2 Expands to: N1 SubclassOf ( has_part some ( ‘pre-synaptic membrane ; GO:0042734’ that part_of some ( ‘synapse ; GO:0045202’ that has_part some ( ‘post-synaptic membrane ; GO:0045211’ that part_of some N2))))
synapsed to
A general relation between a neuron and some structure in which it either chemically synapses to some target or in which it receives (chemical) synaptic input.
<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002131> some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045202> that <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050> some Y?)
has synaptic terminal in
x overlaps y if and only if there exists some z such that x has part z and z part of y
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050 some ?Y)
overlaps
The relation between a neuron projection bundle and a neuron projection that is fasciculated with it.
has fasciculating component
(forall (?x ?y) (iff (has_fasciculating_neuron_projection ?x ?y) (exists (?nps ?npbs) (and ("neuron projection bundle ; CARO_0001001" ?x) ("neuron projection ; GO0043005" ?y) ("neuron projection segment ; CARO_0001502" ?nps) ("neuron projection bundle segment ; CARO_0001500" ?npbs) (part_of ?nps ?y) (part_of ?npbs ?x) (part_of ?nps ?npbs) (forall (?npbss) (if (and ("neuron projection bundle subsegment ; CARO_0001501" ?npbss) (part_of ?npbss ?npbs) ) (overlaps ?nps ?npbss) ))))))
has fasciculating neuron projection
Relation between a 'neuron projection bundle' and a region in which one or more of its component neuron projections either synapses to targets or receives synaptic input. T innervates some R Expands_to: T has_fasciculating_neuron_projection that synapse_in some R.
<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002132> some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0043005> that (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002131> some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045202> that <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050> some Y?)))
innervates
X continuous_with Y if and only if X and Y share a fiat boundary.
The label for this relation was previously connected to. I relabeled this to "continuous with". The standard notion of connectedness does not imply shared boundaries - e.g. Glasgow connected_to Edinburgh via M8; my patella connected_to my femur (via patellar-femoral joint)
continuous with
a 'toe distal phalanx bone' that is connected to a 'toe medial phalanx bone' (an interphalangeal joint *connects* these two bones).
a is connected to b if and only if a and b are discrete structure, and there exists some connecting structure c, such that c connects a and b
connected to
a is attached to part of b if a is attached to b, or a is attached to some p, where p is part of b.
attached to part of (anatomical structure to anatomical structure)
attached to part of
x develops from y if and only if either (a) x directly develops from y or (b) there exists some z such that x directly develops from z and z develops from y
This is the transitive form of the develops from relation
develops from
develops into
'neural crest cell' SubClassOf expresses some 'Wnt1 gene'
x expressed in y if and only if there is a gene expression process (GO:0010467) that occurs in y, and one of the following holds: (i) x is a gene, and x is transcribed into a transcript as part of the gene expression process (ii) x is a transcript, and the transcription of x is part of the gene expression process (iii) x is a mature gene product such as a protein, and x was translated or otherwise processes from a transcript that was transcribed as part of this gene expression process
expressed in
mechanosensory neuron capable of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception (GO:0050974)
osteoclast SubClassOf 'capable of' some 'bone resorption'
A relation between a material entity (such as a cell) and a process, in which the material entity has the ability to carry out the process.
For compatibility with BFO, this relation has a shortcut definition in which the expression "capable of some P" expands to "bearer_of (some realized_by only P)".
capable of
c stands in this relationship to p if and only if there exists some p' such that c is capable_of p', and p' is part_of p.
capable of part of
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for relations between occurrents involving the relative timing of their starts and ends.
A relation that holds between two occurrents. This is a grouping relation that collects together all the Allen relations.
temporally related to
x develops from part of y if and only if there exists some z such that x develops from z and z is part of y
develops from part of
p has input c iff: p is a process, c is a material entity, c is a participant in p, c is present at the start of p, and the state of c is modified during p.
has input
Mammalian thymus has developmental contribution from some pharyngeal pouch 3; Mammalian thymus has developmental contribution from some pharyngeal pouch 4 [Kardong]
x has developmental contribution from y iff x has some part z such that z develops from y
has developmental contribution from
inverse of has developmental contribution from
developmentally contributes to
Candidate definition: x developmentally related to y if and only if there exists some developmental process (GO:0032502) p such that x and y both participates in p, and x is the output of p and y is the input of p
In general you should not use this relation to make assertions - use one of the more specific relations below this one
This relation groups together various other developmental relations. It is fairly generic, encompassing induction, developmental contribution and direct and transitive develops from
developmentally preceded by
developmentally succeeded by
y expresses x if and only if there is a gene expression process (GO:0010467) that occurs in y, and one of the following holds: (i) x is a gene, and x is transcribed into a transcript as part of the gene expression process (ii) x is a transcript, and x was transcribed from a gene as part of the gene expression process (iii) x is a mature gene product (protein or RNA), and x was translated or otherwise processed from a transcript that was transcribed as part of the gene expression process.
expresses
q characteristic of part of w if and only if there exists some p such that q inheres in p and p part of w.
Because part_of is transitive, inheres in is a sub-relation of characteristic of part of
characteristic of part of
A mereological relationship or a topological relationship
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving parthood or connectivity relationships
mereotopologically related to
A relationship that holds between entities participating in some developmental process (GO:0032502)
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving organismal development
developmentally related to
A grouping relationship for any relationship directly involving a function, or that holds because of a function of one of the related entities.
This is a grouping relation that collects relations used for the purpose of connecting structure and function
functionally related to
this relation holds between c and p when c is part of some c', and c' is capable of p.
part of structure that is capable of
holds between two entities when some genome-level process such as gene expression is involved. This includes transcriptional, spliceosomal events. These relations can be used between either macromolecule entities (such as regions of nucleic acid) or between their abstract informational counterparts.
Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving the genome of an organism
genomically related to
A relationship that holds via some process of localization
Do not use this relation directly. It is a grouping relation.
related via localization to
This relationship holds between p and l when p is a transport or localization process in which the outcome is to move some cargo c from a an initial location to some destination l.
has target end location
'mitochondrial transport' results_in_transport_to_from_or_in some mitochondrion (GO:0005739)
results in transport to from or in
An organism that is a member of a population of organisms
is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection.
member of
has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item.
has member
input of
has dendrite location
a is attached to b if and only if a and b are discrete objects or object parts, and there are physical connections between a and b such that a force pulling a will move b, or a force pulling b will move a
attached to (anatomical structure to anatomical structure)
attached to
x has developmental potential involving y iff x is capable of a developmental process with output y. y may be the successor of x, or may be a different structure in the vicinity (as for example in the case of developmental induction).
has developmental potential involving
x has potential to developmentrally contribute to y iff x developmentally contributes to y or x is capable of developmentally contributing to y
has potential to developmentally contribute to
x has the potential to develop into y iff x develops into y or if x is capable of developing into y
This relation has a stronger meaning than merely indicating that X may develop into Y, in that the capability of developing into Y is always present, even if X does not always actually develop into Y. In particular, this means that if Y is restricted to a given taxon T, X is necessarily likewise restricted.
has potential to develop into
x has potential to directly develop into y iff x directly develops into y or x is capable of directly developing into y
has potential to directly develop into
relation that links two events, processes, states, or objects such that one event, process, state, or object (a cause) contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an effect) where the cause is partly or wholly responsible for the effect, and the effect is partly or wholly dependent on the cause.
This branch of the ontology deals with causal relations between entities. It is divided into two branches: causal relations between occurrents/processes, and causal relations between material entities. We take an 'activity flow-centric approach', with the former as primary, and define causal relations between material entities in terms of causal relations between occurrents. To define causal relations in an activity-flow type network, we make use of 3 primitives: * Temporal: how do the intervals of the two occurrents relate? * Is the causal relation regulatory? * Is the influence positive or negative? The first of these can be formalized in terms of the Allen Interval Algebra. Informally, the 3 bins we care about are 'direct', 'indirect' or overlapping. Note that all causal relations should be classified under a RO temporal relation (see the branch under 'temporally related to'). Note that all causal relations are temporal, but not all temporal relations are causal. Two occurrents can be related in time without being causally connected. We take causal influence to be primitive, elucidated as being such that has the upstream changed, some qualities of the donwstream would necessarily be modified. For the second, we consider a relationship to be regulatory if the system in which the activities occur is capable of altering the relationship to achieve some objective. This could include changing the rate of production of a molecule. For the third, we consider the effect of the upstream process on the output(s) of the downstream process. If the level of output is increased, or the rate of production of the output is increased, then the direction is increased. Direction can be positive, negative or neutral or capable of either direction. Two positives in succession yield a positive, two negatives in succession yield a positive, otherwise the default assumption is that the net effect is canceled and the influence is neutral. Each of these 3 primitives can be composed to yield a cross-product of different relation types.
Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect.
causally related to
p is 'causally upstream or within' q iff p is causally related to q, and the end of p precedes, or is coincident with, the end of q.
We would like to make this disjoint with 'preceded by', but this is prohibited in OWL2
inverse of causally upstream of or within
'otolith organ' SubClassOf 'composed primarily of' some 'calcium carbonate'
x composed_primarily_of y if and only if more than half of the mass of x is made from y or units of the same type as y.
This is an exploratory relation. The label is taken from the FMA. It needs aligned with the neuron-specific relations such as has postsynaptic terminal in.
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, typically connecting an anatomical entity to a biological process or developmental stage.
relation between physical entity and a process or stage
x existence overlaps y if and only if either (a) the start of x is part of y or (b) the end of x is part of y. Formally: x existence starts and ends during y iff (α(x) >= α(y) & α(x) <= ω(y)) OR (ω(x) <= ω(y) & ω(x) >= α(y))
The relations here were created based on work originally by Fabian Neuhaus and David Osumi-Sutherland. The work has not yet been vetted and errors in definitions may have occurred during transcription.
A relationship between a material entity and a process where the material entity has some causal role that influences the process
p is causally related to q if and only if p or any part of p and q or any part of q are linked by a chain of events where each event pair is one where the execution of p influences the execution of q. p may be upstream, downstream, part of, or a container of q.
A relation that holds between elements of a musculoskeletal system or its analogs.
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving the biomechanical processes.
gland SubClassOf 'has part structure that is capable of' some 'secretion by cell'
s 'has part structure that is capable of' p if and only if there exists some part x such that s 'has part' x and x 'capable of' p
A relationship that holds between a material entity and a process in which causality is involved, with either the material entity or some part of the material entity exerting some influence over the process, or the process influencing some aspect of the material entity.
causal relation between material entity and a process
Genetic information generically depend on molecules of DNA.
The novel *War and Peace* generically depends on this copy of the novel.
The pattern shared by chess boards generically depends on any chess board.
The score of a symphony g-depends on a copy of the score.
This pdf file generically depends on this server.
A generically dependent continuant *b* generically depends on an independent continuant *c* at time *t* means: there inheres in *c* a specifically deendent continuant which concretizes *b* at *t*.
Molecules of DNA are carriers of genetic information.
This copy of *War and Peace* is carrier of the novel written by Tolstoy.
This hard drive is carrier of these data items.
*b* is carrier of *c* at time *t* if and only if *c* *g-depends on* *b* at *t*
is carrier of
A relationship between a neuron and a region, where the neuron has a functionally relevant number of input and/or output synapses in that region.
has synaptic IO in region
A relationship between a neuron and a region, where the neuron has a functionally relevant number of input synapses in that region.
receives synaptic input in region
A relationship between a neuron and a region, where the neuron has a functionally relevant number of output synapses in that region.
sends synaptic output to region
A relationship between a neuron and a region, where the neuron has a functionally relevant number of input and/or output synapses distributed throughout that region (rather than confined to a subregion).
has synaptic IO throughout
A relationship between a neuron and a region, where the neuron has a functionally relevant number output synapses distributed throughout that region (rather than confined to a subregion).
sends synaptic output throughout
Relation between a sensory neuron and some structure in which it receives sensory input via a sensory dendrite.
has sensory dendrite in
A relationship between an anatomical structure (including cells) and a neuron that has a functionally relevant number of chemical synapses to it.
receives synaptic input from neuron
A relationship between a neuron and a cell that it has a functionally relevant number of chemical synapses to.
Not restricting range to 'cell' - object may be a muscle containing a cell targeted by the neuron.
sends synaptic output to cell
An optic lobe intrinsic neuron has its synapses restricted to optic lobe neuropil.
A relationship between a neuron and a region, where all of the functionally relevant input and output synapses are in that region.
This relation may still be used if a very small number of synapses fall slightly outside the boundaries of the region, but any class using this relation should not have another restriction using this relation to another non-overlapping region.
synapses restricted to region
A diagnostic testing device utilizes a specimen.
X device utilizes material Y means X and Y are material entities, and X is capable of some process P that has input Y.
A diagnostic testing device utilizes a specimen means that the diagnostic testing device is capable of an assay, and this assay a specimen as its input.
See github ticket https://github.com/oborel/obo-relations/issues/497
device utilizes material
This property only applies to anatomical entities.
Any anatomical entity (FBbt:10000000) that develops from some germ layer (FBbt:00000110).
An individual member of the species Drosophila melanogaster.
One of the three main divisions of the whole organism formed from groups of segments.
One of the repeated divisions of the whole organism.
Anterior part of the organism, including mouthparts, some sensory structures and the brain.
Head segment derived from the second embryonic segment (between the labral and antennal segments). In the larva, this segment includes Bolwig's organ.
While classically this structure is not considered to be a segment, but rather to be the non-segmental acron - anterior to the first segment, this ontology follows Schmidt-Ott and colleagues (Schmidt-Ott et al., 1994, and Schmidt-Ott and Technau, 1992) in considering it to be the second segment (posterior to the labral segment in the segmenting embryo). This is based on relating gene expression in the early segmenting embryo to the effects of loss of function mutations of these genes on formation of larval head structures.
Any segment (FBbt:00000003) that is part of some head (FBbt:00000004).
A segment that is anterior to the gnathal segments.
Anteriormost procephalic segment, anterior to the ocular segment. In the adult it bears the clypeo-labrum.
Segment anterior to the intercalary segment. In the adult it bears the antennae.
Most posterior of the procephalic segments. Contains the tritocerebrum.
The head segments that develop posterior to the embryonic/larval mouth.
Second gnathal segment, between the mandibular and labial segments. In the adult, it has a paired apodeme and a paired appendage, the maxillary palpus.
Most posterior of the gnathal segments. In the adult it bears a pair of fused appendages, the labia, and its ectodermal invaginations give rise to the salivary glands.
The main middle section of the insect body comprising three thoracic rings: the pro-, the meso- and the metathoraces which are more or less well fused and cask-like sometimes having on the upper lateral part one of two pairs of wings, while on the ventrolateral part each thoracic ring bears a pair of legs.
Any segment (FBbt:00000003) that is part of some thorax (FBbt:00000015).
The first (most anterior) segment of the thorax.
The second (middle) segment of the thorax.
The third (most posterior) segment of the thorax.
The most posterior of the three tagma (FBbt:00000002).
Sixth most anterior segment of the abdomen.
Eighth most anterior segment of the abdomen.
Ninth most anterior segment of the abdomen.
Eleventh most anterior segment of the abdomen.
Dorsal portion of the eighth segment and all structures posterior to it (Pignoni et al., 1992).
Structure that develops from an oocyte once it has been released from the ovary by ovulation (Qazi et al., 2003). Ovulation triggers egg activation, which alters envelope permeability and causes the resumption of meiosis and translation (Qazi et al., 2003). Fertilization of the egg begins embryogenesis (Loppin et al., 2015).
An organism that is undergoing embryogenesis (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). Embryogenesis begins with a fertilized egg, and finishes with hatching at the end of embryonic stage 17 (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
Embryo that is in the cleavage stage, which encompasses the first 13 rapid divisions after fertilization, corresponding to embryonic stages 1-4, prior to cellularization (Hartenstein, 1993; Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). The first seven divisions are synchronous (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). During the course of the subsequent three divisions, most of the nuclei approach the surface, to form the syncitial blastoderm (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). They then divide asynchronously a further three times, bringing the total number of cells to around 5000 (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
Cytoplasmic bud that forms at the posterior pole of the embryo during cycle 9. Pole buds give rise to the pole cells.
Cell that begins as a pole cell, becomes incorporated into the gonad and can develop into a germline stem cell (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997; Dansereau and Lasko, 2008; Slaidina et al., 2020).
Can be identified in the larva by expression of vasa (Slaidina et al., 2020). Only a small subset of pole cells can become germ cells and this fate might be specified by the time the posterior midgut primordium invaginates (Okada, 1998).
Embryonic collection of cells that will give rise to the metameric regions of the embryo, comprising precursors of the gnathal, thoracic and abdominal segments (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
Contiguous region of early embryonic cells that will invaginate to form the mesoderm during gastrulation (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
Complex primordium that is formed during gastrulation (stage 6-7), when anlagen invaginate from the monolayer of the cellular blastoderm (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997; Hartenstein, 2004). The invaginated anlagen become organized into the middle two layers of a three-layered tube structure (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). These three layers correspond to the three germ layers of the endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm (from inner to outer, respectively), with each layer having distinct cell division patterns and cell fates (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
Outermost germ layer of the embryo (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). It is formed from the ectoderm anlage, which includes the cells of the cellular blastoderm monolayer that do not invaginate during gastrulation (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
Dorsal region of the ectoderm. It forms parts of the larval epidermis and the tracheal system, with other parts of these contributed to by the lateral ectoderm (Stathopoulos and Newcomb, 2020).
The region of the ectoderm anterior to the cephalic furrow.
Stomodeal invagination in its initial growth phase during stage 10 as it extends vertically (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
Region of the ectoderm found posterior to the dorsal, lateral and ventral regions of the ectoderm and anterior to the posterior endoderm (Stathopoulos and Newcomb, 2020). It forms the hindgut (Stathopoulos and Newcomb, 2020).
The posterior invagination of ectoderm that gives rise to part of the digestive system.
Cell that has as its part a cytoskeleton that allows for tight cell to cell contact and which has apical-basal cell polarity.
Innermost germ layer of the embryo (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). It is formed by the invagination of two anlagen, those of the anterior and posterior midgut (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
Middle germ layer of the embryo (between ectoderm and endoderm) following gastrulation (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). Shortly after its formation, its cells undergo mitosis and it loses its regular epithelial architecture (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). In stage 9 it reorganizes into a regular monolayer of cuboidal cells that lines the ectoderm (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). At the end of stage 10 further cell divisions disrupt this structure and its cells reform into two layers in stage 11 (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). It finally splits up into separate cell masses in late stage 11 (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). Its derivatives include the muscles, heart and fat body (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
Region of mesoderm of that forms a layer interior to the ectoderm of the germ band (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). Following its invagination during ventral furrow formation in stages 6 and 7, it remains a coherent structure with no morphologically apparent subdivisions, apart from transient metamery during stage 9, until stage 11 (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). Its cells divide following invagination and it loses its epithelial integrity, forming a monolayer of cuboidal cells by stage 9 (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). A further division happens during stage 10 leading to two distinct layers by stage 11 (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
Outer layer of the trunk mesoderm that arises due to mitosis at the end of stage 10 (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). It will give rise to the segmentally-repeated body wall muscles and the fat body (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
Inner layer of the trunk mesoderm that arises due to mitosis at the end of stage 10 (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). It will give rise to the visceral musculature of the trunk (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
Metameric subdivision of the embryonic abdomen.
Tracheal system of the late embryo or larva. The three larval instars retain the same basic pattern of the tracheal system, but with increasing complexity of branch trachea. It is composed of ten tracheal metameres.
Primordium of the late extended germ band and closure embryo that gives rise to the embryonic/larval optic anlage. It corresponds to the middle region that develops from the visual primordium.
The sum of all the structures in the embryo that will develop into the embryonic/larval digestive system.
presumptive embryonic/larval digestive system
The anterior part of the embryonic digestive system deriving from the stomodeal invagination of the ectoderm.
A(n) primordium that develops into some rectum primordium and some large intestine primordium and some small intestine primordium and some embryonic primordium of adult hindgut precursor. It develops from some inclusive hindgut primordium.
A(n) primordium that develops into some Malpighian tubule tip cell primordium and some Malpighian tubule main body primordium. It develops from some inclusive hindgut primordium.
Primordium of the dorsal closure embryo that give rise to the salivary gland imaginal ring which in turn develops into the adult salivary gland.
embryonic primordium of adult salivary gland
Region of cells of the early embryo that will invaginate from the posterior dorsal embryo during gastrulation to form the posterior part of the endoderm (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). It is a precursor to the posterior midgut (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
A cell that is a progenitor of the adult midgut and occupies a basal position in the midgut epithelium. It divides during larval stages to form clusters called midgut imaginal islands. Its first division is asymmetric and produces a peripheral cell, subsequent divisions generate more adult midgut progenitor cells (Mathur et al., 2010).
embryonic precursor cell of adult midgut
These cells can be identified by their expression of escargot (Jiang and Edgar, 2009).
Primordium of the late extended germ band and closure embryo that gives rise to the larval inner optic anlage. It develops from the anterior lip of the visual primordium.
Any muscle cell (FBbt:00005074) that is part of some larval somatic muscle (FBbt:00058297).
Apodeme that is part of the late embryo/larva. Apodemes are not a continuous structure, but are split into two halves. In the embryo, this break is visible laterally. In the larva, the dorsal and ventral halves in the thoracic and abdominal segments are staggered, with the dorsal part being posterior to the ventral one.
Muscle cell of a muscle of the embryonic/larval intestinal tract. Circular and longitudinal fibers surround the entire intestinal tract, with the exception of the recurrent layer of the proventriculus. The circular fibers derive from a bilaterally symmetrical band of mesodermal cells extending continuously throughout most of the germ band. The longitudinal fibers derive from clusters of mesodermal cells which appear during stage 12 at the posterior end of the embryo and migrate anteriorly.
Muscle cell of the gonadal sheath muscle of the embryo or larva.
embryonic/larval gonadal sheath muscle cell
The sum of all the structures in the embryo that will develop into the embryonic/larval nervous system.
presumptive embryonic/larval nervous system
The sum of all the structures in the embryo that will develop into the embryonic/larval central nervous system.
presumptive embryonic/larval central nervous system
Region that gives rise to the neuroblasts of the central nervous system (Bossing et al., 1996). An anterior region (procephalic neurogenic region) gives rise to the brain and a posterior, ventral region (ventral neuroectoderm) gives rise to the ventral nerve cord and gnathal ganglia (Bossing et al., 1996).
Tissue which becomes morphologically distinct shortly after cephalic furrow formation as two strips of about 80 enlarged cells which extend dorso-ventrally on either side of the developing head. It gives rise to neuroblasts of the brain.
Primordium that develops from the posterior procephalic region of the embryo and gives rise to visual structures of the larva and adult (Green et al., 1993; Chang et al., 2001). An optic placode forms from cells of the visual primordium when they become columnar in shape towards the end of stage 11 (Green et al., 1993; Chang et al., 2001). This placode invaginates during stages 12-13, forming a deep pouch of approximately 85 cells (Green et al., 1993). Its ventral lip segregates from the rest of the primordium and develops into the Bolwig organ (Green et al., 1993). The remainder of the placode, which will form the optic lobe, detaches from the surface of the embryo and attaches to the lateral brain, maintaining a tubular appearance until larval hatching (Green et al., 1993). Its anterior and posterior domains will become the larval inner and outer optic anlage, respectively (Chang et al., 2001). The cells that will become the eye disc are anterior and dorsal to the optic lobe placode cells (Chang et al., 2001). They move into the interior of the embryo during head involution, when they are pushed under the dorsal ridge (Huang et al., 2017).
Brain of the embryo, consisting of the protocerebrum, deutocerebrum and tritocerebrum (Urbach and Technau, 2003; Crews, 2019). It develops from the procephalic neurogenic region (Urbach and Technau, 2003).
The ventrally/medially located ectodermal region of the trunk from which neuroblasts delaminate to form the ventral nerve cord and gnathal ganglia. This region becomes distinct during stage 8 when its cells become enlarged compared to those in the adjacent dorsal ectoderm.
Neuromere of the embryonic supraesophageal ganglion, anterior to the subesophageal ganglion.
Deutocerebrum of the embryo. It is the middle one of the three supraesophageal neuromeres, posterior to the protocerebrum and anterior to the tritocerebrum. It is part of the antennal segment.
Tritocerebrum of the embryonic brain. It is the most posterior of the three supraesophageal neuromeres. It is part of the intercalary segment.
The developing ventral nerve cord of the embryo.
Neuromere of the embryonic subesophageal ganglion, posterior to the supraesophageal ganglion. There are three of these neuromeres: mandibular, maxillary and labial.
The most posterior of the embryonic subesophageal neuromeres. It is part of the labial segment, and it is located posterior to the maxillary neuromere.
The middle of the embryonic subesophageal neuromeres. It is part of the maxillary segment, and it is located anterior to the labial neuromere and posterior to the mandibular one.
The most anterior of the embryonic subesophageal neuromeres. It is part of the mandibular segment, and it is located anterior to the maxillary neuromere, and posterior to intercalary segment and its neuromere, the tritocerebrum.
Neuromere of the embryonic ventral nerve cord.
Any embryonic neuromere (FBbt:00052717) that is part of some thoracic segment (FBbt:00000016).
Any embryonic neuromere (FBbt:00052717) that is part of some prothoracic segment (FBbt:00000017).
Any embryonic neuromere (FBbt:00052717) that is part of some mesothoracic segment (FBbt:00000018).
Any embryonic neuromere (FBbt:00052717) that is part of some metathoracic segment (FBbt:00000019).
Any embryonic neuromere (FBbt:00052717) that is part of some abdominal segment (FBbt:00000021).
Any embryonic neuromere (FBbt:00052717) that is part of some abdominal segment 6 (FBbt:00000027).
Any embryonic neuromere (FBbt:00052717) that is part of some abdominal segment 8 (FBbt:00000029).
Any embryonic neuromere (FBbt:00052717) that is part of some abdominal segment 9 (FBbt:00000030).
Region of the larval central nervous system posterior to the gnathal neuromeres (Clark et al., 2018; Eschbach and Zlatic, 2020; Miroschnikow et al., 2020). It consists of three thoracic neuromeres, eight abdominal neuromeres and a terminal plexus (Clark et al., 2018).
There is some inconsistency in the literature as to whether the larval gnathal ganglion is a part of the ventral nerve cord, many recent papers consider it to be a distinct region, so it is not included here.
Larval connective that extends in an anterior-posterior direction along the larval ventral nerve cord. These tracts continue forward into the subesophageal zone and bend laterally following the outline of the esophageal foramen (Hartenstein et al., 2018). They then converge, with their fibers forming a complex system of anastomoses before continuing into tracts of the supraesophageal ganglion (Hartenstein et al., 2017).
embryonic/larval longitudinal connective
longitudinal tract of ventral nerve cord
Commissure of the ventral nerve cord at late embryonic or larval stages. There are two main commissures per segment, anterior and posterior, but the posterior commissure is not present in A9 (Landgraf et al., 2003; Birkholz et al., 2015). In some segments, at some stages these can be further divided into multiple components along the dorsal-ventral axis (Truman et al., 2004; Birkholz et al., 2015; Hartenstein et al., 2018).
The sum of all the structures in the embryo that will develop into the embryonic/larval peripheral nervous system.
presumptive embryonic/larval peripheral nervous system
An equivalence group of the neurectoderm where all cells can, although only one will, become a neural progenitor cell.
Precursor cell that can give rise to all the neuronal and support cells that form a peripheral sense organ.
A cluster of embryonic precursors that will give rise to sensory organs in the late embryo and larva (Ghysen et al., 1986; Bodmer and Jan, 1987).
peripheral nervous system precursor cluster
Any embryonic dorsal sensory organ precursor cluster (FBbt:00059182) that is part of some thoracic segment (FBbt:00000016).
embryonic thoracic dorsal sensory organ precursor cluster
Any dendritic arborizing neuron precursor cell (FBbt:00058153) that is part of some embryonic thoracic dorsal sensory organ precursor cluster (FBbt:00001140).
dorsal thoracic dendritic arborizing sensory organ precursor cell
dorsal thoracic dendritic arborizing neuron precursor cell
Any external sensory organ precursor cell (FBbt:00005164) that is part of some embryonic thoracic dorsal sensory organ precursor cluster (FBbt:00001140).
dorsal thoracic external sensory organ precursor cell
Any chordotonal organ precursor cell (FBbt:00005216) that is part of some embryonic thoracic dorsal sensory organ precursor cluster (FBbt:00001140).
dorsal thoracic chordotonal organ precursor cell
Any embryonic ventral sensory organ precursor cluster group (FBbt:00059198) that is part of some thoracic segment (FBbt:00000016).
embryonic thoracic ventral sensory organ precursor cluster group
Any dendritic arborizing neuron precursor cell (FBbt:00058153) that is part of some embryonic thoracic ventral sensory organ precursor cluster group (FBbt:00001172).
ventral thoracic dendritic arborizing sensory organ precursor cell
ventral group thoracic dendritic arborizing neuron precursor cell
Any external sensory organ precursor cell (FBbt:00005164) that is part of some embryonic thoracic ventral sensory organ precursor cluster group (FBbt:00001172).
ventral group thoracic external sensory organ precursor cell
Any chordotonal organ precursor cell (FBbt:00005216) that is part of some embryonic thoracic ventral sensory organ precursor cluster group (FBbt:00001172).
ventral group thoracic chordotonal organ precursor cell
Any embryonic dorsal sensory organ precursor cluster (FBbt:00059182) that is part of some abdominal segment (FBbt:00000021).
embryonic abdominal dorsal sensory organ precursor cluster
Any dendritic arborizing neuron precursor cell (FBbt:00058153) that is part of some embryonic abdominal dorsal sensory organ precursor cluster (FBbt:00001190).
dorsal abdominal dendritic arborizing sensory organ precursor cell
dorsal abdominal dendritic arborizing neuron precursor cell
Any external sensory organ precursor cell (FBbt:00005164) that is part of some embryonic abdominal dorsal sensory organ precursor cluster (FBbt:00001190).
dorsal abdominal external sensory organ precursor cell
Any chordotonal organ precursor cell (FBbt:00005216) that is part of some embryonic abdominal dorsal sensory organ precursor cluster (FBbt:00001190).
dorsal abdominal chordotonal organ precursor cell
Any embryonic ventral sensory organ precursor cluster group (FBbt:00059198) that is part of some abdominal segment (FBbt:00000021).
embryonic abdominal ventral sensory organ precursor cluster group
Any dendritic arborizing neuron precursor cell (FBbt:00058153) that is part of some embryonic abdominal ventral sensory organ precursor cluster group (FBbt:00001220).
ventral abdominal dendritic arborizing sensory organ precursor cell
ventral group abdominal dendritic arborizing neuron precursor cell
Any external sensory organ precursor cell (FBbt:00005164) that is part of some embryonic abdominal ventral sensory organ precursor cluster group (FBbt:00001220).
ventral group abdominal external sensory organ precursor cell
Any chordotonal organ precursor cell (FBbt:00005216) that is part of some embryonic abdominal ventral sensory organ precursor cluster group (FBbt:00001220).
ventral group abdominal chordotonal organ precursor cell
A glial cell that is part of (either layer of) the perineurium at the surface of the central nervous system.
Glial cell of the central nervous system.
Glial cell that forms the subperineurial glial sheath. These cells are polyploid. They increase in size and ploidy as the nervous system grows during development (Kremer et al., 2017).
Glial cell with a nucleus amongst the neuronal cell bodies in the cell body rind. It is irregularly shaped, with processes that enclose the neuronal cell bodies.
Glial cells associated with axonal tracts (such as those associated with nerve roots) are excluded from this class of glial cells (Ito et al., 1995). Modeled as 'part of' their 'cell body rind' regions, though in practice some cell body glia have small projections into the neuropil - https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1373-1705.
Glial cell located amongst neuronal cell bodies in the cell body rind of the embryonic/larval central nervous system.
Glial cell of the CNS that is associated with neuropil compartments, including synaptic and tract neuropil (Hartenstein, 2011; Omoto et al., 2015; Kremer et al., 2017). These cells have their cell bodies located in the neuropil glial sheath, between the neuropil and the cell body rind, and many of them extend processes into the neuropil (Hartenstein, 2011; Omoto et al., 2015). Two subtypes have been identified, the reticular (astrocyte-like) and ensheathing glia (Hartenstein, 2011; Omoto et al., 2015), which both function in ionic and neurotransmitter homeostasis (Kremer et al., 2017).
Embryonic glial cell that is derived from the longitudinal glioblast (LGB) (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008). It lies at the interface between the cell body rind and the synaptic neuropil of the ventral nerve cord (Ito et al., 1995). There are nine of these cells per hemineuromere in the late embryo (Ito et al., 1995; Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008). Two of these cells are produced by the first (symmetric) division of the LGB and they migrate medially (Klambt and Goodman, 1991). One of the two initial progeny differentiates into the lateral posterior longitudinal glial cell and the other divides to generate the other eight longitudinal glia (Klambt and Goodman, 1991; Peco et al., 2016). At embryonic stage 15 all of the interface glia are aligned dorsally in two rows above the longitudinal connectives (Ito et al., 1995). At early stage 16 two cells in the lateral row begin to move laterally, and one in the medial row moves ventrally along the medial border of the connective neuropil, passing by the cluster of midline glial cells (Ito et al., 1995). The ventral and lateral interface glia occupy their final (larval) positions by early stage 17 (Ito et al., 1995).
In addition to the 8 embryonic cells (now all known to be LGB progeny) originally described by Ito et al. (1995), the "interface glia" also includes the embryonic precursor to the LP-LG (the other LGB descendant), as more recent publications use "interface glia" synonymously with "longitudinal glia" to represent all (and only) progeny of the LGB, generally preferring the term "longitudinal glia" (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008; Omoto et al., 2015; Kato et al., 2020).
Glial cell that is part of the peripheral nervous system.
Neuroblast of one of the three procephalic regions, protocerebrum, deutocerebrum and tritocerebrum, which form the supraesophageal ganglion of the brain (Urbach et al., 2003). These neuroblasts derive from the procephalic neurogenic region (Urbach et al., 2003).
A neuroblast located in the protocerebrum. None of these are serial homologues of neuroblasts found in the thoracic neuromeres (Urbach et al., 2016).
In the embryo, individual neuroblasts are named according to their position relative to major morphological features (cephalic furrow, invaginating foregut, dorsal and ventral midline, their relative position with respect to each other, their time of segregation and their expression of markers) (Urbach et al., 2003).
A neuroblast located in the deutocerebrum. Some of these are serial homologues of neuroblasts found in the thoracic neuromeres (Urbach et al., 2016).
A neuroblast located in the tritocerebrum. Most, if not all, of these have serial homology to neuroblasts found in the thoracic neuromeres (Urbach et al., 2016). There are 13 of these, of which four produce a secondary lineage (Kuert et al., 2012; Urbach et al., 2016).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that has its soma located in some supraesophageal ganglion (FBbt:00003626).
Neuroblast that generates cells of the ventral nervous system, including interneurons, motor neurons and/or glial cells (Bossing et al., 1996). These neuroblasts derive from the ventral neurectoderm (Bossing et al., 1996).
neuroblast of ventral nerve cord primordium
Applies to neuroblasts at all stages of development.
A neuroblast delaminating in the third wave of neuroblast delamination from the ventral neurectoderm. This wave begins during embryonic stage 10 and end during stage 11, and the neuroblasts generally delaminate into the medial and lateral edge of the neuroblast array (Doe, 1992).
Glioblast that generates the interface (longitudinal) glia of the embryo, which become neuropil glia in the larva (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008). It delaminates during embryonic stage 10, in the third wave of delamination (Doe, 1992). In the embryo, one of these cells can be found in each hemisegment from S2-A10 (Birkholz et al., 2013; Urbach et al., 2016). It divides once, symmetrically, to produce two glial cells (Klambt and Goodman, 1991). One of these cells appears to become the lateral posterior longitudinal glial cell and the other proliferates to generate a total of eight embryonic interface glial cells (Peco et al., 2016). It does not generate a secondary lineage (Lacin and Truman, 2016).
Neuron that is part of the larval nervous system. Neurons with functional roles in the larva are born during the embryonic phase of neurogenesis and further neurons, with adult-specific roles, are born during the postembryonic phase, which begins during larval development (Lacin and Truman, 2016).
This includes immature secondary neurons that are found in the larva - https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1373-1705.
A tract connecting the antennal lobe to various neuropils of the protocerebrum.
Embryonic structure that will develop into a larval imaginal tissue, which will later form an adult structure (Cohen, 1993).
Population of contiguous, morphologically distinct cells of the embryo that will proliferate to form an imaginal disc in the larva. During early embryogenesis the precursor is part of the epithelial sheet before segregating from the epithelial sheet by late embryogenesis (Cohen, 1993).
Primordium from which the eye-antennal disc develops.
Primordium of the embryo that will develop into a dorsal thoracic disc.
Any dorsal thoracic disc primordium (FBbt:00001653) that is part of some prothoracic segment (FBbt:00000017).
Any dorsal thoracic disc primordium (FBbt:00001653) that is part of some mesothoracic segment (FBbt:00000018).
dorsal mesothoracic disc specific anlage
Any dorsal thoracic disc primordium (FBbt:00001653) that is part of some metathoracic segment (FBbt:00000019).
dorsal metathoracic disc specific anlage
Primordium of the embryo that will develop into a ventral thoracic (leg) disc.
Any ventral thoracic disc primordium (FBbt:00001657) that is part of some prothoracic segment (FBbt:00000017).
ventral prothoracic disc specific anlage
Any ventral thoracic disc primordium (FBbt:00001657) that is part of some mesothoracic segment (FBbt:00000018).
ventral mesothoracic disc specific anlage
Any ventral thoracic disc primordium (FBbt:00001657) that is part of some metathoracic segment (FBbt:00000019).
ventral metathoracic disc specific anlage
Primordium from which the genital disc develops.
Primordium from which the male genital disc derives.
Primordium from which the female genital disc derives.
Tubular system of the late embryo and larva through which hemolymph flows.
A contractile tube in the embryo/larva that extends from immediately behind the posterior commissure of T1 to the arthrodial membrane of A7, into which it inserts via two caudally directed muscles which connect to lateral apodemes in A8. Throughout its length, its lumen is enclosed by just two cardial cells. This single-cell thick layer of cardial cells is surrounded by a single-cell thick layer of pericardial cells, except in the posterior thorax. In this region, it is surrounded by lymph gland in the anterior thorax where it passes through the ring gland. The whole tube is attached to the anterior region of each abdominal segment boundary by alary muscles.
Blood cell of the embryo or larva that is involved in the cellular immune response.
A cluster of 4-9 larval oenocytes situated bilaterally in each of abdominal segments 1-7 in a space between the dorsoventral muscles and the body wall. Each cell group is closely associated with an 'abdominal lateral pentascolopidial chordotonal organ lch5' and is supplied by its own tracheal branch.
Any abdominal larval oenocyte group (FBbt:00001695) that is part of some abdominal segment 6 (FBbt:00000027).
Adipose system of the late embryo/larva.
Fully developed fat body of the late embryo (from stage 17 onward) or the larva. It is a bilateral, multilobed organ that extends the length of the insect (Butterworth et al., 1965). It is one cell thick and between one and ten cells wide (Butterworth et al., 1965). Large holes and clefts form during stage 17, giving the fat body its definitive larval form (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
Endocrine system of the late embryo/larva.
The primordium that will form the embryonic/larval corpus allatum, a substructure of the embryonic/larval ring gland. It is a paired structure that becomes distinct in early dorsal closure between the head mesoderm and the epidermis of the gnathal segments. During dorsal closure the paired primordia move dorsally to meet and fuse above the cardioblasts of the developing aorta.
The corpora cardiaca precursor first appear during stage 10 as two pairs of head mesoderm cells between the roof of the stomodeum and the inner surface of the brain primordium that derive from the anterior lip of the ventral furrow. Between stages 11 and 15, these cells migrate posteriorly, gradually increasing in number. During stage 15, they fuse with the precursors of the corpus allatum from the gnathal mesoderm to form the ring gland.
The endocrine complex which consists of the corpus cardiacum and corpus allatum (Hartenstein, 2006; Lee et al., 2008).
This is the common part of the adult (CA, CC, HG) and larval (CA, CC, PG) ring glands, but terminology seems to be very rarely used for the larva - https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1373-1705.
A cluster that surrounds the aorta, dorsal to the esophagus. It is composed of the corpus allatum (CA), corpus cardiacum (CC) and the prothoracic gland in the larva and the CA, CC and hypocerebral ganglion in the adult (Hartenstein, 1993). In the larva it is found anterior to the brain (Dai and Gilbert, 1991). The gland migrates posteriorly during pupal stages and the larval prothoracic gland degenerates (Dai and Gilbert, 1991). In the adult it is found posterior to the brain, just anterior to the proventriculus (Nassel and Zandawala, 2020).
Component of the larval ring gland that is continuous with the corpus cardiacum at its ventroposterior end, encircles the aorta, and surrounds the medially-located corpus allatum at its dorsoanterior end (Dai and Gilbert, 1991; de Velasco et al., 2004; Nassel and Zandawala, 2020). It is composed of very few cells in the late embryo, but these increase in size and number during larval development (de Velasco et al., 2004). It produces ecdysone and is most active in the early wandering third instar (Dai and Gilbert, 1991; Nassel and Zandawala, 2020). During pupal development, its cells separate, shrink and degenerate and none are found attached to the adult corpus allatum or corpus cardiacum after eclosion (Dai and Gilbert, 1991).
Neurohemal organ found medially in the anterodorsal part of the larval ring gland, surrounded by cells of the prothoracic gland (Dai and Gilbert, 1991; de Velasco et al., 2004). It is composed of smaller cells than the prothoracic gland (Dai and Gilbert, 1991). It produces juvenile hormone (Dai and Gilbert, 1991; Hartenstein, 1993).
Region of the larval ring gland closest to the brain that forms a U-shape around the floor of the aorta (Dai and Gilbert, 1991; de Velasco et al., 2004). It is connected to the brain by the nervi corporis cardiaci, which carry axons of secretory neurons that release neuropeptides in this location (Dirksen et al., 2008). It produces Adipokinetic hormone (Lee and Park, 2004) and sequesters insulin-like peptides released by insulin secreting cells of the pars intercerebralis (Ghosh et al., 2022). These two hormones are packaged into the same secretory vesicles (Ghosh et al., 2022).
Organism during the period between hatching and prepupa formation.
Rudimentary larval abdominal segment that surrounds the anal opening.
Imaginal tissue that is found in the larva and will develop into an adult structure during metamorphosis.
A sac shaped epithelial structure in the larva that gives rise to part of the adult integumentary system. One side of the sac consists of peripodial epithelium, the other of columnar epithelium. A single anterior-posterior compartment boundary bisects both peripodial membrane and columnar epithelium. Cells do not cross this boundary during growth and development of the disc.
Imaginal disc that, in the adults, gives rise to the eye, antenna, head capsule (including all bristles and external membranes) and the maxillary palps (Cohen, 1993).
Figure 12 from Cohen (1993, Bate, Martinez Arias, 1993: 747--841) provides a fate map of the eye-antennal disc.
Posterior portion of the eye-antennal disc. It gives rise to the adult antennal segments and the maxillary palp, as well as contributing to the head capsule.
Anterior, bulbous portion of the eye-antennal disc that gives rise to the eye as well as contributing to the head capsule (Cohen, 1993).
A cluster of cells in the eye-disc that is the precursor to an adult ommatidium. Eventually there are approximately 750 ommatidial precursor clusters per eye-disc, the first forming at approximately 70hrs before pupation along the morphogenic furrow. A new row of adult ommatidial precursors then emerges from the morphogenic furrow roughly every 1.5 hours.
Imaginal disc that is a precursor of dorsal thoracic structures of the adult.
Dorsal imaginal disc of the prothoracic segment that is the precursor of structures of the adult dorsal prothorax including the humerus.
Dorsal imaginal disc of the mesothorax. Precursor of dorsal mesothoracic structures of the adult including the postnotum, scutum, scutellum, wing, wing hinge and part of the notal pleura.
Dorsal imaginal disc of the metathorax. Precursor of structure of the adult dorsal metathorax including the haltere.
Imaginal disc that is a precursor of a leg (a ventral thoracic structure of the adult).
Imaginal disc of the ventral prothoracic segment. Precursor of structures of the adult ventral prothorax including the prothoracic (1st) leg.
Imaginal disc of the ventral mesothoracic segment. Precursor of structures of the adult ventral mesothorax including the mesothoracic (2nd) leg.
Imaginal disc of the ventral metathoracic segment. Precursor of structures of the adult ventral metathorax including the metathoracic (3rd) leg.
Imaginal disc that gives rise to the internal and external genitalia, analia and adult hindgut (Cohen, 1993). It is located just anterior to the anus of the larva, connected to the epidermis by a thick stalk at the posterior of the disc (Epper and Nothiger, 1982).
Genital disc that gives rise to the penis and external genitalia, sperm pump, ejaculatory duct, paragonia and vas deferens, anal plates and adult hindgut (Cohen, 1993).
Male genital primordium of the female genital disc. it does not expand much during larval development and constitutes a relatively small part of the disc.
Genital disc that gives rise to the vagina and vaginal plates, uterus, parovaria, spermatheca, seminal recepticle, oviducts, female analia and hindgut. (Cohen, 1993).
Female genital primordium of the male genital disc. it does not expand much during larval development and constitutes a relatively small part of the disc.
A progenitor cell found in the larval epidermis that produces the adult external abdomen. These cells are part of the larval epidermis, secrete cuticle and contribute to larval epithelial patterning. They can be distinguished from the larval epidermal cells due to their small size and the fact that they remain diploid (Martinez Arias, 1993).
One of several groups of histoblasts in the epidermis of the larval abdomen that gives rise to part of the adult external abdomen during metamorphosis.
One of two histoblast nests per abdominal hemisegment (found in A1-A7). It is located in a dorsal position in the epidermis of the larval abdomen.
Bilaterally-paired histoblast nest found in the epidermis of abdominal segments 1-7. This nest is found in an anterior dorsal position and contains approximately 15 cells.
anterior dorsal histoblast nest abdominal
Bilaterally-paired histoblast nest found in the epidermis of abdominal segment 6. This nest is found in an anterior dorsal position and contains approximately 15 cells.
anterior dorsal histoblast nest abdominal 6
Histoblast nest located in an anterior dorsal position of abdominal segment 8.
According to Martinez Arias, 1993 (FBrf0064786), the histoblast nests are only found in abdominal segments 1-7, so this nest does not exist - https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1373-1705.
anterior dorsal histoblast nest abdominal 8
Bilaterally-paired histoblast nest found in the epidermis of abdominal segments 1-7. This nest is found in a posterior dorsal position and contains approximately 6 cells.
posterior dorsal histoblast nest abdominal
Bilaterally-paired histoblast nest found in the epidermis of abdominal segment 6. This nest is found in a posterior dorsal position and contains approximately 6 cells.
posterior dorsal histoblast nest abdominal 6
Histoblast nest found in a posterior dorsal position in the epidermis of abdominal segment 8.
posterior dorsal histoblast nest abdominal 8
A ring shaped structure in the larva that gives rise to part of the adult.
Ring of imaginal cells situated where the larval salivary glands join the salivary ducts, from which the adult salivary glands develop.
Ring of imaginal tissue located in the embryonic/larval gut, at the junction of the foregut and midgut epithelia in the anterior part of the proventriculus. It is the precursor of the posterior region of the adult foregut.
A cluster consisting of adult midgut precursor cells and peripheral cells found adjacent to the basement membrane of the larval midgut. These clusters are scattered throughout the larval midgut. They form by division of adult midgut precursor cells during larval stages. The first division is asymmetrical, producing a peripheral cell, which extends its processes around the adult midgut precursor cells (Mathur et al., 2010).
Ring of imaginal tissue located at the anterior region of the embryonic/larval hindgut, posterior to where the Malpighian tubules join the hindgut, from which the adult hindgut forms. The hindgut imaginal ring cells are densely clustered, appear immature and have little cytoplasm (Murakami and Shiotsuki, 2001).
Imaginal tissue of the larva from which the adult anus develops.
Posterior portion of the embryonic/larval pharynx, posterior to the atrium.
Jurgens et al. (1986) define the larval cibarium as being the same as the pharynx, and posterior to the atrium. However, Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein (1985) define it as being the same as the atrium, and anterior to the pharynx. We follow the latter. mc140708.
Anterior-most part of the embryonic/larval alimentary canal. It opens anteriorly at the mouth and is composed of the atrium (to which the salivary glands are attached), the pharynx, and the esophagus and part of the proventriculus.
Region of the embryonic/larval foregut between the atrium and the esophagus. It consists of a bulbous epithelial tube associated with an elaborate chitinous skeleton and musculature. The anterior edge of the pharynx is delimited ventrally by the opening of the salivary gland common duct and dorsally by the median tooth of the mouth hooks. The posterior edge is delimited by the narrowing of the foregut that marks the beginning of the esophagus.
Bodenstein, 1950, uses the term pharynx to refer to the entire anterior portion of the larval foregut, which in this ontology is divided into the atrium (anterior) and pharynx (posterior).
Y-shaped tube that carries the secretions from the salivary glands to the embryonic/larval mouth.
Anterior length of the salivary gland duct. Anteriorly it connects to the atrium of the foregut. Posteriorly it bifurcates into the ducts of the individual salivary glands (Skaer, 1993).
embryonic/larval salivary gland common duct
Middle part of the embryonic/larval alimentary canal. The midgut runs from the proventriculus to its posterior end, where it meets the hindgut, immediately anterior to the insertion of the Malpighian tubules. In the larva, there are the 4 gastric caeca at the anterior end.
Posterior part of the embryonic/larval alimentary canal, composed of pylorus (anterior), ileum and rectum (posterior) (Cohen et al., 2020).
Posterior-most portion of the embryonic/larval alimentary canal, terminating in the anus.
Posterior opening of the embryonic/larval hindgut.
Malpighian tubule of the embryo/larva. The larval tubule is very similar to that of the adult, except that the initial segment of the anterior tubule is bigger in the larva.
Malpighian tubule segment of the embryo/larva.
embryonic/larval Malpighian tubule segment
Distal segment of the embryonic/larval Malpighian tubule. The initial segment of the larva is bigger than in the adult.
larval initial segment of Malpighian tubule
embryonic/larval initial segment of Malpighian tubule
Specialized cell of the embryonic/larval Malpighian tubules.
embryonic/larval specialised Malpighian tubule cell
larval specialized Malpighian tubule cell
embryonic/larval specialized Malpighian tubule cell
Tip cell of the embryonic/larval Malpighian tubule.
embryonic/larval Malpighian tubule tip cell
Type I cell of the embryonic/larval Malpighian tubules.
embryonic/larval Malpighian tubule Type I cell
Central nervous system of the embryo/larva.
Supraesophageal ganglion of the late embryo or larva, consisting of the protocerebrum, deutocerebrum and tritocerebrum (Urbach and Technau, 2003; Li et al., 2014; Crews, 2019).
embryonic/larval supraesophageal complex
embryonic/larval supraesophageal ganglion
Connective of the embryonic/larval supraesophageal ganglion.
embryonic/larval supraesophageal connective
Region of the embryonic or larval brain that contains the neuroepithelial cells that will give rise to the adult optic lobe, and the larval optic neuropil that processes visual information in the larva.
The lateral, outer layer of the larval optic lobe. It consists of neuroepithelial cells (and later of proliferating neuroblasts) that will give rise to the neurons of the adult lamina and outer medulla. By the late first instar, it is dome shaped and perforated at its center by a pore, through which axons of the optic stalk pass (Meinertzhagen and Hanson, 1993). Some of these axons form synapses in the larval optic neuropil, which is largely within this pore (Sprecher et al., 2011). It becomes distinguished from the inner optic anlage during the second half of the first instar period (Meinertzhagen and Hanson, 1993). In the third instar, neuroepithelial cells in the medial region give rise to neuroblasts that divide asymmetrically to generate the adult optic lobe neurons. This anlage is patterned by expression of Optix and Vsx1 in complementary regions (Gold and Brand, 2014).
'proliferation center' synonyms usually used for later stages of development (Ngo et al., 2017 - FBrf0236058).
A(n) anlage that develops into some medulla. It develops from some larval optic anlage.
A neuroblast that is the precursor of the medulla. The neuroblasts that give rise to the outer medulla neurons are located in the medial edge of the larval outer optic anlage, whereas the neuroblasts that give rise to the inner medulla neurons are located in the larval inner optic anlage.
Can be distinguished from other optic lobe neuroblasts based on expression of dpn and ase (Konstantinides et al., 2022).
A zone of proliferating neuroblasts that forms at mid third instar, at the lateral rim of the outer optic anlage. Descendants of these neuroblasts form the adult lamina.
Anlage of the embryo/larva that is the precursor to the adult lobula.
A(n) anlage that develops into some lobula plate. It develops from some larval inner optic anlage.
Region of the adult brain cell body rind that overlies the lobula plate.
A ribbon-like layer of neuroepithelial cells (and later of proliferating neuroblasts) in the larval optic lobe that gives rise to the adult inner medulla, lobula and lobula plate neurons. In early larval stages it is composed of neuroepithelial cells that divide symmetrically. In the early second instar it becomes U shaped, with the opening of the U pointing in a dorso-caudal direction. It becomes distinguished from the outer optic anlage during the second half of the first instar period (Meinertzhagen and Hanson, 1993). In the third instar, neuroepithelial cells in the medial region give rise to neuroblasts that divide asymmetrically to generate the adult optic lobe neurons.
Tritocerebrum of the late embryonic or larval brain. It is found at the base of the brain hemispheres, partially below the esophagus (Hartenstein et al., 2015; Hartenstein et al., 2018).
larval anterior periesophageal neuropils
Nerve that innervates the supraesophageal ganglion.
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that has its soma located in some subesophageal zone (FBbt:00051068).
Any larval neuromere (FBbt:00001912) that is part of some mandibular segment (FBbt:00000012).
Any larval neuromere (FBbt:00001912) that is part of some labial segment (FBbt:00000014).
Any larval neuromere (FBbt:00001912) that is part of some maxillary segment (FBbt:00000013).
Nerve that innervates the subesophageal ganglion.
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that has its soma located in some thoracic segment (FBbt:00000016).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that has its soma located in some prothoracic segment (FBbt:00000017).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that has its soma located in some mesothoracic segment (FBbt:00000018).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that has its soma located in some metathoracic segment (FBbt:00000019).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that has its soma located in some abdomen (FBbt:00000020).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 6 (FBbt:00001753).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 8 (FBbt:00001755).
Larval nerve found in segments T1-A7 that has two roots, both carrying fibers from the neuromere of the nerve (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). It exits the lateral ventral nerve cord in line with the anterior commissure and its proximal region shares a glial sheath with the intersegmental nerve (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). It does not extend as far dorsally as the intersegmental nerve, and mainly innervates ventral muscles and sense organs (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
Larval sensory neuron that fasciculates with a segmental nerve. In abdominal segments 1-7, these are the sensory neurons located in the ventral and ventral' clusters (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997; Singhania and Grueber, 2014).
Any multidendritic neuron (FBbt:00005209) that has its soma located in some larval ventral sensory cluster group (FBbt:00007295).
larval ventral cluster group multidendritic neuron
Any nerve (FBbt:00005105) that is part of some prothoracic segment (FBbt:00000017).
Multidendritic neuron of the dorsal or lateral sensory clusters in the embryonic/larval prothoracic segment. It fasciculates with the intersegmental nerve.
larval prothoracic dorsal/lateral/ventral multidendritic neuron
larval prothoracic multidendritic neuron
Larval segmental nerve of the prothoracic segment. Similar to the A1-A7 nerves, it has two roots, anterior and posterior, both formed from neurons of the same segment as the nerve (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). Proximally it shares a glial sheath with the intersegmental nerve before branching from it at the border between the prothorax and mesothorax (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). It receives sensory fibers from the ventral monoscolopidial chordotonal organ, Keilin organ and vc1 sensillum (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). It gives off a thick branch to the ventral intersegmental muscle, while its main branch continues to the ventral transverse musculature, the ventral Kolbchen and the vc2 sensillum (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that fasciculates with some larval prothoracic segmental nerve (FBbt:00002085).
Larval multidendritic neuron of the ventral' sensory cluster of the prothoracic segment (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). There are four of these on each side, all of which have axons that fasciculate with the prothoracic segmental nerve (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
There are no multidendritic neurons in the ventral cluster in thoracic segments.
prothoracic ventral' multidendritic neuron
Any nerve (FBbt:00005105) that is part of some mesothoracic segment (FBbt:00000018).
Multidendritic neuron of the dorsal or lateral sensory clusters in the embryonic/larval mesothoracic segment. It fasciculates with the intersegmental nerve.
larval mesothoracic dorsal/lateral/ventral multidendritic neuron
larval mesothoracic multidendritic neuron
Larval segmental nerve of the mesothoracic segment. Similar to the A1-A7 nerves, it has two roots, anterior and posterior, both formed from neurons of the same segment as the nerve (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). Proximally it shares a glial sheath with the intersegmental nerve (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). It receives sensory fibers from the ventral monoscolopidial chordotonal organ, Keilin organ and vc1 sensillum (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). It gives off a thick branch to the ventral lateral muscle, while its main branch continues to the lateral transverse musculature, the ventral Kolbchen and the vc2 sensillum (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). It additionally receives sensory fibers from the prothoracic lch3 chordotonal organ (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that fasciculates with some larval mesothoracic segmental nerve (FBbt:00002125).
Larval multidendritic neuron of the ventral' sensory cluster of the mesothoracic segment (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). There are four of these on each side, all of which have axons that fasciculate with the mesothoracic segmental nerve (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
mesothoracic ventral' multidendritic neuron
Any nerve (FBbt:00005105) that is part of some metathoracic segment (FBbt:00000019).
Multidendritic neuron of the dorsal or lateral sensory clusters in the embryonic/larval metathoracic segment. It fasciculates with the intersegmental nerve.
larval metathoracic dorsal/lateral/ventral multidendritic neuron
larval metathoracic multidendritic neuron
Larval segmental nerve of the metathoracic segment. Similar to the A1-A7 nerves, it has two roots, anterior and posterior, both formed from neurons of the same segment as the nerve (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). Proximally it shares a glial sheath with the intersegmental nerve (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). It receives sensory fibers from the ventral monoscolopidial chordotonal organ, Keilin organ and vc1 sensillum (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). It gives off a thick branch to the ventral lateral muscle, while its main branch continues to the lateral transverse musculature, the ventral Kolbchen and the vc2 sensillum (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that fasciculates with some larval metathoracic segmental nerve (FBbt:00002163).
Larval multidendritic neuron of the ventral' sensory cluster of the metathoracic segment (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). There are four of these on each side, all of which have axons that fasciculate with the metathoracic segmental nerve (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
metathoracic ventral' multidendritic neuron
Any nerve (FBbt:00005105) that is part of some abdomen (FBbt:00000020).
Larval segmental nerve of a larval abdominal segment. These are only found in segments A1-7, as A8 and A9 do not have separate segmental and intersegmental nerves (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). It has two roots, anterior and posterior, both formed from neurons of the same segment as the nerve (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). Proximally it shares a glial sheath with the intersegmental nerve before branching from it at the ventral edge of the ventral oblique muscles (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). A thick, posteriorly directed branch (SNc) leaves the main trunk of the nerve (SNa) and splits into fine branches - 3 carrying axons from the ventral sensory cluster and a 4th carrying efferents to the ventral acute musculature (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). The SNa branch continues dorsally and carries efferent axons innervating the external lateral transverse and lateral oblique muscles and the axons of v'es2 and v'ch1 (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
Any larval multidendritic neuron (FBbt:00048285) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment (FBbt:00001747).
larval abdominal dorsal/lateral/ventral multidendritic neuron
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that fasciculates with some larval abdominal segmental nerve (FBbt:00002197).
Any larval ventral cluster group multidendritic neuron (FBbt:00002054) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment (FBbt:00001747).
larval abdominal ventral cluster group multidendritic neuron
Any sensory neuron (FBbt:00005124) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 8 (FBbt:00001755).
Nerve of larval abdominal segment 9 that has features of both the intersegmental and segmental nerves of more anterior segments (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). It has two roots and its proximal section is closely attached to the abdominal 8 nerve (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). After passing beneath the gut suspensor muscles, it gives off a thick recurrent branch, the hindgut nerve, which innervates the hindgut (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). Its main branch continues dorsoposteriorly and gives off a motor branch that innervates the A9 terminal oblique muscles (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). A posterior branch carries sensory axons from the anal sense organ and a dorsal branch carries axons of motor and sensory neurons of A9 (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
Any sensory neuron (FBbt:00005124) that has its soma located in some larval abdominal segment 9 (FBbt:00001756).
Multidendritic neuron of the ventral region of larval abdominal segment 9. There are several of these neurons.
Any larval sense organ (FBbt:00002639) that is part of some ocular segment (FBbt:00000005).
embryonic/larval ocular segment sensillum
Any larval sense organ (FBbt:00002639) that is part of some labral segment (FBbt:00000008).
embryonic/larval labral segment sense organ
Any larval sense organ (FBbt:00002639) that is part of some antennal segment (FBbt:00000009).
embryonic/larval antennal segment sensillum
Any sense organ (FBbt:00005155) that is part of some intercalary segment (FBbt:00000010).
Any larval sense organ (FBbt:00002639) that is part of some mandibular segment (FBbt:00000012).
Any larval sense organ (FBbt:00002639) that is part of some maxillary segment (FBbt:00000013).
Any larval sensillum (FBbt:00007240) that is part of some labial segment (FBbt:00000014).
embryonic/larval labial segment sensillum
Any sensillum (FBbt:00007152) that is part of some labial segment (FBbt:00000014).
Any larval sensillum (FBbt:00007240) that is part of some prothoracic segment (FBbt:00000017).
Any larval sensillum (FBbt:00007240) that is part of some mesothoracic segment (FBbt:00000018).
Any Keilin organ (FBbt:00005198) that is part of some larval mesothoracic segment (FBbt:00001744).
Any larval sensillum (FBbt:00007240) that is part of some metathoracic segment (FBbt:00000019).
Any Keilin organ (FBbt:00005198) that is part of some larval metathoracic segment (FBbt:00001745).
Any sensillum (FBbt:00007152) that is part of some larval abdomen (FBbt:00001746).
Any larval sensillum (FBbt:00007240) that is part of some abdominal segment 8 (FBbt:00000029).
Any larval sensillum (FBbt:00007240) that is part of some abdominal segment 9 (FBbt:00000030).
Any larval sensillum (FBbt:00007240) that is part of some abdominal segment 11 (FBbt:00000032).
The prepupa is the name given to the organism at the period of the life cycle that begins at puparium formation and ends when larval/pupal apolysis is complete, as indicated by the completion of imaginal head sac eversion and the expulsion of the oral armature of the larva. Duration at 25 degrees C is approximately 12 hours. It occurs 120-132.2 hours after egg laying, and is the period of 0-12.2 hours after puparium formation.
The pupa is the name given to the organism at the period of the life cycle that begins once larval/pupal apolysis is complete, as indicated by the expulsion of the larval armature. Early in this stage the legs and wings reach full extension along the abdomen. The stage ends when the pupal cuticle separates from the underlying epidermis (pupal/adult apolysis), and the eye cup becomes yellow at its periphery. The duration of this stage is approximately 32 hours at 25 degrees C, and spans from 132.2-164.3 hours after egg laying, or is the period of 12.2-44.3 hours after puparium formation.
Organism at any stage after completing eclosion.
Tracheal system of the adult. It retains the same basic pattern of the larval tracheal system, except for the presence of air sacs and the disappearance of the last tracheal segment. It is composed of nine tracheal metameres.
Digestive system of the adult, comprising the alimentary canal, mouthparts, labellar glands, salivary glands and Malpighian tubules (Miller, 1950). The adult alimentary canal and salivary glands arise anew from precursors during metamorphosis (Bodenstein, 1950). The adult Malpighian tubules are remodelled from those of the larva (Bodenstein, 1950).
The entire anatomical structure through which food and its digestion products are ingested, digested and excreted. At its anterior and posterior ends this includes structures that are not foregut or hindgut.
Anterior-most region of the adult alimentary canal. It consists (from anterior to posterior) of the posterior the pharynx (cibarium), esophagus, the crop, the stomodeal valve and part of the proventriculus.
Pedunculate sac evaginating from the adult foregut just before it meets the midgut. It is a bi-lobed structure capable of considerable extension, whose function is the storage of ingested liquid food.
The salivary gland of the adult. It consists of two slender long, unbranched epithelial tubes of secretory epithelium that taper to form narrow ducts at their anterior end, which join to an unpaired duct (FBbt:00003137) in the neck region. The common duct connects to the salivary canal which runs through the hypopharynx and opens at its tip into the labial groove. The posterior ends of the lobes of the gland extend straight through the thorax on either side of the ventriculus and end in compact blind coils in the base of the abdomen. A suspensory muscle (FBbt:00003542) is attached to the anterior end of each lobe, near the cardia. (Miller, 1950 pg 440-1, 451).
The middle region of the adult alimentary canal, the epithelium of which is lined with peritrophic membrane rather than chitinous intima as for the foregut and hindgut. The radius along the midgut is not uniform, with 6 major constrictions delimiting 6 regions (R0-R5). The anterior midgut (R1-R2) functions in absorption, the posterior (R4-R5) plays a role in reabsorption, and the middle acidic region (R3), which contains the copper cells (adult cuprophilic cell), in secretion and absorption.
Bulb-shaped organ at the junction of the foregut and midgut that regulates the passage of food into the midgut. The proventriculus folds back on itself to produce three epithelial layers: internally the posterior region of the esophagus, an intermediate (recurrent) layer, derived from the ectodermal foregut and the midgut, and an external anterior projection of the endodermal midgut, which grows over the esophageal region. The inner two layers form the gastric valve (cardial valve) while the outer layer is defined as the wall of the proventriculus. The cuticle that lines the inner wall is thicker than other regions in the cardia, and it forms several longitudinal folds, causing the esophageal lumen to appear irregular in cross section. Between the inner and intermediate layers is the hilus which contains muscle in a fibrous extracellular matrix. Between the intermediate and outer wall is the cardia lumen, which opens posteriorly into the lumen of the midgut. The anterior region secretes the peritrophic membrane into the cardia lumen.
This structure is more correctly referred to as the 'cardia'. Strictly, proventriculus refers to a modification of the foregut, just anterior to the stomodeal valve, found in many insects. Drosophila has no such foregut modification (Miller, 1950). However, the term 'proventriculus' is the one most commonly used for this structure, derived from both the foregut and midgut.
Posterior part of the of the adult alimentary canal, extending from the posterior end of the midgut, where the Malpighian tubules meet, to the rectum, including the rectal pouch and rectal papillae (Miller, 1950; Skaer, 1993; Demerec, 1994). It has a characteristic loop morphology that forms independently of the rotation of the genitalia (Gonzalez-Morales et al., 2015).
Posterior-most region of the adult hindgut. It consists of a broadly expanded rectal sac (rectal ampulla) that tapers posteriorly to the narrow rectum proper, terminating at the anus. Protruding from the walls into the lumen of the rectal sac are two pairs of conical rectal papillae.
Dorsal vessel of the adult. It extends from the sixth abdominal segment to the dorsal anterior region of the brain (Curtis et al., 1999). The anterior portion, which is devoid of ostia, is the aorta, whilst the posterior (caudal) region, which has ostia, forms the heart proper.
The caudal, pulsatile region of the adult dorsal vessel. It extends from the first to the sixth abdominal segment, lying just below the surface of the cuticle, and has four pairs of ostia (Curtis et al., 1999). It is supported along the midline of the body by a series of paired alary muscles, suspensory fibrils and a rudimentary dorsal diaphragm (Miller, 1950). The caudal end is closed and is attached to the 6th abdominal tergite and to the dorsal wall of the rectal sac. The wall of the heart consists of a single muscular layer containing circular striated fibers and scattered lateral nuclei. On the ventral side, an outer layer or longitudinal muscles extends the whole length except for the caudal end.
Large, acidophilic cell found in rows under the epidermis of each abdominal segment. Two dorsal rows run from the heart tube to the spiracle, close to the posterior boundary of the segment. A single, or sometimes split, transverse row is found under each sternite.
Fat body of the adult. It is composed of diploid cells derived from cell clusters in the larval body wall and from adepithelial cells of the imaginal discs (Hoshizaki et al., 1995; Musselman and Kuhnlein, 2018). It is composed of various unconnected adipose tissue depots throughout the body (Musselman and Kuhnlein, 2018).
Small, spindle-shaped adult muscle precursor cell that is distinct from, but closely apposed to, the surface of an imaginal disc epithelium.
Any adepithelial cell (FBbt:00003219) that is connected to some eye-antennal disc (FBbt:00001766).
Any adepithelial cell (FBbt:00003219) that is connected to some humeral disc (FBbt:00001777).
adepithelial cell of dorsal prothoracic disc
Adepithelial cell associated with the prothoracic leg imaginal disc.
adepithelial cell of ventral prothoracic disc
adepithelial cell of prothoracic leg disc
Adepithelial cell associated with the wing imaginal disc. There are approximately 10 of these cells per wing disc at the end of embryogenesis; they proliferate throughout the larval stages to reach up to 2,500 cells by the late third instar larval stage. They give rise to the direct and indirect flight muscles of the adult (Gunage et al., 2014).
adepithelial cell of dorsal mesothoracic disc
Adepithelial cell associated with the mesothoracic leg imaginal disc.
adepithelial cell of ventral mesothoracic disc
adepithelial cell of mesothoracic leg disc
Adepithelial cell associated with the haltere imaginal disc.
adepithelial cell of dorsal metathoracic disc
Adepithelial cell associated with the metathoracic leg imaginal disc.
adepithelial cell of ventral metathoracic disc
adepithelial cell of metathoracic leg disc
Adepithelial cell associated with the genital imaginal disc.
Any adepithelial cell of genital disc (FBbt:00003229) that is connected to some female genital disc (FBbt:00001787).
adepithelial cell of female genital disc
Any adepithelial cell of genital disc (FBbt:00003229) that is connected to some male genital disc (FBbt:00001785).
Cell persisting from the embryonic stage that contributes to the adult musculature. During metamorphosis, myoblasts aggregate and fuse together to form the adult muscle either on the remnants of larval muscles or independently on the newly forming adult epidermis (Bate, 1993).
embryonic precursor cell of adult muscle
Any embryonic precursor cell of adult muscle (FBbt:00003232) that is part of some thoracic segment (FBbt:00000016).
An adult muscle precursor cell found in an abdominal segment. In each of embryonic segments A1-7, there are four main clusters of these cells (dorsal, dorso-lateral, lateral and ventral) (Bate, et al., 1991) that are associated with peripheral nerves (Bate, 1993) and, during late embryogenesis, are connected to each other by a network of fine filopodia (Figeac et al., 2010). During metamorphosis, they migrate along the nerves to the sites of muscle formation at the epidermal histoblast nests (Bate, 1993).
Any muscle cell (FBbt:00005074) that is part of some adult somatic muscle (FBbt:00058784).
Any muscle cell (FBbt:00005074) that is part of some adult somatic muscle of head (FBbt:00058785).
Any muscle cell (FBbt:00005074) that is part of some adult somatic muscle of thorax (FBbt:00058828).
Muscle cell that is part of a leg muscle of leg.
Any muscle cell (FBbt:00005074) that is part of some somatic muscle of prothorax (FBbt:00058856).
Muscle cell that is part of a adult prothoracic leg muscle.
muscle cell of adult prothoracic leg muscle
Any muscle cell (FBbt:00005074) that is part of some somatic muscle of mesothorax (FBbt:00058880).
Any muscle cell (FBbt:00005074) that is part of some flight muscle (FBbt:00058881).
Any muscle cell (FBbt:00005074) that is part of some indirect flight muscle (FBbt:00058882).
Muscle cell that is part of a adult mesothoracic leg muscle.
skeletal muscle cell of mesothoracic leg
muscle cell of adult mesothoracic leg muscle
Any muscle cell (FBbt:00005074) that is part of some somatic muscle of metathorax (FBbt:00058937).
Muscle cell that is part of a adult metathoracic leg muscle.
skeletal muscle cell of metathoracic leg
muscle cell of adult metathoracic leg muscle
Any muscle cell (FBbt:00005074) that is part of some adult somatic muscle of abdomen (FBbt:00058966).
Any muscle cell (FBbt:00005074) that is part of some male abdominal muscle (FBbt:00059016).
Any muscle cell (FBbt:00005074) that is part of some female abdominal somatic muscle (FBbt:00059018).
Muscle cell of a visceral muscle of the adult.
Muscle cell of a longitudinal muscle of the adult. These muscles surrounds the intestinal tract and ducts of the reproductive system, together with a layer of circular muscle.
Cell that are part of the muscle fibers of the hindgut, the posterior part of the alimentary canal. It contains longitudinal and circular muscle fibers.
Muscle cell of a muscle of the adult that is associated with the heart.
Muscle cell of a bilateral adult heart muscle that is involved in modulation of the flow of hemolymph into the cardiac tube, and support of the dorsal vessel during locomotion.
Muscle cell of the longitudinal muscle of the adult heart that spreads over the outer layer of the ventral side of this organ.
adult heart ventral longitudinal muscle cell
Muscle cell of a muscle that is part of an adult gonadal sheath.
Any neuroblast (FBbt:00005146) that is part of some thoracic segment (FBbt:00000016).
Any neuroblast (FBbt:00005146) that is part of some abdominal segment (FBbt:00000021).
Portion of the adult central nervous system found in the head, consisting of the cerebral and gnathal ganglia (Ito et al., 2014).
Superficial layer of the brain, composed of glia and the cell bodies of neurons (soma).
Ito et al. (2014) may further subdivide cortex/rind regions into multiple facets. Subdivisions should be denoted by the addition of a single letter body-axis direction, e.g. rLHa for anterior to the lateral horn; rSMPm for medial to the superior medial protocerebrum, etc.
The pre-oral neuropils of the brain located above and some of it below the esophagus, comprising three fused ganglia (protocerebrum, deutocerebrum, and tritocerebrum) in the head.
In the adult, this region is referred to as cerebral ganglia (Ito et al., 2014).
The most anterior neuromere of the central nervous system, developing from neuroblasts of the labral and ocular segments (Urbach and Technau, 2003; Ito et al., 2014). The protocerebrum comprises many discrete neuropil regions including the central complex and mushroom bodies (Ito et al., 2014).
Urbach and Technau (2003) divide the protocerebrum into labral and ocular neuromeres.
A midline crossing complex of the synaptic neuropil domains of the adult brain: the ellipsoid body, the fan-shaped body, the three paired noduli, the asymmetrical bodies and the protocerebral bridge. It is closely associated with another paired synaptic neuropil domain, the lateral complex. It lies in the middle of the brain between the pedunculi of the mushroom bodies and is bounded ventrally by the esophagus, dorsally by the pars intercerebralis and laterally by the antenno-glomerular tracts.
Some authors' use of the term 'central body' excludes the protocerebral bridge, some usage also excludes the noduli, some exclude the lateral triangles, and historically it has been used to refer to the fan-shaped body alone (Hanesch et al., 1989).
Interneuron with one or more large arborization fields relative to the neuropil domain(s) it innervates.
Intrinsic neuron of the adult protocerebral bridge. These neurons have somas located in the posterior cell body rind, medial and ventral to the Kenyon cell soma, and fibers that enter the protocerebral bridge laterally.
adult intrinsic protocerebral bridge neuron
A handle bar-shaped synaptic neuropil located just posterior to the fan-shaped body. Its lateral edge ends at the posterior end of the inferior clamp (ICL) near the medial equatorial fascicle (MEF). A row of 18 connected slices (9 on each side of the midline, numbered 1-9 from medial to lateral) that forms a dorso-posteriorly located part of the central complex embedded in the cortex between the calyces of the two mushroom bodies.
The identification of the most medial slice (slice 1) by Wolff et al. (2015) meant that the domain that was previously called slice 1 corresponds in fact to slice 2. Each of the two neighboring slices (2-3, 4-5, 6-7, 8-9) are associated more closely because small-field columnar neurons innervate the fan-shaped body via the protocerebral bridge, and these neurons are generated by the same neuroblasts, forming four groups on each side of the midline, from lateral to medial: segment pair W, X, Y and Z (Boyan and Williams et al., 2011; Ito and Awasaki, 2008).
A doughnut shaped synaptic neuropil domain of the central complex of the adult brain that lies just anterior to the fan-shaped body. Its hole (the ellipsoid body canal) points anteriorly and has an axon tract (the anterior bundle) running through it. It is divided into concentric layers and into 16 radial segments, 8 per hemisphere, numbered 1-8 from superior medial to inferior medial (Ito et al., 2014).
The largest synaptic neuropil domain of the adult central complex, located posterior to the ellipsoid body and anterior to the protocerebral bridge (Hanesch et al., 1989; Wolff et al., 2015). The fan-shaped body is composed of a rough 2-dimensional grid of layers and columns (Hanesch et al., 1998; Wolff et al., 2015; Hulse et al., 2021). Eight horizontal layers, numbered bottom to top, form a fan shape and can be divided into vertical columns (sometimes called staves, slices or segments) (Ito et al., 2014; Wolff et al., 2015). An additional, much narrower, 9th layer, which lacks a columnar organization, sits dorsal to layer 8 (Wolff et al., 2015). The number of columns varies for different neuronal types (Scheffer et al., 2020).
Previously thought to be 8 slices per hemisphere numbered from 1-8 medial to lateral - arranged in 4 closely associated pairs (Ito et al., 2014). Each of the two neighboring slices (1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-8) are associated more closely because they receive small-field columnar neurons generated by the same neuroblasts, forming four groups on each side of the midline, from lateral to medial: segment pair W, X, Y and Z (Boyan and Williams, 2011; Ito and Awasaki, 2008). Six to nine layers can be identified, depending on the staining that is used (Hanesch et al., 1989; Young and Armstrong, 2010; Kahsai and Winther, 2011, Lin et al., 2013, Wolff et al., 2015). Recent papers divide the FB into 9 layers (Wolff et al., 2015; Scheffer et al., 2020).
A bilaterally paired synaptic neuropil domain of the adult brain with a roughly pyramidal shape that is located inferior-lateral to the ellipsoid body and anterior-inferior to the bulb (lateral triangle). It lies behind the antennal lobe and in front of the ventral complex.
The LAL corresponds to part of the anterior superior part of the vmpr of Otsuna and Ito (2006) and to the ventral part of the inferior dorsofrontal protocerebrum (IDFP) of Chiang et al. (2011) (Ito et al., 2014).
A bilaterally paired synaptic neuropil domain located lateral to the ellipsoid body and anterior lateral to the fan-shaped body. It contains 80 microglomeruli characterized by their granular texture. It is formed primarily by the collateral arborizations of neuronal fibers that project to the ellipsoid body and by the terminals of the fibers projecting from the anterior optic tubercle and other neuropils.
The bulb corresponds to the medial part of the mimpr of Otsuna and Ito, (2006) and to the lateral triangle of Chiang et al. (2011) (Ito et al., 2014).
Bilaterally paired neuropil structure situated postero-dorsally in the protocerebrum that functions in olfactory associative learning and memory. The mushroom body is divided into: the calyx, which is closest to the cell body rind and receives sensory interneuron afferents; the pedunculus, which is a thick axon bundle extending from the calyx to the base of the lobes; and the mushroom body lobe system, which consists of a vertical branch composed of two intertwined lobes (alpha and alpha') and a medial branch consisting of three parallel lobes (beta, beta' and gamma) (Crittenden et al., 1998; Ito et al., 2014).
A synaptic neuropil domain containing dendrites of Kenyon cells and receiving sensory interneuron afferents, mainly from the antennal lobes (Ito et al., 2014; Saumweber et al., 2018). It is located on the posterior side of the brain, close to the cortex where the cell bodies of the Kenyon cells are located (Lee et al., 1999; Saumweber et al., 2018). The peduncle extends anteriorly from the calyx to the base of the lobes (Ito et al., 2014; Saumweber et al., 2018).
Intrinsic neuron of the mushroom body. They have tightly-packed cell bodies, situated in the rind above the calyx of the mushroom body (Ito et al., 1997). Four short fascicles, one per lineage, extend from the cell bodies of the Kenyon cells into the calyx (Ito et al., 1997). These 4 smaller fascicles converge in the calyx where they arborize and form pre- and post-synaptic terminals (Christiansen et al., 2011), with different Kenyon cells receiving input in different calyx regions/accessory calyces (Tanaka et al., 2008). They emerge from the calyx as a thick axon bundle referred to as the peduncle that bifurcates to innervate the dorsal and medial lobes of the mushroom body (Tanaka et al., 2008).
Pre-synaptic terminals were identified using two presynaptic markers (Brp and Dsyd-1) and post-synaptic terminals by labelling a subunit of the acetylcholine receptor (Dalpha7) in genetically labelled Kenyon cells (Christiansen et al., 2011).
A bundle of neuron projections of Kenyon cells, dense with synapses, that extends from the calyx of the mushroom body to the base of the mushroom body lobe system (Ito et al., 1997).
The mushroom body lobe system consists of a vertical (dorsal) branch and a medial branch. In the larva, there are only two lobes (one dorsal, one medial), but remodeling during the pupal stage results in five lobes (two dorsal, three medial) in the adult (Lee et al., 1999).
Small and discrete area of the ventrolateral neuropils defined by the presynaptic terminals of visual projection neurons carrying sensory information from the optic lobe (Otsuna and Ito, 2006; Wu et al., 2016).
A region of the adult brain that processes visual information from the compound eyes.
Neuron that has its cell body in the adult optic lobe. These neurons develop from neuroblasts of the larval optic anlage (Hofbauer and Campos-Ortega, 1990).
Lateral-most synaptic neuropil domain of the adult optic lobes, lying just beneath the compound eyes. It is composed of an array of repetitive cartridge-like units, each of which receives axons from specific sets of ommatidia in the compound eyes.
Monopolar, intrinsic unicolumnar neuron of the adult optic lobe that has its soma in the cell body rind of the lamina and connects the lamina to the medulla (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989). It has a single major projection that projects along one optic cartridge in the lamina, crosses the first optic chiasm and terminates in the same cartridge in the medulla (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989).
Lamina monopolar neuron that has short collaterals projecting radially from the main projection in the lamina and arborization in medulla layers M1 and M5 (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Kind et al., 2021). In the lamina, these short collaterals are strongly postsynaptic to the terminals of photoreceptors R1-6 (Rivera-Alba et al., 2011). In the medulla, it makes strong reciprocal synaptic connections with lamina monopolar cell L5 and centrifugal neuron C2, as well as substantial output synapses to C3, Mi1 and Tm3 cells (Takemura et al., 2013). It is also electrically synapsed to lamina monopolar neuron L2 (Joesch et al., 2010). It is a glutamatergic neuron (Gao et al., 2008; Takemura et al., 2011). There is usually one of these cells per optic column (Nern et al., 2025).
The neurotransmitter was assessed by labelling cells with a vGlut[OK371]-dVP16AD-GAL4 driver (FBti0129742) (Gao et al., 2008) or by single cell RT-PCR with specific primers (Takemura et al., 2011). Cell connectivity in the lamina was determined by analysis of semi-automated EM reconstruction of 749 serial sections of 21 complete lamina cartridges. The number of synaptic connections for L1 (presynaptic/postsynaptic) in a single lamina cartridge with each cell type was the following: R1 (-/40), R2 (-/43), R3 (-/37), R4 (-/38), R5 (-/38), R6 (-/45), L2 (-/3), Lai (-/1), C3 (-/3) and Lawf (-/1) (Rivera-Alba et al., 2011). Connectivity in the medulla was extrapolated from serial EM of 7 columns from a single sample (Takemura et al., 2013). Electrical connectivity was shown by dye labelling (Joesch et al., 2010).
A lamina monopolar neuron with short collaterals that project radially from the main projection in the lamina and that arborizes in medulla layer M2. In the lamina it receives strong input from photoreceptors R1-R6 (Rivera-Alba et al., 2011). It has both pre- and postsynaptic connections in medulla layer M2, with strong synaptic input coming from centrifugal neurons C2 and C3 (Takemura et al., 2013). It has a large number of presynaptic connections to lamina monopolar neuron L5, columnar neuron T1, and transmedullary neurons Tm1, Tm2 and Tm4 (Takemura et al., 2013). It is a cholinergic neuron (Takemura et al., 2011) and is electrically synapsed to lamina monopolar neuron L1 (Joesch et al., 2010). There is usually one of these cells per optic column (Nern et al., 2025).
Cell connectivity in the lamina was determined by analysis of semi-automated EM reconstruction of 749 serial sections of 21 complete lamina cartridges. The number of synaptic connections for L2 (presynaptic/postsynaptic) in a single lamina cartridge with each cell type was the following: R1 (1/46), R2 (1/45), R3 (-/39), R4 (-/41), R5 (-/39), R6 (-/47), L1 (3/-), L4 (10/7), L5 (1/-), Lai (-/1), C2 (-/3), C3 (-/5) and Lwf (-/7) (Rivera-Alba et al., 2011). Connectivity in the medulla was extrapolated from serial EM of 7 columns from a single sample (Takemura et al., 2013). Note that for many of the output synapses in M2, Tm1 and Tm2 share the same sites (Takemura et al., 2008; Takemura et al., 2011). Electrical connectivity was shown by dye labelling (Joesch et al., 2010). The neurotransmitter was assessed by single cell RT-PCR measurement of choline acetyltransferase (FBgn0000303) expression (Takemura et al., 2011).
Lamina monopolar neuron with short spines that project to one side of the main projection as it extends through the lamina (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Kind et al., 2021). It terminates with an arborization in medulla layer M3 (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Kind et al., 2021). In the lamina it is postsynaptic to the outer photoreceptors (R1-R6) (Rivera-Alba et al., 2011). It also receives input from the inner photoreceptors, partly in the first optic chiasm and partly in the medulla (Kind et al., 2021). It forms presynaptic terminals in medulla layer M3 (Takemura et al., 2008), with strong outputs to Mi9 and Tm20 (Takemura et al., 2013). It is a GABAergic neuron (Raghu et al., 2013). There is usually one of these cells per optic column (Nern et al., 2025).
Cell connectivity in the lamina was determined by analysis of semi-automated EM reconstruction of 749 serial sections of 21 complete lamina cartridges. The number of synaptic connections for L3 (presynaptic/postsynaptic) in a single lamina cartridge with each cell type was the following: R1 (-/11), R2 (-/10), R3 (-/4), R4 (-/8), R5 (-/6), R6 (-/12), L4 (-/1), L5 (1/-), Lai (-/10) and Lawf (-/17) (Rivera-Alba et al., 2011). Connectivity in the medulla was extrapolated from serial EM of 3 columns from a single sample (Takemura et al., 2008) or from 7 columns (Takemura et al., 2013). The neurotransmitter was assessed by the intersection of the expression of the VGAT-GAL4 driver (FBtp0069181) and an antibody against GABA (Raghu et al., 2013).
A lamina monopolar neuron that arborizes in the proximal lamina, forms a spreading arbor in medulla layer M2 and a small terminal arbor in M4-M5 that penetrates adjacent columns (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Takemura et al., 2008; Takemura et al., 2011). In the medulla it forms presynaptic terminals in both M2 and M4-M5 with transmedullary neuron Tm2; three L4 neurons, one from the parent column and two from the posterior ones contact the same Tm2 neuron (Takemura et al., 2008; Takemura et al., 2011). It seems to be capable of both cholinergic and GABAergic neurotransmission.
Note, Fischbach and Dittrich (1989) have this as arborizing in M4, but we follow the more detailed analysis of Takemura and colleagues (2008) who place the terminal arbor in M5. This difference may have to do with the different ways the two papers define L4. Note also that L4x and L4y are simply a way of referring to L4 collaterals from an adjacent cartridge in descriptions of synaptic connectivity (see Meinertzhagen and O'Neil, 1991) and are not separate neurons. Connectivity in the medulla was extrapolated from serial EM of 3 columns from a single sample (Takemura et al., 2008; Takemura et al., 2011). Takemura et al. (2011) and Davis et al. (2020) report the neurotransmitter to be acetylcholine as assessed by single cell RT-PCR measurement of choline acetyltransferase (FBgn0000303) expression and scRNAseq detection of both choline acetyltransferase and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (FBgn0270928). However, Raghu et al. (2013) report this neuron to be GABAergic as assessed by the intersection of the expression of the VGAT-GAL4 driver (FBtp0069181) and an antibody against GABA.
A lamina monopolar neuron that hardly arborizes at all in the lamina, but forms a branched arborization in medulla layers M1 and M2 and a clump of terminals in M5. In the medulla, it forms strong reciprocal synaptic connections with monopolar lamina monopolar neuron L1 (Takemura et al., 2013). It also receives substantial input from L2 and C2 neurons and has many presynapses connecting to medullary intrinsic neurons Mi1 and Mi4, and to transmedullary neuron Tm3a (Takemura et al., 2013). It is a cholinergic neuron (Davis et al., 2020). There is usually one of these cells per optic column (Nern et al., 2025).
Pre- versus postsynaptic innervation judged by scoring of terminal morphology from figures in Fischbach and Dittrich (1989) as assessed by FlyBrain Neuron DB. Connectivity in the medulla was extrapolated from serial EM of 7 columns from a single sample (Takemura et al., 2013).
Intrinsic columnar neuron of the optic lobe that has its cell body in the posterior part of the optic lobe and a cell body fiber that bifurcates in the second optic chiasma (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989). It has two branches, each targeting a different neuropil adjacent to the second optic chiasma (lobula, lobula plate and medulla) (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989).
An intrinsic columnar neuron whose cell body lies in the cortex of the medulla. The fiber of the T1 cell body branches at the medulla surface to form a T-shaped linking fiber between a bush-like arborization in the distal part of a medulla column (M1 and M2), and a bundle of climbing fibers in the equivalent column of the lamina (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989). Synaptic connections in the lamina are exclusively postsynaptic and include a large number of connections from lamina intrinsic (amacrine) neurons (Meinertzhagen and O'Neil, 1991; Rivera-Alba et al., 2011). In the medulla, it is strongly synapsed by centrifugal neuron C3 in medulla layer M2 and lamina monopolar neuron L2 (Takemura et al., 2008; Takemura et al., 2013). There is usually one of these cells per optic column (Nern et al., 2025).
Cell connectivity in the lamina was determined by analysis of semi-automated EM reconstruction of 749 serial sections of 21 complete lamina cartridges. The number of synaptic connections for T1 (presynaptic/postsynaptic) in a single lamina cartridge for each cell type was the following: R2 (-/2), R3 (-/2), R4 (-/2), Lai (-/54), C3 (-/1) and Lawf (-/1) (Rivera-Alba et al., 2011). Connectivity in the medulla was extrapolated from serial EM of 3 columns from a single sample (Takemura et al., 2008) or from 7 columns (Takemura et al., 2013).
T neuron with its cell body posterior to the lobula plate and a cell body fiber that projects through the lobula plate and via the second optic chiasma, with little or no arborization, to medulla layer 10 (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Shinomiya et al., 2019). It forms a fine arborization in medulla layers M9 and M10 and its axon then doubles back across the second optic chiasma to form bleb-type arborizations in a single layer of the lobula plate (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Shinomiya et al., 2019). It is a cholinergic neuron (Mauss et al., 2014; Shinomiya et al., 2014). There are a large number of these cells, which are generated from neuroblasts that amplify by symmetric division (type III) before generating the T4 (and T5) neurons (Mora et al., 2018).
Pre- versus postsynaptic innervation judged by scoring of terminal morphology from figures in Fischbach and Dittrich (1989) as assessed by FlyBrain Neuron DB. The neurotransmitter was assessed with a split-GAL4 strategy using a Chat-DBD allele (FBal0198074) (Mauss et al., 2014) and single-cell transcript profiling (Shinomiya et al., 2014).
T neuron with its cell body in the lobula plate cell body rind and a cell body fiber that projects through the lobula plate and via the second optic chiasma, with little or no arborization, to lobula layer 1 (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Shinomiya et al., 2019). It forms a fine arborization in lobula layer 1, then its axon doubles back across the second optic chiasma to form bleb-type arborizations in a single layer of the lobula plate (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Shinomiya et al., 2019). It is a cholinergic neuron (Mauss et al., 2014; Shinomiya et al., 2014). There are a large number of these cells, which are generated from neuroblasts that amplify by symmetric division (type III) before generating the T5 (and T4) neurons (Mora et al., 2018).
Pre- versus postsynaptic innervation judged by scoring of terminal morphology from figures in Fischbach and Dittrich (1989) as assessed by FlyBrain Neuron DB. The neurotransmitter was assessed with a split-GAL4 strategy using a Chat-DBD allele (FBal0198074) (Mauss et al., 2014) and single-cell transcript profiling (Shinomiya et al., 2014). Connectivity in the lobula was assessed by serial section electron microscopy of a single column (Shinomiya et al., 2014).
A lamina wide-field neuron that has a main projection that ascends via the first optic chiasm into the lamina where it is restricted to a single column for most of its length before making wide-field arborizations in the distal lamina. These neurons also arborize on the distal surface of the medulla in a circular field of about 20 columns. Several linking fibers from this arborization descend into M4 where they form a wide arborization field covering about 30-40 columns (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Morante and Desplan, 2008). In the lamina, it forms numerous presynaptic connections to lamina monopolar neuron L3 and lamina intrinsic (amacrine) neuron (Rivera-Alba et al., 2011).
Pre-synaptic terminals were assessed by labelling with a UAS-Synaptotagmin reporter (P{UAS-HA-syt} - FBtp0015803). The identification of dendrites and axons was done using a UAS-Dscam (P{UAS-Dscam.exon17.1.GFP} - FBtp0021447) or a UAS-tau (P{UAS-tau-lacZ.O} - FBtp0010033) reporter, respectively (Morante and Desplan, 2008). Cell connectivity in the lamina was determined by analysis of semi-automated EM reconstruction of 749 serial sections of 21 complete lamina cartridges. The number of synaptic connections for Lawf (presynaptic/postsynaptic) in a single lamina cartridge with each cell type was the following: R1 (1/1), R2 (3/-), R3 (1/-), R6 (1/-), L1 (1/-), L2 (7/-), L3 (17/-), L5 (1/-), Lai (24/-), T1 (1/-), C2 (3/-), C3 (2/-), Lawf collaterals (5) and epithelial glia (6/-) (Rivera-Alba et al., 2011).
Columnar neuron whose soma lies in the cortex between the medulla and the lobula plate that extends through a single column of the medulla and lamina.
Adult centrifugal neuron with arborizations in the medulla layers M1, M5/M6, M8 and M10 and more restricted arborizations in the lamina (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Kind et al., 2021). In the medulla, it makes reciprocal connections to lamina monopolar neuron L1, and is presynaptic to L2 and L5, as well as medullary intrinsic neuron Mi1 (Takemura et al., 2013). It is GABAergic (Fei et al., 2010). There is usually one of these cells per optic column (Nern et al., 2025).
Pre- versus postsynaptic innervation in the proximal medulla was inferred by scoring of terminal morphology from figures in Fischbach and Dittrich (1989) as assessed by FlyBrain Neuron DB. Connectivity in the medulla was extrapolated from serial EM of 7 columns from a single sample (Takemura et al., 2013).
Adult centrifugal neuron with arborizations in medulla layers M1-2, M5, and M9-10 and more restricted arborizations in the lamina (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Kind et al., 2021). It forms presynapses and postsynapses in the lamina (Morante and Desplan, 2008; Rivera-Alba et al., 2011). In the medulla it is strongly presynaptic to monopolar lamina neuron L2 and columnar neuron T1, and strongly postsynaptic to L1 (Takemura et al., 2013). It is GABAergic (Fei et al., 2010). There is usually one of these cells per optic column (Nern et al., 2025).
Pre-synaptic terminals were assessed by labelling with a UAS-Synaptotagmin reporter (P{UAS-HA-syt} - FBtp0015803). The identification of dendrites was done using a UAS-Dscam (P{UAS-Dscam.exon17.1.GFP} - FBtp0021447) reporter (Morante and Desplan, 2008). Cell connectivity in the lamina was determined by analysis of semi-automated EM reconstruction of 749 serial sections of 21 complete lamina cartridges. Connectivity in the medulla was extrapolated from serial EM of 7 columns from a single sample (Takemura et al., 2013).
Tangential neuron of the optic lobe that projects and arborizes along the plane of one or more layers of the lamina.
Intrinsic amacrine neuron of the lamina with arborizations spanning the proximal and distal lamina, whose cell body lies proximal to the lamina (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Meinertzhagen and Sorra, 2001). It has extensive arborizations and forms a substantial number of presynaptic terminals with columnar neuron T1 and epithelial glia (Rivera-Alba et al., 2011). It receives strong input from each of photoreceptors R1-R6, and from lamina wide-field cells (Rivera-Alba et al., 2011). It is a glutamatergic neuron (Davis et al., 2020). There are approximately 210 of these cells on each side (Nern et al., 2025).
Cell connectivity in the lamina was determined by analysis of semi-automated EM reconstruction of 749 serial sections of 21 complete lamina cartridges. The number of synaptic connections for Lai (presynaptic/postsynaptic) in a single lamina cartridge with each cell type was the following: R1 (-/36), R2 (1/39), R3 (-/39), R4 (2/37), R5 (2/35), R6 (-/40), L1 (1/-), L2 (1/-), L3 (10/-), L4 (4/2), L5 (4/-), Lai (1), T1 (54/1), C2 (1/5), C3 (1/9), Lawf (-/24) and epithelial glia (87/-) (Rivera-Alba et al., 2011).
Segment (column) of the lamina defined by the distal-proximal (eye to central brain) projections of photoreceptor cells of a single ommatidium.
The second optic neuropil, sandwiched between the lamina and the lobula complex. It is divided into 10 layers: 1-6 make up the outer (distal) medulla, the seventh (or serpentine) layer exhibits a distinct architecture and layers 8-10 make up the inner (proximal) medulla (Ito et al., 2014).
Nern et al. (2025) - FBrf0262545 say distal is M1-5 and M6-7 is central medulla.
Distal-most layer of the medulla. It is defined by the distal extent of the distal lamina monopolar neuron L1 arborization (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989).
In the literature there are two methods for describing spatial location of neurons in the visual system: distal-proximal (e.g. Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989), and medial-lateral (e.g. Ito et al., 2014), both meaning outer and inner, and refer to the distance of a structure along the visual pathway relative to the center of the brain. Currently we will adopt the classical 'distal-proximal'.
Second most lateral layer of the medulla. It is defined by the distal extent of the distal lamina monopolar neuron L2 arborization (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989).
Third most lateral layer of the medulla. It is defined by the proximal border of the lamina monopolar neuron L2 arborization to that of the lamina neuron L3 terminal (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989).
Fourth most lateral layer of the medulla. It corresponds to the narrow layer between the proximal end of lamina neuron L3 and the distal border of lamina neuron L1's proximal arborization (Takemura et al., 2008).
In the literature there are two methods for describing spatial location of neurons in the visual system: distal-proximal (e.g. Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989), and medial-lateral (e.g. Ito et al., 2014), both meaning outer and inner, and refer to the distance of a structure along the visual pathway relative to the center of the brain. We use the classical 'distal-proximal'.
Fifth most lateral layer of the medulla. It is defined by the lamina neuron L1's proximal arborization and contains the proximal lamina neuron L5 terminal (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989).
Sixth most lateral layer of the medulla, immediately lateral to the serpentine layer. It lies between the lamina neuron L1's arborization and the serpentine layer (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989).
A major layer of extensive tangential fibers in the medulla, many of which project via the posterior optic commissure to the opposite medulla. It is the 7th most lateral layer of the medulla.
Lateral-most layer of the inner medulla, immediately medial to the serpentine layer.
Inner-most layer of the medulla. Practically it is defined by the height of the T4 neuron terminal arborizations.
An amacrine neuron that is intrinsic to the medulla, whose soma is located in the cortex of the medulla and that branches and arborizes in the distal medulla. These neurons project through the distal surface of the medulla, to form wide (sometimes very wide) terminal arborizations mainly or completely restricted to a single layer of the medulla.
Distal medullary wide-field amacrine neuron whose cell body is located in the cell body rind of the medulla. It projects asymmetrically along layers M2 and M3A forming mixed morphology arborizations (Morante and Desplan, 2008; Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989). The arborization is proximal to that of Dm15 in M2 and distal to Dm4, Dm12 and Dm20 in M3B. Its arbor has a distinct narrow and elongated shape, covering one column wide and 10 columns long. The arbors overlap significantly between cells, aligning with rows of medulla columns, and extending in one of two orthogonal orientations. It is a glutamatergic neuron (Raghu and Borst, 2011). There are two subtypes with different dendrite orientation, synaptic partners and gene expression (Ozel et al., 2021).
The neurotransmitter was assessed by labelling cells with a vGlut[CNSIII]-GAL4 driver (FBti0129148) (Raghu and Borst, 2011). Pre- versus postsynaptic innervation judged by scoring of terminal morphology from figures in Fischbach and Dittrich (1989) as assessed by FlyBrain Neuron DB.
A columnar neuron that is intrinsic to the medulla, connecting distal and proximal layers (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Kind et al., 2021). It has its soma in the cell body rind of the medulla (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989).
Unicolumnar medullary intrinsic neuron with bushy, fine arborizations in medulla layers M1, M5 and M9-10 (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Kind et al., 2021). The projection of this neuron branches at the inner-face of the medulla to form two to three varicose recurrent terminal specializations that extend back up to the inner border of layer M8 (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Morante and Desplan, 2008). In central (non-dorsal margin) columns it receives input from an R8 photoreceptor cell, but connections are substantially weaker in dorsal margin columns (Kind et al., 2021). Pre-synaptic terminals are present mainly in medulla layers M9-M10, but also in all other layers where neurites extend laterally (Pankova and Borst, 2017). It receives input from lamina monopolar neurons L1 and L5 and centrifugal neuron C2 (Takemura et al., 2013). It outputs to T4 neurons and transmedullary neuron Tm3a (Takemura et al., 2013). It is a cholinergic neuron (Hasegawa et al., 2011; Pankova and Borst, 2017). There is usually one of these cells per optic column (Nern et al., 2025).
small field unilateral tristratified neuron
Pre-synaptic terminals were assessed by labelling with a UAS-Synaptotagmin reporter (P{UAS-HA-syt} - FBtp0015803). The neurotransmitter was assessed by labelling cells with an anti-ChAT antibody (Hasegawa et al., 2011). The morphology of the terminals was judged from figures in Fischbach and Dittrich (1989) as assessed by FlyBrain Neuron DB. Connectivity and morphology in the medulla were assessed by electron microscopy reconstruction from 7 columns (Takemura et al., 2013).
Medulla intrinsic narrow field neuron with both fine and bleb-type arborizations in medulla layers M1, M2, M3 and M8, but with only fine arborizations in medulla layers M4 and M5, and only bleb-type arborizations in medulla layer M9 (Morante and Desplan, 2008; Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989). It receives input from the lamina monopolar neuron L5 and photoreceptor R8 (Takemura et al., 2013). It is a GABAergic neuron (Takemura et al., 2017). There is usually one of these cells per optic column (Nern et al., 2025).
Raghu and Borst (2011) identified this as glutamatergic using a vGlut[CNSIII]-GAL4 driver (FBti0129148), but vGlut antibody staining performed by Takemura et al. (2017) was not strong compared to neighboring cells, whereas GAD1 staining was strong. Pre- versus postsynaptic innervation judged by scoring of terminal morphology from figures in Fischbach and Dittrich (1989) as assessed by FlyBrain Neuron DB. Connectivity in the medulla was assessed by electron microscopy reconstruction from 7 columns (Takemura et al., 2013). Kind et al. (2020) say that it is not contacted by R7/R8 in the DRA, but not clear whether Mi4 is present in the DRA.
Medulla intrinsic narrow field neuron with a bushy mix of bleb-type and fine terminal arborization in layers M2, M3 and M4 and in the lower medulla layers M9-M10 (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Kind et al., 2021). It establishes pre- and post-synaptic connections in both the inner and outer medulla layers (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Morante and Desplan, 2008). It receives input from lamina monopolar neuron L3 (Takemura et al., 2013). It is glutamatergic (Takemura et al., 2017). There is usually one of these cells per optic column (Nern et al., 2025).
Pre-synaptic terminals were assessed by labelling with a UAS-Synaptotagmin reporter (P{UAS-HA-syt} - FBtp0015803). The identification of dendrites and axons was done using a UAS-Dscam (P{UAS-Dscam.exon17.1.GFP} - FBtp0021447) or a UAS-tau (P{UAS-tau-lacZ.O} - FBtp0010033) reporter, respectively (Morante and Desplan, 2008). Connectivity in the medulla was extrapolated from serial EM from 7 columns (Takemura et al., 2013).
An intrinsic columnar neuron of the optic lobe whose cell body lies in the distal cortex of the medulla and that projects through the medulla and optic chiasm into the lobula. All neurons arborize in the lobula and most, but not all, in the medulla (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989).
Transmedullary narrow field neuron that terminates in lobula layer 1 with a bleb-type terminal arborization and that has fine arborizations in medulla layer M2 and bleb-type arborizations in M3 and M9 (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Takemura et al., 2011). In the medulla, it receives strong synaptic input from lamina monopolar neuron L2 (Takemura et al., 2011; Takemura et al., 2013). It outputs onto T5 neurons (Shinomiya et al., 2019). It is a cholinergic neuron (Varija Raghu et al., 2011; Shinomiya et al., 2014). There is usually one of these cells per optic column (Nern et al., 2025).
The neurotransmitter was assessed by co-labelling cells with a P{Cha-GAL4.7.4} driver (FBtp0014830) and an anti-ChAT antibody (Varija Raghu et al., 2011; Shinomiya et al., 2014). Pre- versus postsynaptic innervation judged by scoring of terminal morphology from figures in Fischbach and Dittrich (1989) as assessed by FlyBrain Neuron DB. Connectivity in the medulla was extrapolated from serial EM of 3 columns from a single sample (Takemura et al., 2008) or from 7 columns (Takemura et al., 2013). Connectivity in the lobula was assessed by serial section electron microscopy of a single column (Shinomiya et al., 2014). Connectivity in the entire optic lobe was also assessed by EM (Shinomiya et al., 2019).
Transmedullary narrow field neuron that has its main dendritic arborization in medulla layer M2 (Ting et al., 2014), where it receives input from lamina monopolar neuron L2 (Takemura et al., 2011), and additional postsynaptic terminals in M4-M5, where it receives input from lamina monopolar neuron L4 (Takemura et al., 2011). It has presynaptic terminals in layers M3, M4 and M9 (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Takemura et al., 2011). Its axon follows the posterior edge of its cognate medulla column (Ting et al., 2014), then crosses the second optic chiasma to terminate in lobula layers 1 and 2 (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989). In layer 1 it outputs to T5 neurons (Shinomiya et al., 2014). It is a cholinergic neuron (Varija Raghu et al., 2011; Gao et al., 2008; Takemura et al., 2011). There is usually one of these cells per optic column (Nern et al., 2025).
The neurotransmitter has been assessed by co-labelling cells with a P{Cha-GAL4.7.4} driver (FBtp0014830) and an anti-ChAT antibody (Varija Raghu et al., 2011), by using a Cha-GAL4.DBD (FBtp002350) (Gao et al., 2008) and by neurotransmitter was assessed by single cell RT-PCR measurement of choline acetyltransferase (FBgn0000303) expression (Takemura et al., 2011). Connectivity in the medulla was extrapolated from serial EM of 3 columns from a single sample (Takemura et al., 2008) or from 7 columns (Takemura et al., 2013). Connectivity in the lobula was assessed by serial section electron microscopy of a single column (Shinomiya et al., 2014).
Transmedullary narrow field neuron that terminates in lobula layers 1 and 4 with bleb-like terminal arborizations. It has fine arborizations in medulla layers M1, M4, and M5, and has bleb-type arborization in medulla layers M1, M4, M9 and M10 (Morante and Desplan, 2008; Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989). Pre-synaptic terminals are present mainly in medulla layers M9-M10, but also in all other layers where neurites extend laterally (Pankova and Borst, 2017). It receives input from lamina monopolar neuron L1 and L5 and medullary intrinsic neuron Mi1 and it outputs to T4 neurons (Takemura et al., 2013). It seems to be capable of both cholinergic (Pankova & Borst, 2017) and GABAergic (Raghu et al., 2013) neurotransmission.
Pre- versus postsynaptic innervation judged by scoring of terminal morphology from figures in Fischbach and Dittrich (1989) as assessed by FlyBrain Neuron DB. The neurotransmitter was assessed to be GABA by the intersection of the expression of the VGAT-GAL4 driver (FBtp0069181) and an antibody against GABA (Raghu et al., 2013). Connectivity in the medulla was assessed by electron microscopy reconstruction from 7 columns (Takemura et al., 2013). Neuron was assessed to be cholinergic based on anti-HA antibody detection of HA-tagged VAChT expression (Pankova & Borst, 2017).
Transmedullary narrow field neuron that terminates in lobula layers 1, 2 and 4 with bleb-type arborizations, and with fine arborizations in layer 3. It displays fine arborizations in medulla layers M2, M3, M4 and M9, and has bleb-type arborizations in layers M2, M4, and M9 (Morante and Desplan, 2008; Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989). In the medulla, receives input from lamina monopolar neuron L2 and centrifugal neuron C3 (Takemura et al., 2013). In lobula layer 1, it outputs to T5 neurons (Shinomiya et al., 2014). It seems to be capable of both cholinergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. There is usually one of these cells per optic column (Nern et al., 2025).
The acetylcholine neurotransmitter was assessed by co-labelling cells with a Cha-GAL4.7.4 driver (FBtp0014830) and an anti-ChAT antibody (Varija Raghu et al., 2011), and by scRNAseq detection of choline acetyltransferase (FBgn0000303) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (FBgn0270928) expression (Davis et al., 2020). The GABA neurotransmitter was assessed by the intersection of the expression of the VGAT-GAL4 driver (FBtp0069181) and an antibody against GABA (Raghu et al., 2013). Pre- versus postsynaptic innervation judged by scoring of terminal morphology from figures in Fischbach and Dittrich (1989) as assessed by FlyBrain Neuron DB. Connectivity in the medulla was extrapolated from serial EM from 7 columns (Takemura et al., 2013). Connectivity in the lobula was assessed by serial section electron microscopy of a single column (Shinomiya et al., 2014).
Transmedullary neuron that terminates in lobula layer 5 with bleb-type arborizations. It displays fine arborizations in medulla layers M3 and M6 and other, depending on the subtype. It has bleb-type terminals in layers M6 and M8. It has three subtypes.
Pre- versus postsynaptic innervation judged by scoring of terminal morphology from figures in Fischbach and Dittrich (1989) as assessed by FlyBrain Neuron DB. In these figures, the neuron has characteristics of the three Tm5 subtypes.
Transmedullary neuron that has dendritic arborization in medulla layers M1-M3, as well as presynaptic sites in M8 (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Gao et al., 2008). In the medulla, it spans just one column (Kind et al., 2021), and receives input from lamina monopolar neuron L3 (Takemura et al., 2013) and an R8 photoreceptor (Kind et al., 2021). Its axon follows the anterior edge of its cognate medulla column (Ting et al., 2014), then crosses the second optic chiasma and projects to lobula layer 5 (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Gao et al., 2008). It provides input to the lobula intrinsic neuron Li4 via many synapses (Lin et al., 2016). It is a cholinergic neuron (Gao et al., 2008). There is usually one of these cells per optic column (Nern et al., 2025).
Connectivity in the medulla based on EM (Takemura et al., 2013; Kind et al., 2021). Connectivity in the lobula was assessed by GRASP and double-labeling EM (Lin et al., 2016). Neurotransmitter was assessed using a cha-GAL4DBD driver (Gao et al., 2008).
Tangential neuron of the optic lobe that projects and arborizes along the plane of one or more medulla layers.
Anterior domain of the adult lobula complex. It can be divided into six layers and houses many columnar neurons.
Layer of the lobula that abuts the second optic chiasm. It is defined by the bushy arborizations of the T5 neurons, and by the terminal arborizations of transmedullary neuron Tm1 and Tm9.
Layer of the lobula that is second-most from the second optic chiasm. It is defined by the arborizations of lobula tangential neuron LT5.
Layer of the lobula that is third-most from the second optic chiasm. It contains the arborizations of lobula tangential neuron LT6.
Layer of the lobula that is fourth-most from the second optic chiasm. It contains the terminals of the translobula plate Tlp 2, 3, 4 and 5 neurons.
Fischbach and Dittrich, (1989), comment that lobula layer 4 could potentially be further subdivided based on the stratified arborizations of the Tlp neurons.
Tangential neuron of the optic lobe that projects and arborizes along the plane of one or more layers of the lobula.
An extrinsic columnar neuron that innervates the lobula.
Posterior domain of the adult lobula complex. It is divided into 4 layers and houses many large tangential neurons.
Any interneuron that innervates only the lobula plate (Raghu and Borst, 2011).
The projection of axons between the lamina and medulla (first optic chiasma) or between the medulla and lobula (second optic chiasma). The linear order of axons along each horizontal row of retinotopic cartridges or columns is reversed by the chiasma.
Chiasma lying between the medulla and the lobula/lobula plate of the optic lobe (Ito et al., 2014). Between the medulla and the lobula, neuronal fibers reverse their order, inverting the anterior-posterior axis of the visual field (Ito et al., 2014; Shinomiya et al., 2019). Between the medulla and lobula plate and between the lobula and lobula plate, fibers run in parallel, conserving the axes of the visual field (Shinomiya et al., 2019). Neurons travelling between the medulla and lobula complex form around 25-30 fiber bundles of varying widths, and neurons travelling between the same two neuropil columns do not necessarily fasciculate with the same bundle (Shinomiya et al., 2019). Neurons travelling between the lobula and lobula plate form sheet-like structures, neurons from the medulla bundles also merge into these sheets (Shinomiya et al., 2019). Sheets and bundles are wrapped by glial processes (Shinomiya et al., 2019). Approximately 20,000 neurons pass through each second optic chiasma (Shinomiya et al., 2019).
The lobula lies opposite to the lobula plate, with the columns representing the anterior visual field being furthest from the medulla. For that reason, there is no chiasms between the medulla and lobula plate (Ito et al., 2014).
Neuromere of the antennal segment, located between the protocerebrum and tritocerebrum, connected to antennal nerve trunk (Urbach and Technau, 2003; Ito et al., 2014).
Synaptic neuropil domain of the deutocerebrum that is the main target for innervation from the antennal nerve.
Discrete partition of the antennal lobe, defined by a specific set of sensory neurons (Bates et al., 2020). There are 51 olfactory and 7 non-olfactory (VP) glomeruli (Bates et al., 2020; Marin et al., 2020).
Nerve that carries axons associated with the antenna and upper head capsule to the brain (It et al., 2014). It enters the brain at the level of the dorsal subesophageal zone (Eichler et al., 2024). Near the brain it consists of about 1700-1800 axons (Stocker, 1979; Stocker and Gendre, 1988). Approximately 1100-1200 of these are sensory fibers from the third antennal segment, mainly axons from olfactory receptor neurons that project to the antennal lobe ventrally, at its antero-ventral corner (Stocker, 1979; Stocker and Gendre, 1988; Kamikouchi et al., 2006). The remaining 500-600 fibers stem mainly from Johnston's organ neurons and mechanosensory sensilla of the anterior head capsule, which target neuropil domains outside of the antennal lobe, including the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (Stocker, 1979; Kamikouchi et al., 2006). A few fibers from this nerve project to the gnathal ganglion and the ventrolateral protocerebrum (Ito et al., 2014).
Stocker and Gendre provide the antennal nerve afferent counts based on TEM micrographs (Stocker and Gendre, 1988). Gross projection patterns within the brain were elucidated by Holmes-Blest reduced silver impregnation (Stocker et al., 1990). That the antennal nerve is composed of some 1200 third antennal segments and 500-600 fibers stemming from the JON and mechanosensory sensilla is based on two lines of evidence: 24hours after amputation of the funiculus, degeneration is seen in all but 500-600 fibers entering the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (Stocker et al., 1990); and Kamikouchi et al. (2006) used enhancer trap labelling and immunolabelling of JONs to trace their projections.
Adult neuropil domain that receives the axonal projections of the Johnston organ neurons (JONs) (Ito et al., 2014). It is part of the saddle, which is found in a relatively dorsal part of the subesophageal zone (Ito et al., 2014). It develops from the anteriormost (tritocerebral) part of the larval central sensory column, which greatly increases in size as JON axons enter it via the antennal nerve during metamorphosis (Kendroud et al., 2018). Afferents of the JONs also invade the mandibular and maxillary neuromeres (Kendroud et al., 2018).
antennal mechanosensory and motor center
A short axon tract containing only a few fibers which projects from the posterior of the antennal lobe, just ventral to the medial antennal lobe tract. Fibers from this tract pass into posterior brain areas, e.g. into the region of the great commissure.
Neuromere of intercalary segment, located between the deutocerebrum and the gnathal ganglion (Urbach and Technau, 2003; Hartenstein et al., 2018).
Region of the central nervous system consisting of the neuromeres of the three gnathal segments; mandibular, maxillary and labial (Ito et al., 2014; Hartenstein et al., 2018). It is located beneath the esophagus (Ito et al., 2014; Hartenstein et al., 2018). In the early larva, the three segmental neuromeres can be clearly identified, but they become fused during development and their segmental organization is obscured in the adult (Hartenstein et al., 2018).
Adult tract connecting the brain to the ventral nerve cord (Ito et al., 2014; Court et al., 2020). It emerges from the posterior gnathal ganglion (Ito et al., 2014; Court et al., 2020) and consists of 4 bundles of neurites in two bilateral pairs (one dorsal pair, one ventral pair) (Power, 1948). It contains around 3700 axons (Phelps et al., 2021).
Neuron of the adult central nervous system that has arborization in the sensory neuropil of the subesophageal zone.
The region of the adult central nervous system posterior to the brain, containing all of the thoracic and abdominal neuromeres (Court et al., 2020). It exists as a single consolidated ganglion located in the ventral part of the thorax (Court et al., 2020). It is connected to the brain by descending and ascending neurons that pass through the neck connective (Court et al., 2020).
Any neuromere (FBbt:00005140) that is part of some prothoracic segment (FBbt:00000017).
Any neuromere (FBbt:00005140) that is part of some mesothoracic segment (FBbt:00000018).
Motor neuron that innervates the indirect flight muscles.
Any neuromere (FBbt:00005140) that is part of some metathoracic segment (FBbt:00000019).
Any neuromere (FBbt:00005140) that is part of some abdominal segment (FBbt:00000021).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is capable of some peptide secretion (GO:0002790).
Any sensillum (FBbt:00007152) that is part of some head (FBbt:00000004).
Any chaeta (FBbt:00005177) that is part of some adult head (FBbt:00003007).
Any sense organ (FBbt:00005155) that is part of some pharynx (FBbt:00005380).
Compound chordotonal organ of antennal segment 2 involved in hearing (Gopfert and Robert, 2002), direction-sensitive wind detection (Yorozu et al., 2009) and gravitaxis (Kamikouchi et al., 2009). The actin-filament rich basal tips of the Johnston's organ scolopidia connect to the inner surface of antennal segment 2, and the apical tips connect to the hook of antennal segment 3 (Gopfert and Robert, 2002). Its sensory neurons (Johnston's organ neurons or JONs) are connected to the Johnston's organ nerve (Kamikouchi et al., 2006), and predominantly innervate the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC). There are 477 +/- 24 cell bodies, arranged in a bowl shape lying vertically with the 'top' facing the lateral side, and forming a ring around the antennal nerve (Kamikouchi et al., 2006). JONs connecting to opposing sides of the hook are alternatively stimulated by stretching or compression according to the hook's oscillatory movement (Gopfert and Robert, 2002).
Yorozu et al., 2009, identify tonically activated Johnston's organ neurons that respond to forward or reverse deflection of the antenna. Genetic ablation of these neurons inhibits wind-induced behavioral responses without impairing hearing. Further, by expression of tetanus toxin, Kamikouchi et al., 2009, identify the same neuronal population as essential for gravitaxis behavior.
A cell type of the ommatidium. Each ommatidium contains four cone cells. The four cell bodies form a plate that is the floor of the pseudocone and the roof of the rhabdomere chamber. The surface facing the pseudocone is covered with small papillae that secrete lens materials. The lower surface, facing the photoreceptors, makes numerous hemi-desmosomes with the extracellular cap above the rhabdomeres. Each cone cell extends a thin process, the inter-retinular fiber, between the photoreceptors to the base of the ommatidium where it makes a foot. The four cone cell feet make a plug at the base of the rhabdomere chamber. Cone cells contain coarse ommochrome pigment granules.
The array of photoreceptors and the cells that support them in a compound eye.
This is a very loosely used term. Definition based on consensus usage in literature.
A(n) anlage that develops into some inclusive hindgut primordium. It develops from some hindgut anlage in statu nascendi.
Anlage that develops into the ventral ectoderm. It is found in the lateroventral trunk region of the embryo at the cellular blastoderm stage, prior to gastrulation (Stathopoulos and Newcomb, 2020).
Any developing material anatomical entity of the embryo.
Sensory neuron that reacts to the presence of light, due to the presence of rhodopsin.
Outer photoreceptor cell of the adult eye whose rhabdomere is located at the right angle vertex of the longer of the two parallel sides of the trapezoid of rhabdomeres in each ommatidium. It has a single axon that projects along a single lamina optic cartridge (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Wolff and Ready, 1993).
The name photoreceptor cell R1 is occasionally, mistakenly assumed to refer to any Rh1 (ninaE) expressing photoreceptor cell. This is incorrect. This term only refers to a type of adult eye photoreceptor cell. The name is based simply on the position of the rhabdomere within each ommatidium - see figure 4 in Wolff and Ready, 1993. Cell connectivity was determined by analysis of semi-automated EM reconstruction of 749 serial sections of 21 complete lamina cartridges. The number of synaptic connections for R1 (presynaptic/postsynaptic) in a single lamina cartridge with each cell type was the following: L1 (40/-), L2 (46/1), L3 (11/-), L4 (-/2), Lai (36/-), Lawf (1/1), epithelial glia (15/-), surface glia (1/-) and marginal glia (1/-) (Rivera-Alba et al., 2011).
Outer photoreceptor cell of the adult eye whose rhabdomere is located in the middle of the longer of the two parallel sides of the trapezoid of rhabdomeres in each ommatidium. It has a single axon that projects along a single lamina optic cartridge (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Wolff and Ready, 1993).
The name photoreceptor cell R2 is occasionally, mistakenly assumed to refer to any Rh2 expressing photoreceptor cell. This is incorrect. This term only refers to a type of adult eye photoreceptor cell. The name is based simply on the position of the cell and its rhabdomere within each ommatidium - see figure 4 in Wolff and Ready, 1993. Cell connectivity was determined by analysis of semi-automated EM reconstruction of 749 serial sections of 21 complete lamina cartridges. The number of synaptic connections for R2 (presynaptic/postsynaptic) in a single lamina cartridge with each cell type was the following: L1 (43/-), L2 (45/1), L3 (10/-), L4 (-/1), Lai (39/-), T1 (2/-), Lawf (-/3), epithelial glia (13/-) and surface glia (1/-) (Rivera-Alba et al., 2011).
Outer photoreceptor cell of the adult eye whose rhabdomere is located at the non-right angled vertex of the longer of two parallel sides of the trapezoid of rhabdomeres in each ommatidium. It has a single axon that projects along a single lamina optic cartridge (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Wolff and Ready, 1993).
The name photoreceptor cell R3 is occasionally, mistakenly assumed to refer to any Rh3 expressing photoreceptor cell. This is incorrect. This term only refers to a type of adult eye photoreceptor cell. The name is based simply on the position of the cell and its rhabdomere within each ommatidium - see figure 4 in Wolff and Ready, 1993. Cell connectivity was determined by analysis of semi-automated EM reconstruction of 749 serial sections of 21 complete lamina cartridges. The number of synaptic connections for R3 (presynaptic/postsynaptic) in a single lamina cartridge with each cell type was the following: L1 (37/-), L2 (39/-), L3 (4/-), L4 (-/3), Lai (39/-), T1 (2/-), C3 (2/1), Lawf (-/1) and epithelial glia (7/-) (Rivera-Alba et al., 2011).
Outer photoreceptor cell of the adult eye whose rhabdomere is located in the middle of the longer of the two non-parallel sides of trapezoid of rhabdomeres in each ommatidium, in between the rhabdomeres of R3 and R5. It has a single axon that projects along a single lamina optic cartridge (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Wolff and Ready, 1993).
The name photoreceptor cell R4 is occasionally, mistakenly assumed to refer to any Rh4 expressing photoreceptor cell. This is incorrect. This term only refers to a type of adult eye photoreceptor cell. The name is based simply on the position of the cell and its rhabdomere within each ommatidium - see figure 4 in Wolff and Ready, 1993. Cell connectivity was determined by analysis of semi-automated EM reconstruction of 749 serial sections of 21 complete lamina cartridges. The number of synaptic connections for R4 (presynaptic/postsynaptic) in a single lamina cartridge with each cell type was the following: L1 (38/-), L2 (41/-), L3 (8/-), L4 (-/1), Lai (37/2), T1 (2/-) and epithelial glia (9/-) (Rivera-Alba et al., 2011).
Outer photoreceptor cell of the adult eye whose rhabdomere is located at a non-right angle vertex of the shorter of the two parallel sides of the trapezoid of rhabdomeres in each ommatidium. It has a single axon that projects along a single lamina optic cartridge (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Wolff and Ready, 1993).
The name photoreceptor cell R5 is occasionally, mistakenly assumed to refer to any Rh5 expressing photoreceptor cell. This is incorrect. This term only refers to a type of adult eye photoreceptor cell. The name is based simply on the position of the cell and its rhabdomere within each ommatidium - see figure 4 in Wolff and Ready, 1993. Cell connectivity was determined by analysis of semi-automated EM reconstruction of 749 serial sections of 21 complete lamina cartridges. The number of synaptic connections for R5 (presynaptic/postsynaptic) in a single lamina cartridge with each cell type was the following: L1 (38/-), L2 (39/-), L3 (6/-), L4 (-/3), Lai (35/2), C2 (1/-), epithelial glia (10/-) and marginal glia (1/-) (Rivera-Alba et al., 2011).
Outer photoreceptor cell of the adult eye whose rhabdomere is located at the right angle vertex of the shorter of the two parallel sides of the trapezoid of rhabdomeres in each ommatidium. It has a single axon that projects along a single lamina optic cartridge (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Wolff and Ready, 1993).
The name photoreceptor cell R6 is occasionally, mistakenly assumed to refer to any Rh6 expressing photoreceptor cell. This is incorrect. This term only refers to a type of adult eye photoreceptor cell. The name is based simply on the position of the cell and its rhabdomere within each ommatidium - see figure 4 in Wolff and Ready, 1993. Cell connectivity was determined by analysis of semi-automated EM reconstruction of 749 serial sections of 21 complete lamina cartridges. The number of synaptic connections for R6 (presynaptic/postsynaptic) in a single lamina cartridge with each cell type was the following: L1 (45/-), L2 (47/-), L3 (12/-), L4 (-/3), Lai (40/-), Lawf (-/1), epithelial glia (11/-) and marginal glia (2/-)(Rivera-Alba et al., 2011).
Inner photoreceptor cell of the ommatidium whose rhabdomere is located distally, directly above that of R8 (Wernet and Desplan, 2004). It has a single axon that extends through a single column of the lamina without making synapses (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989). This axon crosses the first optic chiasm and extends through a single column of the medulla where it makes pre-synaptic contacts, mainly in medulla layers M1 and M5 (Takemura et al., 2008), before terminating in M6 (Gao et al., 2008; Sancer et al., 2019). It forms reciprocal inhibitory histaminergic synapses with the R8 photoreceptor of the same optic column (Schnaitmann et al., 2018), with a large proportion in the first optic chiasm (Kind et al., 2021).
This term refers to a type of adult eye photoreceptor cell, defined based on the position of its rhabdomere within each ommatidium - see figure 4 in Wolff and Ready (1993). It does not refer to Rh7-expressing photoreceptors.
Inner photoreceptor cell of the ommatidium whose rhabdomere is located proximally, directly below that of R7 (Wernet and Desplan, 2004). It has a single axon that extends through a single column of the lamina without making synapses and crosses the first optic chiasm to reach the medulla (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989). It forms reciprocal inhibitory histaminergic synapses with the R8 photoreceptor of the same optic column (Schnaitmann et al., 2018), with a large proportion in the first optic chiasm (Kind et al., 2021). It is also cholinergic (Davis et al., 2020).
Fischbach and Dittrich (1989) suggest there may be two (non-DRA) variants of R8, one terminating in each of M3 and M4; this has not been substantiated in subsequent papers.
Glial cell of the retina (Edwards and Meinertzhagen, 2010; Liu et al., 2015) that produces screening pigments (Tomlinson, 2012). These pigments form layers around the retina and each ommatidium to prevent lateral transfer of light, ensuring photoreceptors of one ommatidium are activated only by light entering through one lens (Tomlinson, 2012). These cells also have metabolic interactions with photoreceptor neurons, providing alanine (Edwards and Meinertzhagen, 2010) and removing lipids (Liu et al., 2015).
Photoreceptor cell of an adult ocellus. It expresses the violet-sensitive Rh2 (Jean-Guillaume and Kumar, 2022). Its axons are found proximal to its nucleus, and they target their corresponding ocellar ganglion (Caldwell et al., 2007). The lateral ocelli each have around 100 photoreceptor cells, whereas the medial one has around 75 (Dorkenwald et al., 2024). Some of these cells directly target the lobula or lobula plate (Jean-Guillaume and Kumar, 2022). These cells aid flight stabilization and augment the phototactic response (Jean-Guillaume and Kumar, 2022). They form simpler circuits with fewer connections before reaching the central brain, resulting in faster transmission of information (Jean-Guillaume and Kumar, 2022).
Any sensillum (FBbt:00007152) that is part of some adult thorax (FBbt:00003018).
Any sensillum (FBbt:00007152) that is part of some leg (FBbt:00004640).
Any adult sensillum (FBbt:00007239) that is part of some prothoracic segment (FBbt:00000017).
Any chordotonal organ (FBbt:00005215) that is part of some prothoracic segment (FBbt:00000017).
chordotonal organ of prothoracic segment
Any sensillum (FBbt:00007152) that is part of some prothoracic leg (FBbt:00004663).
Spine shaped gustatory bristle, between 12-45 micrometres long, found on the prothoracic (1st) leg of the adult. There are approximately 37 of these bristles per female prothoracic leg, and 50 per male prothoracic leg (Stocker, 1994).
Any adult sensillum (FBbt:00007239) that is part of some mesothoracic segment (FBbt:00000018).
Any chaeta found in the mesothoracic segment of the adult.
Any sensillum (FBbt:00007152) that is part of some mesothoracic leg (FBbt:00004685).
Spine shaped gustatory bristle, between 12-45 micrometres long, found on the mesothoracic (2nd) leg of the adult. There are approximately 30 of these bristles per mesothoracic leg.
Any adult sensillum (FBbt:00007239) that is part of some metathoracic segment (FBbt:00000019).
Any chaeta found in the metathoracic segment of the adult.
Any sensillum (FBbt:00007152) that is part of some metathoracic leg (FBbt:00004707).
Spine shaped gustatory bristle, between 12-45 micrometres long, found on the metathoracic (3rd) leg of the adult. There are approximately 31-32 of these bristles per metathoracic leg.
Any sensillum (FBbt:00007152) that is part of some female terminalia (FBbt:00004830).
Any sensillum (FBbt:00007152) that is part of some male terminalia (FBbt:00004835).
A region of integument whose external cuticular part is a hard, sclerotized plate.
The dorsal plate (sclerite) of an adult abdominal segment.
The external integumentary structures that make up the surface of the adult head.
The fused, compact cephalic plates that comprise the adult head, excluding the eyes, antennae and mouthparts.
Region of the integument of the medial part of the vertex of the adult head, where the ocelli are located (Ferris, 1950). It has a smooth surface, in contrast to the surrounding cuticle (Ferris, 1950).
The ocellar triangle does not correspond to a separate sclerite (Ferris, 1950).
A simple visual organ on the top of the adult head (Jean-Guillaume and Kumar, 2022). There are three of these per head, arranged in a triangle with one on the midline and the others slightly posterior and lateral (Jean-Guillaume and Kumar, 2022). They develop from the eye discs (Jean-Guillaume and Kumar, 2022).
A bilaterally paired compound sense organ of the adult head that functions in visual perception.
One of the facets of the compound eye. It is composed of eight light-sensing photoreceptor cells (photoreceptor cell R1-R8) and accessory cells. There are around 800 ommatidia in each compound eye.
Paired, segmented, jointed, sensory appendage attached to the anterior of the head capsule, between the eyes.
Second segment of the antenna located ventrolaterally to the first segment. It is larger than the first segment and somewhat swollen. It has on average 25 bristles of various sizes. The Johnston's organ is contained in this segment.
Structure connecting the head to the body, through which the esophagus, cervical connective, two salivary gland ducts, two tracheal trunks and two stomodeal nerves pass.
The external integumentary structures that make up the surface of the adult thorax.
The walking appendages of each segment of the ventral adult external thorax.
The external integumentary structures that make up the surface of the adult abdomen.
Any abdominal tergite (FBbt:00004476) that is part of some abdominal segment 6 (FBbt:00000027).
Tergite of adult abdominal segment 8. It is sexually dimorphic.
A collective name for the external and internal organs directly participating in the propagation of the species.
Set of internal and external structures, originating from abdominal segments 8 and 9, that makes up the genital apparatus (McQueen et al., 2022). It develops from the female genital-primordium part of the genital disc (McQueen et al., 2022).
Set of internal and external structures originating from segments 8-9, that makes up the genital apparatus (Rice et al., 2019). It develops from the male genital disc (Rice et al., 2019).
The entire set of internal and external structures of the genitalia and analia in the distal half of the abdomen, i.e. segments 8-10 (Rice et al., 2019; McQueen et al., 2022). It develops from the genital disc (Rice et al., 2019; McQueen et al., 2022).
The entire set of internal and external structures in the distal half of the female abdomen, i.e. abdominal segments 8-10, that makes up the female genitalia and female analia (McQueen et al., 2022). It develops from the female genital disc (McQueen et al., 2022).
The entire set of external structures in the distal half of the male abdomen, i.e. abdominal segments 8-10, that makes up the male genitalia and male analia (Rice et al., 2019). It develops from the male genital disc (Rice et al., 2019).
Horseshoe-shaped tergite which, dorsally, surrounds the male cerci. It contains about 30 epandrial bristles on each side. The left and right sides of the epandrium are connected by the subepandrial sclerite. The ventral part of each side of the epandrium is divided into an epandrial ventral lobe and an epandrial posterior lobe.
A division of the whole organism into specialized systems.
System comprising the internal and external anatomy required for production of gametes and fertilization. It is sexually dimorphic.
The organ of the reproductive system in which the germ cells reside.
Thin covering of the gonads, containing one or more epithelial layers and a muscle layer.
Cell that can contribute DNA to the next generation. It is or may become a gamete.
Stem cell that is the precursor of gametes.
Any reproductive system (FBbt:00004857) that is part of some female organism (FBbt:00007011).
Female gonad. It contains about 16-20 ovarioles.
Anterior region of the ovariole, that is connected to posterior egg chambers.
Anterior region of the germarium where cysts start developing.
Female germline cell and stem cell from which all other female germline cells develop. Each of its divisions gives rise to one cystoblast and one female germline stem cell.
A developing unit of gametogenesis consisting of germline cells encapsulated by a layer of somatic cells.
Female germline cell which is the daughter of a female germline stem cell. It is found in region 1 of the germarium. It divides four times to give rise to 16 daughter cyst cells, which together form a germline cyst. Division is through a cleavage-like process, with the daughter cells being smaller than the parent cystoblast.
Female germline cell born during one of four rapid rounds of cell division following the birth of a cystoblast from a female germline stem cell until the point where one of the resulting 16 cells (the presumptive oocyte) enters meiosis. Cyst cells are interconnected by ring canals, resulting from incomplete cytokinesis during cell division. The oocyte develops from one of the two cyst cells that have connections to four other cyst cells, the other 15 cyst cells differentiate into nurse cells.
Female germline cell that develops from one of the 16 cyst cells (the presumptive oocyte) produced by a cystoblast. It matures in an egg chamber of the ovariole and will be released from the ovary as an egg.
Specialized region of the posterior egg/embryo cytoplasm characterized by the presence of non-membrane limited electron dense bodies (polar granules) (Okada, 1998).
An egg assembly line. Consists of a germarium at the anterior tip connected to a chain of egg chambers, each one more mature than the preceding, more anterior egg chamber in the chain. Each ovariole is encased in an ovarian sheath. A typical ovary contains about 16 ovarioles.
DISAMBIGUATION: The term ovariole is sometimes incorrectly used to refer to individual egg chambers. Please use the term 'egg chamber' for this.
Female germline cyst that forms as the 16-cell cyst moves posteriorly through the germarium, becoming encapsulated in follicle cells (Spradling, 1993). Its formation is completed in germarium region 3, where it buds off from the germarium and progresses posteriorly along the ovariole (Spradling, 1993, Reichmann and Ephrussi, 2001).
Stem cell from which the follicle cells that envelop the germline cyst derive. They develop from the larval follicle stem cell progenitors (Slaidina et al., 2020). There are two follicle stem cells in each germarium, located at opposite sides of the lateral wall of the germarium, in between regions 2a and 2b (Reilein et al., 2017). Each follicle stem cell produces over 500 follicle cells from nine cell divisions (Airoldi et al., 2011).
Can be identified by expression of zfh1, Fas3 and low expression of Wnt4 (Rust et al., 2020).
One of the somatic epithelial cells that is either associated with the germline cyst to form an egg chamber or connecting the egg chambers (Jevitt et al., 2020). Some of these cells, particularly main body follicle cells, can form ring canals to connect to one another (Airoldi et al., 2011).
Follicle cell at the anterior or posterior pole of the egg chamber. Initially they are found in clusters of 3-8 per pole, then excess cells undergo apoptosis during stages 2-5, leaving 2 per cluster.
Can be identified by expression of upd1 (Rust et al., 2020).
Duct of the female reproductive tract that connects the ovaries to the uterus (Hildreth, 1965; McQueen et al., 2022). The oviduct consists of two lateral oviducts (each connected to an ovary) and one common oviduct, to which the lateral oviducts connect, and which itself connects to the uterus (Hildreth, 1965; McQueen et al., 2022).
Epithelial tube that connects the ovary to the common oviduct (McQueen et al., 2022). It is lined with a chitinous intima, and surrounded by muscle (McQueen et al., 2022). There are two of these per organism (one per ovary) (McQueen et al., 2022). They usually have a loop near the base of the ovary in unmated females; the loop relaxes after mating to allow egg transit (Kapelnikov et al., 2008; McQueen et al., 2022).
Epithelial tube that connects the lateral oviducts to the uterus (Heifetz et al., 2000; Adams and Wolfner, 2007; Kapelnikov et al., 2008; Heifetz et al., 2014; McQueen et al., 2022). It is lined with a chitinous intima, and surrounded by circular muscles (McQueen et al., 2022).
Small, bilaterally paired gland that lies caudal to the spermathecae and is connected to the uterus by a duct (McQueen et al., 2022). The gland wall consists of a single layer of secretory cells, each with a large vacuole and a minute acidophilic granule towards the gland lumen (McQueen et al., 2022). It arises from the segment 9 (male genital) primordium in the female genital disc (McQueen et al., 2022).
A duct connecting the female accessory gland to the uterus, opening just caudal to the spermathecal ducts (McQueen et al., 2022). It consists of a tube of thin epithelium lined with a thin chitinous intima, irregularly ringed with sharp ridges that project into the lumen (McQueen et al., 2022). It develops from the male genital primordium of the female genital disc (Keisman et al., 2001).
The anterior-most, cup-shaped region of the lateral oviduct (Kapelnikov et al., 2008; McQueen et al., 2022). Formed by the joining together of the individual pedicels (small tubes coming from the base of each ovariole) (McQueen et al., 2022).
Anterior part of the genital chamber (McQueen et al., 2022). It is an ectodermal invagination that is the site of egg fertilization (McQueen et al., 2022). It is connected to the common oviduct anterodorsally and the vagina posteriorly (McQueen et al., 2022). It is surrounded by muscles (McQueen et al., 2022).
An elongate muscular pouch, the anterior part of which is the uterus, where eggs are fertilized, and the posterior part of which is the vagina, where insemination takes place during copulation (McQueen et al., 2022). It opens posteriorly through the vulva (McQueen et al., 2022).
Eversible membrane between the hypogynial valves that surrounds the vagina and the vulva (McQueen et al., 2022).
Any reproductive system (FBbt:00004857) that is part of some male organism (FBbt:00007004).
Tube of the male reproductive system connected to the seminal vesicle at the basal end. It is a tube 1.9mm long and 90-100 micrometers in diameter, with the basal half helically coiled and the distal half forming a freely extended arc. The coiled portion is spirally wound twice around a center occupied by the testicular duct and the distal portion of the seminal vesicle. The wall of the testis consists of two very thin layers containing widely spaced nuclei: an inner sheath and an outer sheath composed of small flattened polygonal cells that contain yellow pigment granules. The development of germline cells takes place in the testis.
One of a pair of somatic cells that envelope each cyst of developing male germline cells.
A somatic stem cell; Mother of cyst cells; Associated with the hub of the germinal center and with male germline stem cells.
Paired distended tubular accessory gland of the male genitalia which opens into the ejaculatory duct just behind the vas deferens. It is composed of binucleate cells.
Cell type found in both lobes of the male accessory gland. These cells are flat, hexagonal and binucleate, which secrete their products into the lumen of each lobe. There are approximately 1000 main cells per lobe, interspersed with around 43 secondary cells.
Bilaterally symmetric structure with two anterior and two posterior lateral lobes, a sclerotized rod-like apodeme arising from its upper side and muscles fibers radiating from the end of the rod to the side walls. The anterior ejaculatory duct enters the bulb on the upper side and the posterior ejaculatory duct arises between the paired projections on the opposite side. The walls of the bulb consists of a thick columnar epithelium lined with a well developed intima, enclosing a chamber filled with clear viscous fluid.
Unpaired duct that connects the male accessory glands and vasa deferentia to the aedeagus in the adult male genitalia. It is divided in an anterior ejaculatory duct and a posterior ejaculatory duct, separated by the ejaculatory bulb (Miller, 1941).
The organ system that forms the covering layer of the animal.
The outer non-living layer of the integumentary system that is secreted by the underlying epidermis.
Non-innervated projection of the cuticle around an actin-rich cellular process of an underlying epidermal cell.
Tissue composed of epithelial cells. It secretes and underlies the cuticle.
Large cell located in a cluster or row under the abdominal epidermis, to which it is as attached.
Air-filled network of tracheae, opening to the exterior via spiracles and containing minute tracheoles where gaseous exchange between air and tissues occurs (Miller, 1950).
Epithelial cell of the tracheal epithelium.
Organ system comprising the alimentary canal and its associated organs, including the mouthparts, labellar and salivary glands and the Malpighian tubules (Miller, 1950).
The system of organs and cells involved in the excretion of waste products.
System that functions to circulate hemolymph throughout the body. It is an open circulatory system, consisting of the dorsal vessel, body cavity, accessory pulsatile organs and the hemolymph (Miller, 1950).
Blood cell of the circulatory system that is involved in the cellular immune response. It expresses Hemese, a pan-hemocyte marker (Tattikota et al., 2020).
The system of organs and cells involved in fat storage.
Collective term for the masses and sheets of adipose tissue that are distributed throughout the organism's body. The adult and larval fat bodies are composed of different cell lineages, but perform the same main function of fat storage (Musselman and Kuhnlein, 2018).
The fat body primordium after the gonadal sheath primordium splits from it during stage 14. By stage 15, the different primordia fuse to form a continuous layer (Hoshizaki et al., 1994). The precursor fat cells it contains continue differentiating until stage 17, when the primordium becomes the fat body proper (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
Non-connected system of anatomical structures which have some endocrine function.
System of contractile somatic and visceral muscle fibers arranged in groups and layers (Miller, 1950).
Muscle cell of a muscle that moves the viscera, usually with a peristaltic or compressing function, and has only one or, commonly no attachment to the body wall. Visceral muscles differ from somatic muscles in several respects: adjacent fibers are held together by desmosomes, each fiber is uninucleate and the contractile material is not grouped into fibrils but packs the whole fiber. The visceral musculature comprises musculature of the intestine, reproductive system and circulatory system (Miller, 1950). The circular fibers derive from a bilaterally symmetrical band of mesodermal cells extending continuously throughout most of the germ band. The longitudinal fibers derive from clusters of mesodermal cells which appear during stage 12 at the posterior end of the embryo and migrate anteriorly.
It is quite common to refer to visceral muscles as smooth muscles, by analogy with vertebrates; however most visceral (and somatic) muscles in Drosophila are actually striated (Miller, 1950; Bate, 1993).
Muscle cell that serves to change the position of some part of the body. These cells are usually attached to the body wall. Fibers of somatic muscles are multinucleate, with the contractile material grouped into fibrils.
Somatic and visceral muscles appear striated (Miller, 1950).
Somatic, contractile cell that makes up a muscle. It is formed by several fusion events between fusion competent myoblasts and one founder cell.
In contrast to vertebrates, in Drosophila embryos and larva, each muscle is a single myotube (Maqbool and Jagla, 2007).
A cuticular ingrowth of the exoskeleton, sometimes only a peg, frequently ridge-like, and often serving as a muscle attachment site. Does not generally correspond to superficial invaginations.
All the nerve centers and nerve fibers in the central, visceral and peripheral nervous systems.
Collective name for all the nerve centers and their connective in the insect's body. In the context of Drosophila refers to the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and ventral ganglia.
Anterodorsal portion of the central nervous system. The neuromeres considered to be part of the brain vary by stage. In the larva, the cerebral (supraesophageal) neuromeres, which form a bilateral pair of lobes, constitute the brain (Urbach and Technau, 2003; Li et al., 2014; Crews, 2019). During metamorphosis, the gnathal ganglion separates from the prothoracic neuromere and fuses with the supraesophageal ganglion, to become the ventral part of the adult brain (Ito et al., 2014; Hartenstein et al., 2018; Kendroud et al., 2018).
Posterior region of the central nervous system containing the thoracic and abdominal neuromeres (Clark et al., 2018; Court et al., 2020). In the larva it is joined at its anterior end to the posterior gnathal ganglion (Eschbach and Zlatic, 2020). In the adult it is a separate entity, connected to the brain by the neck connective (Ito et al., 2014; Court et al., 2020).
The outer parts of the nervous system that perform sensory and motor functions.
A fasciculated bundle of neuron projections (GO:0043005), largely or completely lacking synapses.
A neuron projection bundle linking two or more synaptic neuropil domains or subdomains within the CNS.
A symmetrical CNS tract that crosses the midline.
A longitudinally oriented fascicle that connects two or more neuromeres.
A bundle of axons connecting the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system.
Electrically active cell of the nervous system which has an axon and/or dendrite and which is synapsed with other cells and/or has other cells synapsed to it.
A neuron that sends movement impulses to the muscle system.
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is capable of some detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception (GO:0050906).
A neuron that is entirely confined to the central nervous system and is neither a sensory neuron nor a motor neuron.
alt_id of FBbt:00005126 moved over following obsoletion of 'intrinsic neuron', unclear what this term was or whether 'interneuron' is a suitable replacement.
Optic lobe intrinsic neuron without defined axons or dendrites, having processes with mixed pre- and post-synapses in approximately the same ratio throughout the cell (Matsliah et al., 2024). Some amacrine cells, such as CT1, have multiple compartmentalized, modular arborizations (Meier and Borst, 2019).
Interneuron of the optic lobe whose primary projection extends along the long axis of a single optic column to which it, but not necessarily its collaterals, is restricted.
This definition follows Fischbach and Dittrich (1989) in classifying based on the primary projection. A neuron with broad and extensive collaterals with terminals in adjacent columns is still classified as a columnar neuron under this definition. Other treatments have classified such neurons as tangential.
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is capable of some hormone secretion (GO:0046879).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is capable of some dopamine secretion, neurotransmission (GO:0061527).
Any of a number of aggregations of neurons, glial cells and their processes, and surrounded by a glial cell and connective tissue sheath (plural: ganglia).
Multi-cell component structure of the central nervous system consisting largely of neuron projections (tracts and synaptic neuropil domains) and associated glial cells. This corresponds to the part of the CNS that is enclosed by the cortex.
A segmental subdivision of the nervous system.
A supporting cell of the nervous system.
Progenitor cell that gives rise only to glial cells and not neurons (Hartenstein, 2011).
Precursor of the central nervous system that derives from the neurogenic region of the ectoderm or the mesectoderm (Doe, 1992; Schmid et al., 1999; Crews, 2019). It produces neurons and/or glia (Doe, 1992; Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008). Neuroblasts may also divide during adult life to regenerate the adult brain (Fernandez-Hernandez et al., 2013).
Adult neurogenesis demonstrated in the adult optic lobe in response to injury (Fernandez-Hernandez et al., 2013).
Precursor cell that gives rise to both neurons and glia (Hartenstein, 2011).
Any glial cell that is part of (either layer of) the perineurium, which surrounds the entire nervous system (Kremer et al., 2017).
Glial cell that forms part of the perineurial sheath forming the outer layer of the nervous system. These cells divide extensively to increase in number as the nervous system expands during development (Kremer et al., 2017).
Multicellular anatomical structure with largely bona fide boundary that transduces some sensory stimulus to the nervous system.
Any sense organ (FBbt:00005155) that is capable of some detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception (GO:0050974).
Any sense organ (FBbt:00005155) that is capable of some detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception (GO:0050907).
Any sense organ (FBbt:00005155) that is capable of some detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of smell (GO:0050911).
Any sense organ (FBbt:00005155) that is capable of some detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of taste (GO:0050912).
Any somatic cell (FBbt:00100318) that overlaps some sense organ (FBbt:00005155).
Precursor cell that gives rise to at least one cell of an external sensory organ.
First-order precursor cell: mother of all the clonally related cells of an external sensory organ.
external sensory organ sensory mother cell
Second-order precursor cell that develops from an external sensory organ precursor cell I. In the microchaete lineage, it divides to give rise to the thecogen cell and the neuron of an external sensory organ (Gho et al., 1999; Hartenstein and Posakony, 1989). In the development of antennal olfactory sensilla, it produces two daughters, pNa and pNb, which each divide asymmetrically to produce up to four types of olfactory neuron per sensillum (Endo et al., 2012; Chai et al., 2019).
external sensory organ precursor cell IIb
Sensory organ that has external structures that detect mechanical or chemical stimuli.
Sensory neuron that is part of an eo-sensillum and whose dendrite innervates the cuticular external sensory structure of that sensillum.
A sensillum with a long, unicellular, setiform outgrowth that is strongly chitinized.
This term is sometimes used to refer to the 'bristle-like' outgrowth only, but is here used to refer to the entire sensillum of which it is a part.
Any bristle that is innervated by a gustatory receptor neuron. It has pores to allow food stimuli to reach the neuron.
Bristle that is innervated by a mechanosensory neuron that detects its movement due to wind, contact or other stimuli.
A sensillum of the ventral sensory cluster group of the embryonic/larval thorax whose external sensory structure consists of a cluster of three hairs. It is innervated by 5 dendrites.
Sensory neuron of the peripheral nervous system that has multiple dendrites (Bodmer and Jan, 1987).
A precursor cell that differentiates into a sensory neuron with multiple dendrites (Bodmer and Jan, 1987).
multidendritic sensory organ precursor cell
In the larva many md neurons are related to es neurons, suggesting that some of these may develop from es sensory mother cells (Brewster and Bodmer, 1995; Veling et al., 2019).
Mechanosensory organ, generally attached to the body wall, spanning different parts of the exoskeleton. It consists of one or more scolopidia and detects tension or vibration.
Precursor cell that gives rise to at least one cell of a chordotonal organ (Bodmer and Jan, 1987; Ghysen et al., 1986; zur Lage et al, 1997).
Sensillum unit of a chordotonal organ, consisting of a cap cell, a ligament cell, a scolopale cell (sheath cell) and the dendrites of one or more sensory neurons. The basal end of the scolopidium is held in place by a ligament cell, usually attached to the integument. The dendrite of each sensory neuron has a cilium projecting from its tip through the scolopale, a rod like structure secreted by the scolopale cell. The cilium terminates in a dendritic cap, embedded in the cap cell. The cap cell is attached to the integument.
Sensory neuron of a chordotonal organ. The tip of its dendrite is associated with a rod-like structure called a scolopale rod.
Any primordium that is a precursor of all or some part of the larval or adult midgut.
Stomodeal invagination in its later phase of growth during stages 11-12 as it extends caudally (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
Structure formed by the male germline stem cells, cyst progenitor cells and the hub around which they are clustered and to which they are attached. It is located at the apical (blind) end of the testis.
Embryo prior to the formation of the syncitial blastoderm, shortly after nuclear cycle 9 (Foe and Alberts, 1983; Jaeger et al., 2012). This period lasts from fertilization to the end of embryonic stage 3 (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
Nuclear divisions 1 and 2. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 25 minutes (0-25 minutes after egg laying).
Nuclear divisions 3-8. The egg cytoplasm contracts producing a clear separation from the vitelline membrane and empty spaces at the anterior and posterior. The cleavage nuclei migrate towards the periphery. Duration at 25 degrees C approximately 40 minutes (25-65 minutes AEL).
Nuclear division 9. The cleavage nuclei complete there migration to the periphery. Polar buds form at the posterior pole and divide once. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 15 minutes (65-80 minutes after egg laying).
Embryo during the blastoderm stage, where most nuclei are found at the cortex (periphery) of the embryo (Foe and Alberts, 1983; Jaeger et al., 2012). The blastoderm stage begins shortly after completion of the ninth cleavage division and lasts until the onset of gastrulation, including cleavage cycles 10-14A (Foe and Alberts, 1983; Jaeger et al., 2012). This corresponds to embryonic stages 4 (syncitial blastoderm stage) and 5 (cellular blastoderm stage) (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
A blastoderm embryo prior to cellularization (corresponds to embryonic stages 3 and 4).
Nuclear division 10-13. Polar buds divide twice and become tightly grouped at the posterior pole by the end of this stage. Nuclei visible at the rim of the embryo. Stage 4 ends with the beginning of cellularization. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 50 minutes (80-130 minutes after egg laying).
Stage 5 begins when cellularization starts. Near the end of this stage the pole cells begin to migrate dorsally and ventral midline cells acquire an irregular, wavy appearance. Stage 5 ends when ventral furrow formation becomes apparent. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 40 minutes (130-170 minutes after egg laying).
Embryo that is in the process of gastrulation (encompassing embryonic stages 6-8), during which complex morphogenetic movements result in the formation of the three germ layers; ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm (Hartenstein, 1993).
Stage 6 begins when the ventral furrow becomes apparent, an event which is followed rapidly by the formation of the cephalic furrow. Stage 6 ends when the pole cells have adopted a dorsal (horizontal) position at the posterior. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 10 minutes (170-180 minutes after egg laying).
Stage 7 begins when the pole cells have adopted a dorsal (horizontal) position at the posterior. Invagination of the anterior and posterior midgut and hindgut follows. The 'discoid plate' carrying the pole cells forms a pocket. Transverse furrows (dorsal folds) form on the dorsal surface. This stage ends when the anterior wall of the amnioproctodeal invagination starts moving anteriorly and the pole cells are no longer visible externally. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 10 minutes (180-190 minutes after egg laying).
Stage 8 starts with the rapid phase of germ band extension and ends with the beginning of mesodermal segmentation. By the end of this stage germ band extension has progressed to the point where the proctodeal opening is at about 60% egg length and the dorsal folds (transverse furrows) are no longer visible. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 30 minutes (190-220 minutes after egg laying).
Infolding of the anteroventral embryo that arises during stage 10 (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). Its formation begins when cells surrounding the stomodeal anlage, which consists of a plate of tall cylindrical cells just prior to invagination, divide synchronously (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). The invaginated cells divide immediately afterwards, forming a monolayered epithelium (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). It is initially oriented perpendicular to the horizontal plane, but progressively bends towards the ventral plane (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). It grows caudally by cell divisions and incorporation of neighboring ectodermal cells (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
Embryo during the dorsal closure stage, which corresponds to stages 13-15 (Hartenstein, 1993; Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). Dorsal closure occurs by extension of the dorsal epidermal primordium on either side, leading to fusion at the dorsal midline (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
Any sense organ (FBbt:00005155) that is part of some second segment of antenna (FBbt:00004514).
An anterior part of the alimentary canal derived from the ectoderm. It is lined on its luminal side by a impermeable cuticle. The proventriculus (cardia) is located at the junction between the foregut and midgut.
Section of the foregut anterior to the esophagus.
Paired secretory organ connected to the atrium via the salivary duct. It is essentially composed of two cell types: cuboidal epithelial duct cells that form tubes connecting the secretory cells to the larval mouth; and secretory cells that synthesize and secrete high levels of protein (Andrew et al., 2000).
The part of the alimentary canal extending posteriorly from the proventriculus to close to the point where the Malpighian tubes are attached and where the hindgut starts. It is predominantly derived from the endoderm and it is lined by the peritrophic membrane.
A posterior part of the alimentary canal derived from the ectoderm. It extends anteriorly from close to the point of attachment of the Malpighian tubules to the anus. It is lined on its luminal side by an impermeable cuticle (Skaer, 1993).
Adult and larval hindguts express the transcription factor brachyenteron (Sawyer et al., 2017).
Roundish subunit structure of synaptic neuropil, often ensheathed by glial lamellae and reflecting the terminal arborization domain(s) of one or more neurons.
The portion of the embryonic nervous system that is part of the thorax.
The portion of the embryonic nervous system that is part of the abdomen.
The sum of all the structures in the embryo that will develop into the embryonic/larval integumentary system.
presumptive embryonic/larval integumentary system
Integumentary system of the late embryo or larva.
Bundle of Kenyon cell projections that arises from the anterior end of the pedunculus and projects dorsally. It consists of two components: the alpha lobe and alpha' lobe.
A bundle of Kenyon cell projections that arises from the anterior end of the pedunculus and projects medially. It consists of three components: the beta lobe, beta' lobe and gamma lobe.
Domain that is in the process of forming an anlage and does not yet coincide 1:1 with a mature structure. These domains can be identified based on the expression of genes characteristic of the corresponding anlagen and are typically found in the early blastoderm.
Anlage in statu nascendi of the embryonic central brain in a stage 5 embryo. It will give rise to the central brain anlage.
procephalic ectoderm anlage in statu nascendi
Anlage in statu nascendi of the foregut in a stage 5 embryo that will give rise to the foregut anlage.
Anlage in statu nascendi of the hindgut in a stage 5 embryo that will give rise to the hindgut anlage.
Anlage in statu nascendi of the visual system in a stage 5 embryo that will give rise to the visual system anlage.
Population of contiguous cells, typically arranged in one plane, that is morphologically indistinct from surrounding cells, but already corresponds to a later organ/tissue and can be identified based on gene expression or lineage tracing (Tomancak et al., 2002; Hartenstein, 2004).
Cells of the early embryo that will become the ectoderm following gastrulation (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). It remains at the surface of the embryo as the endodermal and mesodermal anlagen invaginate (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
A(n) anlage that develops into some salivary gland duct primordium.
Anlage of the visual system in the gastrula embryo that will give rise to the visual primordium.
Contiguous region of early embryonic cells that will invaginate during gastrulation to form a region of the endoderm (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
A(n) anlage that develops into some trunk mesoderm.
Any primordium (FBbt:00005495) that develops into is part of some anatomical entity (FBbt:10000000) that is part of some circulatory system (FBbt:00005057).
embryonic/larval circulatory system specific anlage
The primordium of the gonadal sheath. This arises from clusters of cells in parasegments 10, 11 and 12 of the dorsal branch of the fat body/gonad primordium which split off during stage 14 and then cluster around the germ cells.
embryonic leading edge cell specific anlage
Precursor structure that can be recognized based on its distinct morphology and will give rise to one or more differentiated structures (Tomancak et al., 2002; Hartenstein, 2004). It develops from an anlage and may contain smaller anlage and primordia that will produce substructures (Tomancak et al., 2002).
The primordium that will form the embryonic/larval prothoracic gland, a substructure of the embryonic/larval ring gland. It originates in the dorsal ectoderm of T1, from which it segregates during stage 15 to form bilateral clusters near the heart precursors. In late embryogenesis, it partially fuses with the corpus allatum.
A(n) primordium that develops into some embryonic posterior Malpighian tubule. It develops from some Malpighian tubule primordium.
A(n) primordium that develops into some embryonic Malpighian tubule tip cell. It develops from some Malpighian tubule primordium.
Malpighian tubule tip cell specific anlage
A(n) primordium that develops into some embryonic small intestine. It develops from some hindgut proper primordium.
A(n) primordium that develops into some embryonic large intestine. It develops from some hindgut proper primordium.
A(n) primordium that develops into some embryonic/larval rectum. It develops from some hindgut proper primordium.
Embryonic structure from which the mushroom body is derived. The development of the mushroom body proceeds as follows: axonogenesis of embryonic Kenyon cells starts late in embryonic stage 14. The axons from these cells extend towards the lateral protocerebral tract (LTP). During stage 16, a second set of Kenyon cell fibers form a second tract, closely apposed to the first. By late stage 16, both tracts extend anteriorly beyond the LTP to form the distal part of the peduncle. These tracts make a sharp medial turn close to the boundary with the deutocerebrum to form the medial lobe. By late stage 17 the vertical lobe has emerged as a collateral outgrowth from the point where these tracts bend. Finally, the calyx forms near to the end of embryogenesis.
Primordium of the late extended germ band embryo that will give rise to the embryonic precursor of the adult hindgut.
embryonic primordium of adult hindgut precursor
Early primordium of the late extended germ band and dorsal closure embryo that will give rise to the adult eye. It develops from the visual primordium.
Primordium of the late extended germ band and dorsal closure embryo that will give rise to the embryonic precursor of the adult muscle.
embryonic primordium of adult muscle precursor
Primordium of the larval segmentally-repeated body wall musculature. It arises from the outer layer of the trunk mesoderm. During germ band shortening (stage 13), it segregates into loose segmental clusters. Within these clusters, muscle formation proceeds by fusion of fusion competent myoblasts to muscle founder cells. Formation of the embryonic/larval somatic musculature is complete by stage 17.
Primordium which develops into the fat body and gonadal sheath. The cells that comprise it are specified from stage 10 (Jemc, 2010), though the first morphological sign of its development comes during stage 11, when the outer of the two layers of the trunk mesoderm thickens medially to become 2-3 cells thick. Segmentally arranged groups of cells split off from inner most layer of this thickening, becoming sandwiched between the somatic muscle primordium and the circular visceral muscle primordium. By stage 13, these segmental clusters have fused into continuous columns on either side of the embryo. These bands split into dorsal and ventral subdivisions. A sub-population of cells in the dorsal subdivision in parasegments 10-12 split off to form the gonadal sheath primordium during stage 14-15. The other cells then form the fat body primordium proper.
A(n) primordium that develops into some hindgut proper primordium and some Malpighian tubule primordium. It develops from some hindgut anlage.
A(n) primordium that develops into some dorsal apodeme anlage and some oenocyte primordium and some dorsal trunk epidermis primordium and some embryonic leading edge cell primordium and some dorsal sensory complex primordium and some abdominal histoblast anlage. It develops from some dorsal ectoderm.
A(n) primordium that develops into some embryonic/larval salivary gland duct. It develops from some salivary gland duct anlage.
A(n) primordium that develops into some denticle field anlage and some anal pad primordium and some embryonic ventral epidermis and some imaginal disc primordium and some ventral apodeme anlage and some ventral trunk epidermis primordium. It develops from some ventral neurectoderm.
A(n) primordium that develops into some cibarium primordium and some labial sensory complex primordium and some maxillary sensory complex primordium and some larval foregut atrium. It develops from some dorsal ectoderm.
A(n) primordium that develops into some foregut.
Dorsal-most region of the trunk mesoderm that gives rise to the dorsal vessel (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). It forms a leading edge as the invaginated trunk mesoderm spreads from ventral to dorsal (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). The left and right regions eventually fuse at the dorsal midline and their cells differentiate into cardioblasts and pericardial cells (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
Primordium of the embryonic central brain in the extended germ band and dorsal closure embryo.
A(n) primordium that develops into some embryonic maxillary sensory complex. It develops from some gnathal primordium.
A(n) primordium that develops into some embryonic labial sensory complex. It develops from some gnathal primordium.
A(n) primordium that develops into some embryonic proventriculus.
A(n) primordium that develops into some dorsal sensory complex proper primordium and some peripheral nervous system precursor cluster and some prothoracic gland primordium. It develops from some dorsal epidermis primordium.
Primordium which is formed by the delamination of neuroblasts from the ventral neurogenic region. The first of five waves of delamination starts towards the end of embryonic stage 8. During stage 11, the mesectoderm loses contact with the outer surface and forms neuronal and glial precursors in the midline of this primordium.
Primordium of the genital disc associated with the development of structures of the opposite sex (Epper and Nothiger, 1982). It is largely, but not completely, repressed from developing into adult structures (Epper and Nothiger, 1982; Keisman et al., 2001).
Ventral region of the trunk ectoderm, which gives rise to the ventral epidermis and the central nervous system (Stathopoulos and Newcomb, 2020).
The posterior part of the endoderm from its invagination as part of the amnioproctodeal invagination during stage 7, until it becomes morphologically distinct from the hindgut primordium due to a epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition at the end of stage 10 (Reuter et al., 1993). This epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is also the transition from posterior endoderm to posterior midgut primordium.
The sum of all the structures in the embryo that will develop into the embryonic/larval tracheal system. This corresponds to the tracheal primordia and their component tracheal branch primordia along with primordia of the spiracles.
presumptive embryonic/larval tracheal system
Proventriculus of the embryo. It contains three distinct cell layers: inner, intermediate and outer. At the anterior end, corresponding to the most anterior region of the midgut, imaginal cells are found at the level of the intermediate layer.
This structure is more correctly referred to as the 'cardia'. Strictly, proventriculus refers to a modification of the foregut, just anterior to the stomodeal valve, found in many insects. Drosophila has no such foregut modification (Miller, 1950). However, the term 'proventriculus' is the one most commonly used for this structure.
Inner layer of the proventriculus of the embryo. It corresponds to the invaginated esophagus.
Intermediate layer of the proventriculus of the embryo. It corresponds to the invaginated foregut with alveolar cells. It contains imaginal cells at the level of the intermediate layer at the anterior end of the proventriculus.
embryonic proventriculus intermediate layer
Imaginal cell, set aside during embryonic development, that will give rise to the adult posterior foregut. These cells are found in a ring at the anterior part of the proventriculus, the foregut imaginal ring.
Most anterior stretch of the embryonic/larval foregut. Its posterior boundary, where the pharynx starts is immediately posterior to the openings of the salivary gland ducts.
Any internal compound sense organ (FBbt:00007236) that is part of some embryonic foregut (FBbt:00005606).
Sense organ of the embryonic maxillary segment that gives rise to the terminal organ of the larval head. It is posterior and ventral to the embryonic brain by stage 13 and migrates ventrally and anteriorly to establish its final position, ventral to the dorsal organ, by stage 17.
Developing labial sensory organ that has not yet reached its mature larval state. It starts to become distinct, and the developing neurons form nerves, during stage 13 (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). As foregut structures move inwards, it becomes incorporated into the ventral part of atrium around stage 15 (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
The sum of the primordia in the embryo that will contribute to the embryonic/larval salivary gland.
A primordium that is a progenitor of all or part of the embryonic/larval midgut.
Posterior region of the embryonic gut, posterior to the embryonic midgut. It is divided into 3 domains: small and large intestine and rectum. Border cells separate these three regions.
Anterior and small domain of the embryonic hindgut, posterior to the midgut.
Middle and long domain of the embryonic hindgut, posterior to the small intestine.
Malpighian tubule of the embryo. By mid-embryogenesis when cell division ceases, a phase of tubule elongation starts, and the number of cells surrounding the lumen decreases from 6 to 10 to only 2.
Posterior Malpighian tubule of the embryo.
Malpighian tubule segment of the embryo.
Distal segment of the embryonic Malpighian tubule.
embryonic initial segment of Malpighian tubule
Specialized cell of the embryonic Malpighian tubules.
embryonic specialised Malpighian tubule cell
embryonic specialized Malpighian tubule cell
Tip cell of the embryonic Malpighian tubule. It persists throughout tubule elongation during stages 13-16 and contacts a specific target by the end of the process (Weavers and Skaer, 2013). It adopts a specialized morphology with the cell body projecting from the tubule tip on the end of a microtubule-enriched stalk (Weavers and Skaer, 2013). It can extend filopodia and lamellipodia to explore its environment and remains free of basement membrane (Weavers and Skaer, 2013).
Imaginal cell, set aside during embryonic development, that will give rise to the adult hindgut. These cells are found in two rings of the hindgut; immediately posterior to the ureters of the Malpighian tubules, and at the anus. These two rings grow out and eventually unite.
The sum of all the structures in the embryo that will develop into the embryonic/larval muscle system.
presumptive embryonic/larval muscle system
Any muscle cell (FBbt:00005074) that is part of some embryonic somatic muscle (FBbt:00059033).
Brain of the embryo that excludes the optic lobes. It includes the protocerebrum, deutocerebrum and tritocerebrum.
Glial cell of the embryonic central brain.
Excretory system of the late embryo or larva.
Any glial cell (FBbt:00005144) that is part of some lamina anlage (FBbt:00001939).
Cuboidal glial cell found in the visual system of larvae and adults, located more distal than the row of marginal glial cells. These glial cells contact marginal glia at their base (proximal) and satellite glia at their apex (distal), and constitute the only class of cells with nuclei in the neuropil proper, in the distal lamina.
Specialized ensheathing glial cell of the lamina (Edwards et al., 2012; Kremer et al., 2017). These cells form a contiguous layer at the proximal surface of the lamina and associate with multiple lamina columns (Edwards et al., 2012; Kremer et al., 2017). Their processes extend into the lamina, ensheathing proximal parts of the cartridges (Kremer et al., 2017). They also extend protrusions proximally into the outer chiasm (Kremer et al., 2017). It is between the marginal glial cells and epithelial glial cells that the R1-R6 growth cones terminate (Poeck et al., 2001; Winberg et al., 1992). There are around 100 of these cells per lamina (Kremer et al., 2017).
Cell body glial cell of the lamina. Unlike in other cell body rind regions of the brain, the cell body glia of the lamina form two distinct layers and multiple neuronal cell bodies may be found in one glial pocket (Kremer et al., 2017).
Malpighian tubule of the adult. It is very similar to that of the larva, except that the initial segment of the anterior tubule is much smaller in the adult.
Distal segment of the adult Malpighian tubule. The initial segment of the adult is smaller than in the larva.
adult initial segment of Malpighian tubule
Specialized cell of the adult Malpighian tubules.
adult specialised Malpighian tubule cell
adult specialized Malpighian tubule cell
Tip cell of the adult Malpighian tubule. The tip cell of the adult anterior tubules makes contact with alary muscles of the heart, whereas the tip cell of the posterior tubules contacts the a9 hindgut visceral nerve on the surface of the hindgut.
Type I (principal) cell of the adult Malpighian tubule. These are found throughout the tubule and outnumber other cell types overall (Singh et al., 2007). They transport cations and organic solutes (Singh et al., 2007).
It can be distinguished from other tubule cells by its high expression of cut, but stem cells also express a low level of cut (Wang and Spradling, 2020).
Glial cell located in the medulla neuropil. There are at least three subtypes of reticular glia and at least two subtypes of ensheathing glia (Kremer et al., 2017).
adult medulla neuropil associated glial cell
Epidermis of the dorsal region of the embryo.
Dorsal halve of an embryonic apodeme. The discontinuity between dorsal and ventral halves is visible on a lateral view.
Epidermis of the ventral region of the embryo.
Ventral halve of an embryonic apodeme. The discontinuity between dorsal and ventral halves is visible on a lateral view.
Bulb-shaped organ at the junction of the foregut and midgut that regulates the passage of food into the midgut. The proventriculus folds back on itself to produce three epithelial layers: internally the posterior region of the esophagus, an intermediate (recurrent) layer, derived from the ectodermal foregut and the midgut, and an external anterior projection of the endodermal midgut, which grows over the esophageal region. The inner two layers form the gastric valve (cardial valve) while the outer layer is defined as the wall of the proventriculus. The cuticle that lines the inner wall is thicker than other regions in the cardia, and it forms several longitudinal folds, causing the esophageal lumen to appear irregular in cross section. Between the intermediate and outer wall is the cardia lumen, which opens posteriorly into the lumen of the midgut. The anterior region secretes the peritrophic membrane into the cardia lumen. The epithelium is surrounded by a thin tunic of striated muscle fibers.
Posterior-most portion of the alimentary canal, terminating in the anus.
Gland of the endocrine system from which neurosecretory substances are released into the hemolymph.
Large cell in the middle region of the midgut that is cup-shaped with long microvilli. These cells accumulate copper and secrete acid.
These cells can be distinguished from other enterocytes by their strong expression of labial in the larval and adult gut (Dubreuil et al., 2001).
Plate or plates that surrounds the anus.
Epithelial tube with excretory and osmoregulatory roles connected, via a ureter, to the alimentary canal at the junction of the hindgut and midgut. At mid-embryogenesis, there are 6 to 10 cells encircling the lumen, whereas later on, after a phase of tubule elongation, only 2 cells encircle the lumen. There are two pairs of Malpighian tubules: one pair arises from the dorsal part of the hindgut and lies at the anterior end of the abdomen; the other pair arises from the ventral part of the hindgut and lies at the posterior end of the abdomen. Each pair shares a common ureter. The anterior pair is longer than the posterior pair.
Posterior Malpighian tubule that extends from the midgut hindgut border. It is formed from the ventral part of the hindgut. There is a pair of these that are connected to a common ureter that is on the midgut/hindgut border. The posterior tubules extend towards the tail of the embryo, with each tubule positioned on opposite sides within the body cavity. At the end of embryogenesis, the distal ends switch sides by crossing over the posterior region of the hindgut. In the mature tubules, the tip cell of the posterior tubules makes contact with the a9 abdominal visceral nerve. The posterior tubule pair is shorter than the posterior one.
Segment of the Malpighian tubule. Each tubule can be divided into distinct segments based on differences in appearance, cell structure and function. The initial segment is involved in calcium homeostasis and excretion, the transitional and main segment are secretory and the lower tubule and ureter are reabsorptive. Type I cells are found in all segments, but Type II cells are only found in the upper tubule (initial, transitional and main segments).
Distal segment of the Malpighian tubule. It is involved in calcium homeostasis and excretion. The initial segment of the adult is smaller than in the larva.
Specialized cell of the Malpighian tubules. There are four different types: type I, type II, tip and tiny cell.
Other cell types are known to exist, but have yet not been identified (personal communication by Helen Skaer).
Cell at the distal tip of each Malpighian tubule. It is involved in tube elongation in embryogenesis by stimulating cell proliferation in neighboring cells and in positioning the tubules.
Morphologically distinct cell type found throughout the Malpighian tubules. It is a large epithelial cell joined by septate junctions to other Type I cells, with apical microvilli and infolding of the basal membrane. There are small differences between Type I cells in different tubule segments: in the initial segment, the cells have few microvilli and are relatively narrow compared with the larger, flatter cells of the main segment. Type I cells originate from division of the ectodermal Malpighian tubules primordial cells that are found in the junction between the hindgut and midgut. Type I cell proliferation is complete by late stage 13 of embryogenesis. In the mature tubules there are on average 484 Type I cells.
These cells are involved in primary urine production via the secretion of K+ into the lumen by a vacuolar-type H+ ATPase transporter and K+/H+ exchanger (Davies et al., 1996; Linton and O'Donnell, 1999).
Neuroendocrine structure that forms part of the ring gland. In the embryo and larva it is found around the floor of the aorta, just anterior to the brain (Dai and Gilbert, 1991; de Velasco et al., 2004, Nassel and Zandawala, 2020). It migrates posteriorly during metamorphosis (Dai and Gilbert, 1991) and is found posterior to the brain, near the proventriculus, in the adult (Nassel and Zandawala, 2020). It produces Adipokinetic hormone from late embryo to adult stages (Lee and Park, 2004).
Neuroendocrine structure that forms part of the ring gland. In the embryo and larva it is found dorsal the aorta, anterior to the brain (Dai and Gilbert, 1991; de Velasco et al., 2004, Nassel and Zandawala, 2020). It migrates posteriorly during metamorphosis (Dai and Gilbert, 1991) and in the adult it is found posterior to the brain, dorsal to the corpus cardiacum (Nassel and Zandawala, 2020). It produces juvenile hormone (Dai and Gilbert, 1991; Hartenstein, 1993; Nassel and Zandawala, 2020).
Bilaterally paired neuropil structure situated postero-dorsally in the protocerebrum that functions in olfactory associative learning and memory. The mushroom body is divided into: the calyx, which is closest to the cortex and receives sensory interneuron afferents; the pedunculus, which is a thick axon bundle extending from the calyx to the base of the lobes; and the mushroom body lobe system, which consists of a vertical branch and a medial branch, which have different structures at different life stages (Lee et al., 1999; Ito et al., 2014).
This term as defined in Ito et al. (2014) corresponds to both the mushroom body (MB) and calyx (Cal) of Chiang et al. (2011).
Visual organ of the larva that is anchored to the basal surface of the thin epithelium of the dorsal pouch, lateral to the musculature of the pharynx (Green et al., 1993; Hartenstein et al., 2019). It consists of a dense cluster of approximately 12 photoreceptor neurons and no support cells (Green et al., 1993; Hartenstein et al., 2019). It is connected to the brain via the Bolwig nerve (Green et al., 1993).
Location in ocular segment on basis of FBrf0075072.
Any sense organ (FBbt:00005155) that is part of some antennal segment (FBbt:00000009).
Chiasma lying between the lamina and medulla of the optic lobe (Ito et al., 2014). Axons reverse the anterior-posterior order between the lamina and the medulla, with axons from the anterior lamina cartridges projecting to the posterior medulla columns (Ito et al., 2014).
A tract of crossing fibers, that remaps or systematically permutates the linear order between two neuropils.
Primordium of the late extended germ band and closure embryo that gives rise to the larval outer optic anlage. It develops from the posterior lip of the visual primordium.
Primordium of the embryo that gives rise to the larval Bolwig organ. It develops from the most posterior region of the visual primordium, remaining attached to the surface as the rest of the optic placode becomes internalized during stages 12-13 (Green et al., 1993). It consists of approximately 12 cells, which begin to differentiate into photoreceptors during stage 13 (Green et al., 1993). During stages 15-16, the photoreceptors move out of the epidermis and come to lie attached to the outer lining of the dorsal pouch (Green et al., 1993).
Imaginal tissue that has a dorsal location.
Peripheral nervous system of the embryo or larva.
embryonic/larval peripheral nervous system
Longitudinal fascicle of the larval ventral nerve cord that is located in an intermediate position on the medial-lateral axis.
Dorsalmost fascicle that is part of the centrointermediate (CI) fascicle in the larval ventral nerve cord (Zlatic et al., 2003).
Second-most ventral fascicle that is part of the centrointermediate (CI) fascicle in the larval ventral nerve cord (Zlatic et al., 2003).
CITv encompasses 'C2 fascicle' and 'C3 fascicle' - FBC:DW.
Ventralmost fascicle that is part of the centrointermediate (CI) fascicle in the larval ventral nerve cord (Zlatic et al., 2003).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is capable of some detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception (GO:0050974).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is capable of some detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception (GO:0050907).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is capable of some detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of smell (GO:0050911).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is capable of some detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of taste (GO:0050912).
Any anatomical entity (FBbt:10000000) that develops from some somatic trunk mesoderm (FBbt:00000129).
An eye photoreceptor cell whose rhabdomere is part of the outer trapezoid of rhabdomeres of each ommatidium. There are six of these per ommatidium. Each has a single axon that projects along a single lamina optic cartridge within which it makes extensive synaptic connections before terminating in the proximal lamina. It is strongly presynaptic to lamina monopolar neurons L1 and L2 and the lamina intrinsic (amacrine) neuron (Rivera-Alba et al., 2011).
Eye photoreceptor cell whose rhabdomere is located in the center of each ommatidium.
Photoreceptor cell that forms the core of each ommatidium in the adult eye. Eight of these photoreceptors are arranged in each ommatidial core, bundled like the staves of a barrel. Each has a photosensitive rhabdomere that projects into the barrel cavity and adjacent supporting membrane, the stalk (Wolff and Ready, 1993). Each extends an axon into the optic lobe. Activation of the photoreceptor by light results in depolarization and in histamine release at the synapses of these axons (Sarthy, 1991).
Note - eyelet photoreceptors are NOT sub-types.
Any somatic stem cell (FBbt:00007344) that is part of some gonad (FBbt:00004858).
The developing adult after pupal-adult apolysis, i.e. from stage P8 (when yellow eye color first becomes visible through the pupal case), to eclosion.
Precursor cell daughter of an external sensory organ precursor cell IIb. In the development of antennal olfactory sensilla, there are two classes, pNa and pNb, which each divide asymmetrically to produce up to four types of sensory neuron per sensillum (Endo et al., 2012; Chai et al., 2019). In the microchaete lineage, there is one of these cells (the other daughter of pIIb is a glial cell), which divides to produce one neuron and one apical sheath cell (Gho et al., 1999).
The reference paper (Gho et al., 1999) provides evidence for the existence of this intermediate stage between pIIb and the birth of the eo neuron in the wing mechanoreceptor development. There may be some question as to whether this can be generalized to all external sensory organs, but in the absence of evidence that the development of these organs is distinct I have applied this stage to all external sensory organ development. ds060308.
external sensory organ precursor cell IIIb
Somatic cell that is part of the ovariole. This does not include the ovarian sheath.
A(n) somatic cell that is part of a(n) testis.
Nerve that carries axons to the adult or larval antennal lobe.
Somatic cell type with squamous morphology found in regions 1 and 2a of the germarium. These cells send out thin cytoplasmic processes which envelop cystoblasts and cysts for several days prior to follicle cell formation. Their extensions move posteriorly with developing cystoblasts, while the cell bodies are stable and do not cross the 2a/2b boundary in the germarium. More posteriorly located escort cells have a higher rate of apoptosis.
Labelled by expression of fax (Rust et al., 2020).
Organism subdivision that protrudes from the head or trunk.
Material anatomical entity that has inherent 3D shape, whose parts are all connected and that is generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome.
Anatomical structure that has as its parts a maximally connected cell compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane.
Anatomical structure, that consists of similar cells and intercellular matrix, aggregated according to genetically determined spatial relationships.
Gonochoristic organism that can produce male gametes.
Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of cells with distinct apical-basal polarity, connected to each other by cell junctions.
Somatic cell that is a precursor to a mature cell.
Anatomical structure that is a primary subdivision of whole organism. The mereological sum of these is the whole organism.
Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more portions of tissue of at least two different types and which, through specific morphogenetic processes, forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona fide boundaries from other distinct structural units of different types.
Gonochoristic organism that can produce female gametes.
Anatomical structure that is a direct part of a cell.
Undifferentiated cell which retains its identity while budding off cells which differentiate.
Division of an appendage along its proximal-distal axis.
Epithelial monolayer of endodermal origin, which lines the adult midgut and which is overlain by the peritrophic membrane.
An epithelium consisting of columnar shaped cells.
A type of epithelium that is made up of flattened cells which are arranged with their long axes in the plane of the epithelium.
A columnar - cuboidal epithelial monolayer with a brush border consisting predominantly of large polyploid enterocytes tied together by smooth septate junctions. Scattered through this epithelium are clusters of diploid intestinal stem cells and occasional enteroendocrine cells.
A large, polyploid, cuboidal or low-columnar epithelial cell of the adult posterior midgut. It has its nucleus in the middle and a mass of microvilli (brush border) on its apical surface. On its basal side, extensive infoldings of the plasma membrane form a labyrinth which fills the lower half of the cell. It is attached to adjacent enterocytes by smooth septate junctions.
enterocyte of posterior adult midgut epithelium
Diploid endocrine cell which is part of the adult or larval midgut epithelium.
These cells can be identified by expression of prospero in the adult (Zeng and Hou, 2015) and larval (Mathur et al., 2010 - FBrf0209706) gut.
Wedge shaped diploid cell found in scattered clusters in the midgut epithelium. The broad end of the wedge lies on the basement membrane and contains the nucleus. The tapering apex of the cell extends up towards the lumen.
Can be identified by expression of Delta (and escargot) (Zeng and Hou, 2015).
Anteriormost part of the adult midgut epithelium, bordering the acidic middle midgut at its posterior end. Enterocytes have distinct morphologies in different subregions of this portion of the epithelium.
Specialized epithelial cell of the gut. A large, polyploid, cuboidal or low-columnar epithelial cell with its nucleus in the middle and a mass of microvilli (brush border) on its apical surface. On its basal side, extensive infoldings of the plasma membrane form a labyrinth which fills the lower half of the cell. It is attached to adjacent enterocytes by smooth septate junctions.
The region of the ectoderm posterior to the cephalic furrow.
The cerebral ganglion, minus the optic lobes. It includes part of the protocerebrum (without the optic lobes), the deutocerebrum and the tritocerebrum.
Any glioblast (FBbt:00005145) that is part of some central brain primordium (FBbt:00005542).
Dorsolateral horn-shaped synaptic neuropil domain of the adult protocerebrum that houses the terminals of various antennal lobe projection neurons (Ito et al., 2014). It is not separated from other neuropils by a glial sheath, but by the extent of arborization and synapsing of these antennal lobe projection neurons (Ito et al., 2014).
Lateral synaptic neuropil domain of the adult superior neuropils. It lies behind the anterior optic tubercle, in front of the mushroom body calyx and above the superior clamp and lateral horn. Its boundary with the anterior optic tubercle (AOTU), mushroom body calyx and lateral horn is demarcated by the extent of arborization of visual projection neurons and antennal lobe projection neurons. Boundaries with the superior clamp, anterior and posterior ventro-lateral protocerebrum are defined using clearly distinguishable fiber bundles.
Boundaries defined by Ito et al. (2014) (used to define this term) differ slightly from those defined for slpr in Otsuna and Ito, 2006. The anterior superior SLP corresponds to mslpr and the posterior superior SLP to pslpr of Otsuna and Ito (2006). The SLP also corresponds to the lateral part of the dorsolateral protocerebrum (DLP) and lateral part of the inner dorsolateral protocerebrum (IDLP) of Chiang et al. (2011) (Ito et al., 2014).
Medial synaptic neuropil domain of the adult superior neuropils that lies above the area flanked by the mushroom lobes, pedunculus, and calyx. It is separated from the pedunculus by the superior clamp and insulated from the medial lobe by the crepine. The fan-shaped body protrudes deeply into this neuropil, separating it into anterior (ASMP) and posterior (PSMP) regions.
Different regions of the SMP correspond to the subdivisions of the smpr and impr (Otsuna and Ito, 2006). The anterior and posterior regions of the superior SMP match part of smpr; the anterior and posterior regions of the inferior SMP match part of impr. The SMP also corresponds to the superior dorsofrontal protocerebrum (SDFP) and to the medial part of the inner dorsolateral protocerebrum (IDLP) of Chiang et al. (2011) (Ito et al., 2014).
A large mass of synaptic neuropil domains in the anterior brain of the adult, between the antennal lobe and the optic lobe (Ito et al., 2014). It can be divided into an anterior and posterior regions (AVLP and PVLP) (Ito et al., 2014).
Currently some uncertainty about whether this is truly protocerebral - may actually be part of deutocerebrum (Strausfeld has characterized it as such). This should be clarified as a result of Volker Hartenstein's lineage mapping work. The VLP corresponds to almost all of the vlpr of Otsuna and Ito (2006) and to the ventrolateral protocerebrum (VLP) and optic glomerulus (OG) of Chiang et al. (2011) (Ito et al., 2014).
Synaptic neuropil domain of the adult protocerebrum that receives extensive arborizations from visual projection neurons from the lobula and the medulla, projecting via the anterior optic tract. It protrudes from the anterior-most area of the ventro-lateral neuropils and is slightly detached from the ventro-lateral protocerebrum. This neuropil is absent from the larval brain, being formed during pupal development.
Otsuna and Ito (2006) suggest that the optic tubercle may be divided into three regions according to the density of arborizations. The medial-most (optu1) and lateral-most (optu3) contain dense arborizations of the Lcn10 neurons, whilst the area between these regions (optu2) is essentially devoid of the lobula columnar neurons.
A structure mainly consisting of cell components, rather than complete cells.
May contain some complete cells in addition to partial ones (e.g. glia in nervous system regions).
One of a group of synaptic neuropil domains of the larval brain which are located ventral to the mushroom body and are grouped around the long axon tracts connecting the larval protocerebrum to the ventral nerve cord. This medially located compartment contacts the antennal lobe posteriorly. The lateral cervical tract ascends through the center of this compartment. It is the larval counterpart of the adult ventromedial neuropils.
Note - description of relative location of brain structures in this definition is based on Younossi-Hartenstein et al., 2003 description of the first instar larval brain and Pereanu et al., 2010 third instar larval brain.
Thin layer of larval synaptic neuropil found lateral to the superior medial protocerebrum, separated from it by axon bundles of the DPlc lineages (Hartenstein et al., 2015). It is the precursor to the adult superior lateral protocerebrum and lateral horn domains (Pereanu et al., 2010; Hartenstein et al., 2015).
dorsal centro-posterior lateral synaptic neuropil domain
embryonic/larval superior lateral protocerebrum
Larval synaptic neuropil domain that is located ventral to the mushroom body medial lobe and posterior to the antennal lobe and periesophageal neuropils (Hartenstein et al., 2015). It is the larval counterpart of the adult lateral accessory lobe (Pereanu et al., 2010).
centro-posterior medial neuropil compartment
One of a group of synaptic neuropil domains of the larval brain which are located ventral to the mushroom body and are grouped around the long axon tracts connecting the larval protocerebrum to the ventral nerve cord. This compartment contacts the antennal lobe posteriorly, and is lateral to the lateral accessory lobe and ventromedial cerebrum. It grows anteriorly during larval development. It is the larval counterpart of the adult ventrolateral protocerebrum.
baso-posterior lateral synaptic neuropil compartment
baso-posterior lateral synaptic neuropil domain
Developmental relation to adult synaptic neuropil domains comes from a personal communication from Volker Hartenstein. Note - description of relative location of brain structures in this definition is based on Younossi-Hartenstein et al., 2003 description of the first instar larval brain and Pereanu et al., 2010 third instar larval brain.
embryonic/larval ventrolateral protocerebrum
Compartment of the larval inferior protocerebrum found posterior medial to the larval superior clamp (medial inferior protocerebrum) (Hartenstein et al., 2015). The adult central complex arises from secondary axonal tracts of several lineages that invade this region and displace it during pupal development (Pereanu et al., 2010). A small region at its posterior edge remains and gives rise to the adult inferior clamp (posterior inferior protocerebrum) (Pereanu et al., 2010).
centro-posterior medial synaptic neuropil domain
embryonic/larval posterior inferior protocerebrum
Developmental relation to adult synaptic neuropil domain is a PC from Volker Hartenstein. Note - description of relative location of brain structures in this definition is based on Younossi-Hartenstein et al., 2003 description of the first instar larval brain and Pereanu et al., 2010 third instar larval brain.
A fiber bundle that crosses the midline, connecting both hemispheres (Ito et al., 2014).
The outermost cellular layer of the nervous system, probably of mesodermal origin (Hartenstein and Jan, 1992). This layer consists of glial cells, which participate in nutrient uptake and establish a first diffusion barrier (Limmer et al., 2014).
Evidence of mesodermal origin comes from the observation that embryos lacking mesoderm lack this cell layer and the overlying neural lamella (Edwards et al., 1993).
The outer two layers of glial cells that cover the central nervous system and the nerves. The outer layer is the perineurial glial sheath (sometimes referred to as the perineurial sheath outer layer); the inner layer is the subperineurial glial sheath (sometimes referred to as the perineurial sheath inner layer).
Some authors use this term only to refer to the double layer of cells covering the CNS (e.g. Hartenstein and Jan, 1992), while other authors use it more broadly to include the covering of nerves (e.g. Banerjee et al., 2006). This ontology uses the term in its broad sense. 'Blood-brain barrier' may refer to this (e.g. Limmer et al., 2014) or the subperineurial glial sheath alone (e.g. Morante et al., 2013).
Inner glial cell layer of the perineurium that is probably not derived from the mesoderm (Edwards et al., 1994). This layer form an ion permeability barrier, functionally similar to the endothelial cells of the mammalian blood-brain barrier (Limmer et al., 2014).
That the subperineurial glial cells do not derive from the mesoderm is suggested by Edwards et al. (1994), in which they show the presence of these cells in delta (FBgn0000463) mutant embryos. 'Blood-brain barrier' may refer to this (e.g. Morante et al., 2013) or the perineurium (e.g. Limmer et al., 2014), which includes this and the perineurial glial sheath.
Region of the cell body rind overlying the mushroom body calyx (Ito et al., 2014). It contains the cell bodies of the Kenyon cells (Aso et al., 2009).
rCAp is the only subregion of rCA listed in Ito et al. (2014) and no other mushroom body rinds are listed.
cell body rind of adult mushroom body calyx
Neuroblast that is the precursor to the Kenyon cells (Kunz et al., 2012). There are four of these per hemisphere and they each arise from a distinct neuroectodermal progenitor and produce morphologically distinct primary lineages (Kunz et al., 2012). They continue to divide from the embryonic to the late pupal stage (Lee et al., 1999; Kunz et al., 2012). All four produce largely identical lineages postembryonically (Ito et al., 2013; Yu et al., 2013), sequentially producing gamma, alpha'/beta' and alpha/beta Kenyon cells (Lee et al., 1999; Kunz et al., 2012). In the adult, each lineage remains distinct within the calyx and pedunculus, but the axons reorganize and intermingle within the lobes (Li et al., 2020).
See Ito et al. (2013) figure S1 for distinction between MBp1-4.
Superficial neuronal layer of the central nervous system, composed of glia and the cell bodies of neurons (soma). The cell body rind lies under the perineurium.
cell body rind of the central nervous system
The sum of all the developing presumptive components of a specific embryonic/larval system in an embryo.
Glial layer that largely surrounds a region of synaptic neuropil in the central nervous system (Younossi-Hartenstein et al., 2003). It is mainly formed by synaptic neuropil ensheathing glia, but these cells also frequently branch into neuropil domains and the layer also contains nuclei of reticular glia (Kremer et al., 2017).
Small synaptic neuropil domain of the larval protocerebrum that surrounds the medial lobe of the mushroom body (Pereanu et al., 2010; Hartenstein et al., 2015). It is the larval counterpart of the adult crepine (anterior inferior protocerebrum) (Pereanu et al., 2010).
centro-anterior synaptic neuropil domain
Paired synaptic neuropil domain of the larval deutocerebrum, located ventral to the mushroom body, that is the major target of innervation for axons carried by the antennal nerve. It is also connected to the antero-basal tract (ABT). Its posterior boundary contacts the lateral accessory lobe, ventromedial cerebrum, ventrolateral protocerebrum and periesophageal neuropils. It is the larval counterpart of the adult antennal lobe, and consists of around 22 glomeruli.
Tract of the larval brain which is connected to the baso-anterior synaptic neuropil domain (BA; antennal compartment). This tract travels along the neuropil glial sheath which forms the boundary between baso-anterior (BA) and baso-central (BC) synaptic neuropil domains. The tract then turns dorsally to make the antennal root of the antenno-cerebral tract (ACT).
Larval counterpart to the adult periesophageal neuropils (Pereanu et al., 2010). It is located adjacent to the esophagus and guides the medial cervical tract (Younossi-Hartenstein et al., 2003; Hartenstein et al., 2015). Its anterior portion corresponds to the tritocerebrum (Hartenstein et al., 2015).
embryonic/larval periesophageal neuropils
Unit of spermatogenic differentiation consisting of a pair of cyst cells enclosing the developing germline cells.
A cyst of female germ cells interconnected by ring canals. Each cyst originates from a single cystoblast which divides to form 16 cyst cells. These become enveloped in a follicle cell epithelium as they pass through region 2 of the germarium. Cysts that have left the germarium are termed egg chambers.
Portion of the eye disc which is posterior to the morphogenetic furrow. It contains developing ommatidial clusters whose maturity increases with distance posterior to the furrow.
eye disc posterior to the morphogenetic furrow
Deutocerebrum of the adult brain. Substantial portions are below the level of the esophagus (Ito et al., 2014).
Tritocerebrum of the adult brain. Substantial portions are below the level of the esophagus (Ito et al., 2014).
Tract of the larva that connects the antennal lobe to other neuropils in the protocerebrum, including mushroom body and lateral horn (Nassif et al., 2003; Hartenstein et al., 2015). There are three of these, the medial, mediolateral and lateral antennal lobe tracts (Das et al., 2013). They are larval counterparts to the adult antennal lobe tracts (Nassif et al., 2003).
Any appendage segment (FBbt:00007018) that is part of some antenna (FBbt:00004511).
Any appendage segment (FBbt:00007018) that is part of some leg (FBbt:00004640).
Any sense organ (FBbt:00005155) that is part of some antenna (FBbt:00004511).
A sense organ embedded in the integument and consisting of one or a cluster of sensory neurons and associated sensory structures, support cells and glial cells forming a single organized unit with a largely bona fide boundary.
Antennal lobe glomerulus of the larva. There are 21 glomeruli, each innervated by a single type of olfactory receptor neuron (Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2009).
embryonic/larval antennal lobe glomerulus
Neuromere of the adult gnathal ganglion that develops from the larval maxillary neuromere. It is located between the mandibular and labial neuromeres, but segmental architecture is less well defined in the adult.
maxillary segment of adult subesophageal ganglion
Neuromere of the adult gnathal ganglion that develops from the larval mandibular neuromere. It is located anterior to the maxillary and labial neuromeres, but segmental architecture is less well defined in the adult.
mandibular segment of adult subesophageal ganglion
Neuromere of the adult gnathal ganglion that develops from the larval labial neuromere. It is located posterior to the mandibular and maxillary neuromeres, but segmental architecture is less well defined in the adult.
labial segment of adult subesophageal ganglion
Any commissure (FBbt:00007084) that is part of some adult maxillary neuromere (FBbt:00007158).
Any commissure (FBbt:00007084) that is part of some adult labial neuromere (FBbt:00007160).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is capable of some acetylcholine secretion, neurotransmission (GO:0014055).
Calyx of the larval mushroom body. It contains dendrites of the larval Kenyon cells (Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2009; Saumweber et al., 2018). It is organized into around 34 glomeruli, each innervated by a single projection neuron (Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2009).
Any glomerulus (FBbt:00005386) that is part of some calyx of larval mushroom body (FBbt:00007191).
An antennal lobe projection neuron that is part of the embryonic/larval brain. These neurons innervate the larval antennal lobe and send an axon to higher brain centers, typically including the larval antennal lobe. The soma of these neurons are located in a single, anterodorsal cluster lateral. Since all inputs to the larval antennal lobe are olfactory (Masuda-Nakagawa et al., 2008), these are olfactory projection neurons.
embryonic/larval antennal lobe projection neuron
A local interneuron that connects glomeruli within the larval antennal lobe. Many additionally extend into the subesophageal zone (Berck et al., 2016). Some of these die during metamorphosis and some are remodeled into adult neurons (Liou et al., 2018).
local interneuron of larval antennal lobe
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is capable of some gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion, neurotransmission (GO:0061534).
Some GABAergic neurons express ChAT transcripts (and reporters) at low levels, but do not produce functional enzyme (Lacin et al., 2019 - FBrf0242251).
A cluster of cells of various types which form a discrete structure with a largely bona fide boundary.
An anatomical structure consisting of multiple cell cluster organs and which does not contain portions of tissue.
Sensillum which is embedded in the body wall and has a specific cuticular structure involved in the transduction of some sensory signal as a part.
This is a parent term for the mechanosensory bristles referred to as external sensilla (es) in some references e.g. Tsubouchi et al., 2017 (FBrf0237124), but also includes other modalities.
Sensillum with an innervated external cuticular sensory structure consisting of one or more bipolar sensory neurons, and 3 support cells: a trichogen cell which makes the external cuticular sensory structure, a thecogen cell which makes the socket that holds the base of the external sensory structure and a tormogen cell which makes the cuticular matrix (cap) at the tip of the innervating dendrite(s).
Sensillum that is internal to the animal - i.e. having no part that is part of the cuticle.
Any compound cell cluster organ (FBbt:00007230) that is capable of some detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception (GO:0050906).
Compound sense organ that is located within the epidermis.
Compound sense organ that is located in the inside of the body, including chordotonal organ.
Any sensillum (FBbt:00007152) that is part of some adult head (FBbt:00003007).
Any sensillum (FBbt:00007152) that is part of some larval head (FBbt:00001730).
Any sensillum (FBbt:00007152) that is part of some embryonic/larval foregut (FBbt:00001862).
Any sensillum (FBbt:00007152) that is part of some larval thorax (FBbt:00001741).
Specialized structure that is found on the cuticle.
Any adult chordotonal organ (FBbt:00052719) that is part of some prothoracic segment (FBbt:00000017).
adult chordotonal organ of prothoracic segment
Photoreceptor cell that contains rhabdomeres.
Modified epidermal cell that forms part of an eo-type sensillum and differentiates from the same sensory organ precursor cell as the sensory neuron(s) (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997; Chai et al., 2019).
Material anatomical entity generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome and whose component parts are not all continuous with each other.
Anatomical group whose component anatomical structures lie in close proximity to each other.
An anatomical group whose component structures share a common function.
Any sense organ (FBbt:00005155) that is part of some larval head (FBbt:00001730).
A region of cuticle and its underlying epidermis.
A segmental subdivision of the integument of the whole animal.
Specialized structure that is found on the integument.
Region of integument with boundaries corresponding to those of a tagma.
A multi-nucleate cell having no internal boundaries between nuclei.
Any cell (FBbt:00007002) that is capable of has target end location some hormone secretion (GO:0046879) that has target end location some circulatory system (FBbt:00005057).
Group of sense organs, and the somas and dendrites of sensory neurons, located ventrally in a larval segment (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). It lies outside the ventrolateral and ventral muscles, beneath the ventral insertion of the lateral transverse muscles (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). It can be divided into two smaller clusters (ventral and ventral'), with the axons of neurons of each cluster following a different branch of the segmental nerve (Willams and Shepherd, 1999). The pattern of sense organs and neurons is highly similar in segments A1-7, and slightly modified in the thoracic segments (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
embryonic/larval thoracic/abdominal ventral sensory cluster
larval thoracic/abdominal ventral sensory cluster
Terminal (A8-10) segments have substantially different morphology, such that no 'ventral cluster' is present as seen in more anterior segments.
Any larval ventral sensory cluster group (FBbt:00007295) that is part of some prothoracic segment (FBbt:00000017).
embryonic/larval prothoracic ventral sensory cluster group
larval prothoracic ventral sensory cluster group
Any larval ventral sensory cluster group (FBbt:00007295) that is part of some mesothoracic segment (FBbt:00000018).
embryonic/larval mesothoracic ventral sensory cluster group
larval mesothoracic ventral sensory cluster group
Any larval ventral sensory cluster group (FBbt:00007295) that is part of some metathoracic segment (FBbt:00000019).
embryonic/larval metathoracic ventral sensory cluster group
larval metathoracic ventral sensory cluster group
Any larval ventral sensory cluster group (FBbt:00007295) that is part of some anterior abdominal segment (FBbt:00052393).
embryonic/larval ventral sensory cluster of A1-7
larval ventral sensory cluster group of A1-7
The integument of the larval mesothoracic segment.
integument of larval mesothoracic segment
The integument of the larval metathoracic segment.
integument of larval metathoracic segment
The integument of the larval prothoracic segment.
integument of larval prothoracic segment
The integument of the larval abdominal segments.
A cluster of sense organs in the integument or connected to it.
One cell thick band of oenocytes that lies under the surface of an adult abdominal segment (Miller, 1950).
Any nerve (FBbt:00005105) that is part of some larval head (FBbt:00001730).
Any epithelial cell (FBbt:00000124) that is part of some epidermis (FBbt:00004993).
The part of some organism that is part of some specified segment.
The part of an organ system that is part of some specified tagma.
Any larval sense organ (FBbt:00002639) that is part of some intercalary segment (FBbt:00000010).
embryonic/larval intercalary segment sense organ
Stem cell that is a progenitor of somatic cells.
Odorant receptor neuron (ORN) whose dendrite transduces signals from an antennal sensillum. The axons of these neurons fasciculate in the antennal nerve and innervate the antennal lobe.
adult antennal olfactory receptor neuron
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is capable of some octopamine secretion, neurotransmission (GO:0061540).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is capable of some histamine secretion, neurotransmission (GO:0061538).
A neuron that uses a biogenic amine as its neurotransmitter (Vomel and Wegener, 2008; Fuchs et al., 2014).
Strictly speaking, "aminergic" should refer to any type of amine being used as a neurotransmitter. However, the term is most commonly used to refer to biogenic amines only, which is the meaning we retain here. See https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/21625.
Sense organ that is internal to the animal - i.e. having no part that is part of the cuticle.
Mushroom body calyx of the mature adult mushroom body.
Any olfactory receptor neuron of the adult.
Any olfactory receptor neuron of the larva.
embryonic/larval olfactory receptor neuron
A local interneuron that has its terminals mostly restricted to the adult antennal lobe. Some of these arise from larval local interneurons that are remodeled; others may emerge either before or after sensory and projection neurons establish synaptic specificity in the antennal lobe (Liou et al., 2018). Higher local neuron density tends to be found in glomeruli innervated by ORNs of basiconic sensilla on the antenna or the palp or of coeloconic sensilla and lower density is found in glomeruli innervated by ORNs of trichoid sensilla (Grabe et al., 2016). There are approximately 200 of these cells per hemisphere, nearly half of which are bilateral (Chou et al., 2010; Schlegel et al., 2021).
local interneuron of adult antennal lobe
An interneuron that projects from some primary sensory neuropil (e.g. the antennal lobe) to a higher neuropil region.
Any larval ventral sensory cluster group (FBbt:00007295) that is part of some thoracic segment (FBbt:00000016).
embryonic/larval T1-3 ventral sensory cluster group
embryonic/larval thoracic ventral sensory cluster group
larval T1-3 ventral sensory cluster group
larval thoracic ventral sensory cluster group
The adult antennal lobe is a bilaterally paired synaptic neuropil domain of the deutocerebrum lying in front of the protocerebral synaptic neuropil domains. It is divided into approximately 50 glomeruli and is clearly separated from adjacent neuropil domains by an extensive glial sheath. The two antennal lobes are connected by the antennal commissure and receive olfactory receptor neuron axons from the antennal nerve and subesophageal tract. It is also connected to the antennal lobe tracts and the broad root.
A GABAergic local interneuron of the adult antennal lobe. The majority of the local interneurons of the adult antennal lobe fall into this class.
Based on GABA expression, approximately 80% of the local interneurons of the adult antennal lobe are GABAergic (Wilson and Laurent, 2005). Tanaka et al (2012) distinguishes two different types: LN1 and LN2L. LN1 neurons arborize in most of the glomeruli, whereas LN2L neurons are much more diverse.
GABAergic local interneuron of the adult antennal lobe
Any antennal lobe local neuron (FBbt:00052874) that overlaps some adult (FBbt:00003004) and is capable of some acetylcholine secretion, neurotransmission (GO:0014055).
Cells marked by drivers - unilateral and part of ALl1 lineage do not appear to comprise all cholinergic LNs.
cholinergic local interneuron of the adult antennal lobe
Any chaeta that is a part of the leg and is involved in chemical detection for the purpose of taste.
GABAergic local interneuron that connects glomeruli within the larval antennal lobe. Most local interneurons of the larval antennal lobe are GABAergic (Python and Stocker, 2002).
GABAergic local interneuron of larval antennal lobe
Interneuron whose dendrite innervates the antennal lobe (larval or adult) and whose axon innervates some higher brain center (generally the mushroom body calyx and/or lateral horn).
A tract of the central nervous system that does not cross the midline.
Any material anatomical entity (FBbt:00007016) that is capable of has target end location some hormone secretion (GO:0046879) that has target end location some circulatory system (FBbt:00005057).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is capable of has target end location some hormone secretion (GO:0046879) that has target end location some circulatory system (FBbt:00005057).
The mass of Kenyon cell fibers connecting the calyx and lobes of the adult mushroom body.
An adult antennal lobe projection neuron that develops from a larval antennal lobe projection neuron (Marin et al., 2005). Axons and dendrites of these neurons are extensively remodeled during metamorphosis (Marin et al., 2005).
persistent antennal lobe projection neuron
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that overlaps some prothoracic gland (FBbt:00001724).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is part of some larval nervous system (FBbt:00001911) and overlaps some embryonic/larval corpus allatum (FBbt:00001725).
embryonic/larval corpus allatum innervating neuron
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is part of some larval nervous system (FBbt:00001911) and overlaps some embryonic/larval corpus cardiacum (FBbt:00001726).
embryonic/larval corpus cardiacum innervating neuron
An interneuron that innervates only the mushroom body.
The portion of the embryonic/larval nervous system that is part of the thorax.
nervous system of embryonic/larval thorax
The portion of the embryonic/larval nervous system that is part of the abdomen.
nervous system of embryonic/larval abdomen
Structure consisting of the embryonic/larval foregut, midgut and hindgut.
Structure consisting of a simple epithelium surrounded by visceral muscles, nerves and tracheae. The adult gut is divided into the adult foregut, midgut and hindgut regions, based on developmental origin.
Large field neuron that innervates the central complex. Typically these neurons innervate a single neuropil domain within the central complex, arborizing in either the entire domain or some entire subdomain. They may also innervate regions external to the central complex.
large field neuron of the central complex
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that synapses restricted to region some adult optic lobe (FBbt:00003701).
A columnar neuron whose arborizations are restricted to the adult optic lobe.
Interneuron that is oriented perpendicular to the columns of adult optic lobe neuropils and has a major projection along the plane of a layer of optic lobe neuropil.
Any optic glomerulus (FBbt:00003698) that is part of some posterior lateral protocerebrum (FBbt:00040044).
Any optic glomerulus (FBbt:00003698) that is part of some posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (FBbt:00040042).
Any apodeme (FBbt:00005091) that is part of some abdomen (FBbt:00000020).
One of the first seven larval abdominal segments (counting from anterior to posterior). Larval segments 1-7 have almost identical musculature, gross tracheal morphology and sensory organ types and distribution.
The developing larval midgut from the beginning of fusion of the anterior and posterior midgut primordia during stage 12 through the completion of fusion at the dorsal and ventral midlines during stage 15 to the completion of gastric caecum development during stage 16.
Any glial cell (FBbt:00005144) that is part of some central nervous system (FBbt:00005094) and is part of some perineurial glial sheath (FBbt:00007089).
perineurial surface associated glial cell
Glial cell of the embryonic/larval CNS subperineurial glial sheath. These cells are rich in septate junctions and are a principal component of the larval blood-brain-barrier (Edwards and Meinertzhagen, 2010). They derive from the mesoderm (Edwards et al., 1993). In the larval abdomen there are typically 8 (but sometimes 9) subperineural glial cells per abdominal hemineuromere (Ito et al., 1995).
embryonic/larval CNS subperineurial glial cell
Subperineurial glia lies beneath the outer surface of the ventral nerve cord. Its nuclei and cell bodies are round and flat. Cytoplasmic extensions sometimes extend a short distance into the underlying cortex and fill the space between the outermost neuronal cell bodies.
A group of trichomes covering a region of integument.
A subdivision of the optic lobe neuropil that maps to a single ommatidium. In the lamina and distal medulla these correspond to the projections and arborization of photoreceptor cells. Narrow field columnar neurons define continuation of these columns medial to this.
Larval motor neurons are generally named according to the muscle(s) they innervate, meaning that their soma location may be in the same segment (segmental nerve neurons), or the next anterior segment (intersegmental nerve neurons) than given in the motor neuron name.
An anlage that is a precursor of some part of the adult optic lobe in the larva. It develops from the embryonic optic lobe primordium.
A bundle of Kenyon cell projections in the adult mushroom body that arises from the anterior end of the pedunculus (at the pedunculus divide) and projects medially (Ito et al., 2014).
A clone of cells, all of which are descended from a single neuroblast.
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is capable of some detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of sound (GO:0050910).
An anatomical system consisting of all of the anatomical entities that function in some part of the sensory perception of sound.
Any sense organ (FBbt:00005155) that is capable of some detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of sound (GO:0050910).
An anatomical system consisting of all of the anatomical entities that function in some part of the sensory perception of mechanical stimuli.
An anatomical system consisting of all of the anatomical entities that function in some part of the sensory perception of smell.
An anatomical system consisting of all of the anatomical entities that function in some part of the sensory perception of chemical stimuli.
An anatomical system consisting of all of the anatomical entities that function in some part of the sensory perception of taste.
An anatomical system consisting of all of the anatomical entities that function in some part of the sensory perception.
Note - the relationship of this class to the nervous system is overlap. This allows for sense organ components that function in the transduction of sensory signals but that are not considered to be part of the nervous system to be part of sensory systems.
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that capable of part of some sensory perception (GO:0007600).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that capable of part of some sensory perception of taste (GO:0050909).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that capable of part of some sensory perception of chemical stimulus (GO:0007606).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that capable of part of some sensory perception of smell (GO:0007608).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that capable of part of some sensory perception of mechanical stimulus (GO:0050954).
Region of the ventrolateral domain of a larval thoracic neuromere that will give rise to the adult leg neuropil (Hartenstein et al., 2018). It increases in size during larval development (Hartenstein et al., 2018).
Any subdomain of the central nervous system (CNS) that spans an anterior-posterior CNS axis.
longitudinal subdivision of central nervous system
Any subdomain of the larval central nervous system (CNS) that spans an anterior-posterior CNS axis.
longitudinal subdivision of ventral nerve cord
longitudinal domain of larval central nervous system
A ventro-laterally located longitudinal subdivision of the larval central nervous system spanning the gnathal, thoracic and abdominal neuromeres (Hartenstein et al., 2018). It is found at the same level as the ventromedial domain; ventral to the central domain (which contains the C1-3 fascicles) and the centrolateral domain (Hartenstein et al., 2018). Its medial boundary (with the ventromedial domain) is defined by the entry points of lineages 3,5,6 and 12 into the neuropil, which are at the same medio-lateral position as the C1-3 fascicles (Hartenstein et al., 2018). Anteriorly, it terminates posterior to the tritocerebrum, as the CITd and CITv (C1-3 fascicles) reach the lateral edge of the neuropil (Hartenstein et al., 2018). In thoracic neuromeres, this domain becomes enlarged during development and will give rise to the adult leg neuropils (Hartenstein et al., 2018).
ventrolateral subdivision of ventral nerve cord
ventrolateral domain of larval central nervous system
A centrally located longitudinal subdivision of the larval central nervous system spanning the tritocerebral, gnathal, thoracic and abdominal neuromeres (Hartenstein et al., 2018). This compartment contains the C1-3 fascicles and the volume in between (Hartenstein et al., 2018).
central subdivision of ventral nerve cord
central domain of larval central nervous system
Any synaptic neuropil subdomain (FBbt:00040006) that is part of some larval ventral nerve cord (FBbt:00001102).
ventral nerve cord synaptic neuropil subdomain
Region of the ventrolateral domain of the larval prothoracic neuromere that will give rise to the adult prothoracic leg neuropil (Hartenstein et al., 2018). It increases in size during larval development (Hartenstein et al., 2018).
Region of the ventrolateral domain of the larval mesothoracic neuromere that will give rise to the adult mesothoracic leg neuropil (Hartenstein et al., 2018). It increases in size during larval development (Hartenstein et al., 2018).
Region of the ventrolateral domain of the larval metathoracic neuromere that will give rise to the adult metathoracic leg neuropil (Hartenstein et al., 2018). It increases in size during larval development (Hartenstein et al., 2018).
The tectulum is a distinct subdivision of the thoracic regions of the ventral nerve cord (VNC) (Power, 1948). The region forms a saddle-like structure located dorsally, primarily over the accessory mesothoracic neuropil, spanning the mesothoracic neuromere (MesoNm), and extending into the posteriormost region of the prothoracic neuromere (ProNm) and the anteriormost region of the metathoracic neuromere (MetaNm) (Power, 1948). Its internal boundaries within the VNC can be defined as the dorsal region of the neuropil posterior to the ventral ellipse in the ProNm, but dorsal to the bundles from 12B, 6B, 23 17, 18B in the MesoNm (Shepherd et al., 2016; Court et al., 2020). It extends posteriorly through the MesoNm to the entry point of hemilineage 3A in the MetaNm (Shepherd et al., 2016). It is stratified into the upper, intermediate and lower tectulum (Namiki et al., 2018; Court et al., 2020).
Mushroom body (MB) of the larva. It only has two lobes, medial and vertical, in contrast to the adult MB, which has five lobes (Lee et al., 1999). Both lobes are composed of gamma neurons, which are the only Kenyon cells (KCs) present in the newly hatched first instar (Kunz et al., 2012). MB neuroblasts continue to produce new KCs throughout the larval stages (Lee et al., 1999). These new KCs form layers in the larval MB peduncle and lobes, with four distinguishable layers present in the third instar (Kurusu et al., 2002). Three types of KCs can be identified in these layers: embryonic-born gamma type (surface layer), larval-born gamma type (outer and inner layers) and larval-born alpha'/beta' type (core layer) neurons (Kurusu et al., 2002). During the pupal stage, alpha/beta KCs are produced and the larval MB is remodeled into the adult MB (Lee et al., 1999).
The four layers in the pedunculus and lobes were identified by staining with a FasII antibody. The surface layer is partially FasII-negative, the outer and inner layers are FasII-positive and the core is FasII-negative (Selcho et al., 2009; Kurusu et al., 2002).
The adult mushroom body lobe system consists of a dorsal branch composed of two intertwined lobes (alpha and alpha') and a medial branch consisting of three parallel lobes (beta, beta' and gamma) (Aso et al., 2014). The lobes can be divided into layers, which form strata spanning the length of each lobe, and slices, which are full width subdivisions of the length of each lobe (Aso et al., 2014).
Subregion of the adult mushroom body vertical lobe (Ito et al., 2014). It is composed of the vertical branches of alpha'/beta' Kenyon cells (Ito et al., 2014).
Subregion of the adult mushroom body medial lobe (Ito et al., 2014). It is composed of the medial branches of alpha'/beta' Kenyon cells (Ito et al., 2014).
Subregion of the adult mushroom body medial lobe (Ito et al., 2014). It is composed of the axons of gamma Kenyon cells (Ito et al., 2014).
Glutamatergic (Gao et al., 2008; Karuppudurai et al., 2014) distal medullary amacrine neuron that branches extensively in medulla layer M6A (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Takemura et al., 2013; Nern et al., 2015), spanning approximately 16 medulla columns (Karuppudurai et al., 2014), with centrifugal projections back to layer M4 (Takemura et al., 2013; Nern et al., 2015). The highest arbor density and longest distal projection are usually found in one optic column (its 'home column'), near the center of the M6A arborization, with these columns tiling between different individual Dm8 cells, while the rest of the arbor overlaps with other Dm8 cells considerably (Gao et al., 2008; Nern et al., 2015; Kind et al., 2021). In layer M6, it is postsynaptic to several R7 photoreceptor cells and presynaptic to Tm5c (Gao et al., 2008; Takemura et al., 2013; Karuppudurai et al., 2014). The contacts with Tm5c are clustered in one column at the center of the dendritic field of Dm8 (Karuppudurai et al., 2014). It is involved in UV preference (Gao et al., 2008).
Connectivity inferred from EM reconstructions from a single EM section. The neurotransmitter was assessed in cells labelled with a glutamate GAL4 driver P\{GawB}vGlut[OK371] (FBti0076967) (Gao et al., 2008), RT-PCR and by immunohistochemistry (Karuppudurai et al., 2014). Connectivity with R7 was assessed by EM reconstruction of a single medulla column (Gao et al., 2008) or reconstruction of serial-section TEM (Takemura et al., 2013).
A transmedullary neuron that arborizes across multiple columns.
A transmedullary neuron whose arborizations are mostly restricted to a single column.
Ventral region of the adult brain, consisting of the fused ganglia of the three gnathal neuromeres; mandibular, maxillary and labial (Ito et al., 2014). It is found beneath the esophagus in the ventral part of the subesophageal zone (Ito et al., 2014).
This term refers to what used to be called subesophageal ganglion (SOG). The new name, together with cerebral ganglia (CRG), denote the segmental neuromeres of the brain (the 3 caudal and 3 rostral, respectively). These are distinguishable from supra- and subesophageal zones, as these refer to the neuropil masses above and below the esophagus and do not respect neuromere boundaries (Ito et al., 2014). The posterior part of the GNG also corresponds to part of the inferior ipsl of Otsuna and Ito (2006) and to the ventral part of the subesophageal ganglion (SOG) of Chiang et al. (2011) (Ito et al., 2014).
Cyst cell that will develop into the oocyte. There is one of these in each 16-cell cyst and it is one of the two cells that has four connections to other cyst cells (Spradling, 1993).
Neuropil region where the larval mesothoracic neuromere intersects with the ventrolateral longitudinal domain of the central nervous system (Hartenstein et al., 2018).
larval ventrolateral thoracic ganglion T2
ventrolateral neuropil of larval mesothoracic segment
ventrolateral neuropil of larval segment T2
ventrolateral domain of larval T2 neuromere
Neuropil region where the larval metathoracic neuromere intersects with the ventrolateral longitudinal domain of the central nervous system (Hartenstein et al., 2018).
larval ventrolateral thoracic ganglion T3
ventrolateral neuropil of larval metathoracic segment
ventrolateral neuropil of larval segment T3
ventrolateral domain of larval T3 neuromere
Neuropil region where the larval prothoracic neuromere intersects with the ventrolateral longitudinal domain of the central nervous system (Hartenstein et al., 2018).
larval ventrolateral thoracic ganglion T1
ventrolateral neuropil of larval prothoracic segment
ventrolateral neuropil of larval segment T1
ventrolateral domain of larval T1 neuromere
Anlage of the embryonic central brain in the gastrula embryo that will give rise to the central brain primordium.
Bundle of Kenyon cell projections in the adult mushroom body that arises from the anterior end of the pedunculus (at the pedunculus divide) and projects dorsally (Ito et al., 2014).
A(n) anlage that develops into some salivary gland common duct primordium. It develops from some salivary gland duct inclusive primordium.
Primordium of the dorsal closure embryo that will give rise to the salivary gland common duct.
Primordium of the late extended germ band embryo that will give rise to the embryonic primordium of the adult salivary gland.
Primordium of the ventral trunk epidermis of the late extended germ band and dorsal closure embryo that will give rise to the embryonic ventral trunk epidermis.
Primordium of the anal pad of the late extended germ band and dorsal closure embryo that will give rise to the embryonic anal pads.
Anlage of the ventral apodeme of the late extended germ band embryo that will give rise to the ventral apodeme primordium.
Primordium of the ventral apodeme of the dorsal closure embryo that will give rise to the ventral apodemes.
Primordium of the denticle field of the dorsal closure embryo that will give rise to the larval denticle fields.
Region of embryonic and larval ventral cuticle that displays denticle belts. It develops from the denticle field primordium.
A(n) primordium that develops into some embryonic dorsal epidermis. It develops from some dorsal epidermis primordium.
Anlage of the embryonic dorsal apodeme in the late extended germ band embryo.
Primordium of the embryonic dorsal apodeme in the dorsal closure embryo.
A(n) primordium that develops into some histoblast. It develops from some abdominal histoblast anlage.
A(n) primordium that develops into some embryonic dorsal sensory organ precursor cluster. It develops from some dorsal sensory complex primordium.
dorsal sensory complex proper primordium
Primordium that develops into some component of the larval ring gland.
A(n) primordium that develops into some adult salivary gland anlage and some salivary gland common duct anlage. It develops from some ventral ectoderm.
salivary gland duct inclusive primordium
A(n) primordium that develops into some embryonic/larval cibarium. It develops from some gnathal primordium.
A 'whorl' of larval oenocyte precursors which forms transiently around each 'chordotonal precursor cell C1' during stage 11. It ceases to exist when these cells delaminate during stages 11 and 12.
A(n) anlage that develops into some abdominal histoblast primordium. It develops from some dorsal epidermis primordium.
A(n) anlage that develops into some proventriculus inclusive primordium.
A(n) primordium that develops into some proventriculus intermediate layer primordium and some proventriculus inner layer primordium and some embryonic primordium of adult foregut precursor. It develops from some proventriculus anlage.
A(n) primordium that develops into some embryonic proventriculus inner layer. It develops from some proventriculus inclusive primordium.
A(n) primordium that develops into some embryonic proventriculus intermediate layer. It develops from some proventriculus inclusive primordium.
proventriculus reccurrent layer primordium
proventriculus intermediate layer primordium
Primordium of the late extended germ band embryo that will give rise to the embryonic precursor of the adult foregut.
embryonic primordium of adult foregut precursor
Any anatomical entity (FBbt:10000000) that develops from some ectoderm (FBbt:00000111).
Any anatomical entity (FBbt:10000000) that develops from some anterior ectoderm (FBbt:00000119).
Any anatomical entity (FBbt:10000000) that develops from some posterior ectoderm (FBbt:00000122).
Any anatomical entity (FBbt:10000000) that develops from some ventral ectoderm (FBbt:00005558).
Any anatomical entity (FBbt:10000000) that develops from some endoderm (FBbt:00000125).
Any anatomical entity (FBbt:10000000) that develops from some posterior endoderm (FBbt:00005560).
Any anatomical entity (FBbt:10000000) that develops from some mesoderm (FBbt:00000126).
Any anatomical entity (FBbt:10000000) that develops from some trunk mesoderm (FBbt:00000128).
Any anatomical entity (FBbt:10000000) that develops from some visceral trunk mesoderm (FBbt:00000130).
A synaptic neuropil block in the adult brain that lies anterior and lateral to the central complex, with which it is closely associated. Unlike components of the central complex, it is not separated from surrounding neuropils by a glial sheath.
A group of synaptic neuropil domains in the adult brain located above or and lateral to the esophagus, below the mushroom body calyx and inferior neuropils, behind the lateral accessory lobe and medial to the ventrolateral neuropils.
Despite the name, intended as a singular noun as in "The United States".
The sum of all the anlagen and primordia that will develop into a single system.
Note - this may be the precursor of a connected system that starts out non-connected, such as the tracheal system, or of a system that remains disconnected, e.g. functionally defined systems such as the endocrine system.
The part of the neuropil consisting largely of neuron projections without synapses.
The part of the neuropil consisting largely of synapsing neuron projections.
Synaptic neuropil region that is a subdivision of a synaptic neuropil domain.
Region of synaptic neuropil whose boundaries are largely discontinuities in the density of presynaptic terminals: high density in the synaptic neuropil domain, lower or zero density outside this region. These boundaries often correspond to a boundary with glial sheath, tract neuropil or cortex.
Laminar or concentric subdivision of a synaptic neuropil domain along its long axis delimited by a discontinuity in synaptic or fiber density.
Layer of the lobula that is fifth-most from the second optic-chiasm. It extends from the terminal arborizations of translobula plate neuron Tlp1 at the border of the fourth layer, to the extensive arborizations of lobula tangential neuron LT7, which defines layer 6.
Block of synaptic neuropil domains in the adult brain located below the superior neuropils, around the level of the mushroom body medial lobe and pedunculus. It includes the antler, clamp, crepine and inferior bridge.
A small, bilaterally paired synaptic neuropil domain of the ventral complex, lying below the inferior clamp and superior-lateral to the vest.
The name is taken from the ornamental shoulder piece of military generals based on its shape and position relative to other sartorially named domains of the ventral complex. The epaulette corresponds to part of the inferior region of the vmpr of Otsuna and Ito (2006) and the part of the precommissural ventromedial cerebrum (Ito et al., 2014).
Bilaterally paired synaptic neuropil domain that is the largest and most medial domain of the ventral complex. Its inferior (ventral) boundary with the saddle is demarcated by a glial sheath and the medial and lateral sides are flanked respectively by the esophagus and inferior fiber system.
The vest corresponds to part of the inferior region of the vmpr of Otsuna and Ito (2006) and the part of the precommissural ventromedial cerebrum (Ito et al., 2014).
A glomerular, bilaterally paired synaptic neuropil domain lying in front of the posterior lateral protocerebrum (PLP), and above the wedge. The great commissure is at the boundary in the mid-level between the PLVP and PLP. It is contiguous with posterior lateral protocerebrum (PLP), which lies behind it. It houses many optic glomeruli formed by the terminals of neurons projecting from the optic lobe, primarily from the lobula. The boundary with the PLP, except at mid-level, is defined as the boundary between these glomeruli with different origins (lobula or lobula plate).
An aglomerular, bilaterally paired synaptic neuropil domain of the adult ventrolateral protocerebrum (VLP) that protrudes from the anterior brain between the optic lobe and the antennal lobe. It is located in front of the posterior VLP and below the anterior optic tubercle and superior clamp. It receives input from neurons projecting from the optic lobe.
A bilaterally paired synaptic neuropil domain of the adult that contains many glomeruli and is located behind the posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (PVLP) and above the wedge. The mid-level of the posterior lateral protocerebrum (PLP) is separated from the PVLP by the great commissure, but above and below this the two neuropils are contiguous. The PLP houses many optic glomeruli formed by the terminals of neurons projecting from the optic lobe, primarily from the lobula plate. The boundary with the PVLP is defined by the boundary between these glomeruli that have different origins (lobula or lobula plate).
The PLP corresponds to almost all of the plpr of Otsuna and Ito (2006) and to the caudal ventrolateral protocerebrum (CVLP) and lateral part of the superpeduncular protocerebrum (SPP) of Chiang et al. (2011) (Ito et al., 2014).
Synaptic neuropil domain lying between the fan-shaped body, the protocerebral bridge and mushroom body pedunculus, including the area above and below the pedunculus (the space occupied by the pedunculus forms a deep tunnel-like recess on its inferior lateral side). Few neurons in the clamp penetrate the pedunculus, but some enter the glomerular posterior lateral protocerebrum and posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (PLP, PVLP), forming a characteristic cylindrical architecture around the pedunculus. Some fibers spanning the superior surface project into the superior arch commissure.
Superior (dorsal) part of the clamp, above the dorsal surface of the mushroom body pedunculus and in front of the mushroom body calyx. It is located above the superior ellipsoid commissure (SEC) and superior arch commissure (SAC).
Different regions of the SCL correspond to the subdivisions of the ilpr and impr (Otsuna and Ito, 2006). The anterior and posterior regions of the lateral SCL match part of ilpr; the anterior and posterior regions of the medial SCL match part of impr. The SCL also corresponds to the medial part of the superpeduncular protocerebrum (SPP) of Chiang et al. (2011), and to the medial and lateral inferior protocerebrum (Ito et al., 2014).
Inferior (ventral) part of the clamp, between the pedunculus and the central complex. It is located below the superior ellipsoid commissure (SEC) and superior arch commissure (SAC).
Different regions of the ICL correspond to the subdivisions of the impr and vmpr (Otsuna and Ito, 2006). The anterior and posterior regions of the superior ICL match part of impr; the inferior ICL match part of vmpr. The ICL also corresponds to the dorsomedial protocerebrum (DMP) of Chiang et al. (2011) and to the ventral inferior protocerebrum (Ito et al., 2014).
Posterior-most synaptic neuropil domain of the midline. It is the only synaptic neuropil domain outside of the central complex that is fused across the midline. It is located behind the fan-shaped body and below the protocerebral bridge.
The IB corresponds to part of the superior spsl of Otsuna and Ito (2006). The IB also corresponds to the ventral part of the caudalcentral protocerebrum (CCP) of Chiang et al. (2011) and to part of the posterior inferior protocerebrum (Ito et al., 2014).
Laminar or radial subdivision of a synaptic neuropil domain along its short axis delimited by a discontinuity in synaptic or fiber density.
A radial subdivision of the ellipsoid body arising from the arborization patterns of small field radial fibers. There are 16 of these per ellipsoid body, 8 per hemisphere numbered 1-8, from superior medial to inferior medial.
A group of synaptic neuropil domains in the adult brain located below (ventral to) the central complex, behind the lateral accessory lobes and in front of the great commissure. In includes the vest, epaulette and gorget.
The ventral complex corresponds to part of the inferior part of the vmpr of Otsuna and Ito (2006) and to most of the ventromedial protocerebrum (VMP) and proximal antennal protocerebrum (PAN) of Chiang et al. (2011) (Ito et al., 2014).
Synaptic neuropil domain of the adult brain that is the inferior (ventral) part of the posterior cerebral ganglion, covering the area between the inferior bridge and the gnathal ganglion with its superior part lying behind the ventral complex. It contains extensive arborizations of ascending and descending neurons. Its superior boundary is the level above which such arborizations do not occur. It also contains the terminals of axons from the ocellar ganglia, projecting via the ocellar nerves.
The ventral complex corresponds to the caudal medial protocerebrum (CMP) and possibly includes part of the ventromedial protocerebrum (VMP) of Chiang et al. (2011) (Ito et al., 2014).
A closely associated group of synaptic neuropil domains.
Region of the medulla excluding the medulla dorsal rim area.
A synaptic neuropil block in the adult brain consisting of the two medial-most synaptic neuropil domains of the optic lobe: the lobula and the lobula plate.
Region of synaptic neuropil consisting of the fan-shaped body and the ellipsoid body.
Synaptic neuropil block in the adult brain located along the ventrolateral side of the adult central brain.
An aglomerular, bilaterally paired synaptic neuropil domain that is the inferior-most domain of the ventrolateral neuropils, lying between the anterior and posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (AVLP and PVLP) and posteriorlateral protocerebrum (PLP), and the saddle and gnathal ganglion. The wedge is lateral to the inferior fiber system and vest. It receives synaptic input from the saddle and the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) within it. This includes direct sensory input from antennal mechanosensory neurons that also innervate the AMMC.
The anterior wedge corresponds to the inferior part of the vlpr of Otsuna and Ito (2006); the posterior wedge corresponds to part of the plpr (Ito et al., 2014).
A block of synaptic neuropil domains in the adult brain arranged in a layer covering the superior (dorsal) surface of the brain. In encompasses the superior intermediate, superior lateral and superior medial protocerebrum.
Despite the name, intended as a singular noun as in 'The United States'.
A small synaptic neuropil domain of the adult located around and posterior to the mushroom body vertical lobe, in front of the superior fiber system and above the superior clamp. This domain is rich in loose fibers that project from the anterior optic tubercle in a medial-posterior direction. It also houses the arborizations of many neurons that connect with the vertical lobes.
The SIP encompasses the ring neuropil, which corresponds to the terminals of the mlALT neurons, which wrap around the distal tip region of the mushroom body vertical lobe (Ito et al., 2014). Different regions of the SIP correspond to the subdivisions of the smpr and impr (Otsuna and Ito, 2006). The anterior and posterior regions of the superior SIP match part of smpr; the anterior and posterior regions of the inferior SIP match part of impr (Ito et al., 2014). The SIP correspond to the medial part of the dorsolateral protocerebrum (DLP) and the frontal superpeduncular protocerebrum (FSPP) of Chiang et al. (2011).
A thin, bilaterally paired synaptic neuropil domain that wraps around the medial lobe of the mushroom body. Many neurons in this domain enter the lobes to form extensive connections with Kenyon cell fibers.
The name crepine is used in French cuisine to refer to a slice of meat wrapped around some delicacy. The posterior region of the crepine corresponds to the dorsal part of the inferior dorsofrontal protocerebrum (IDFP) of Chiang et al. (2011) (Ito et al., 2014).
Thin, elongated, antler-shaped, bilaterally paired synaptic neuropil domain spanning from the inferior bridge to the inferior edge of the superior lateral protocerebrum. It runs through the space between the protocerebral bridge and the fan-shaped body, along the medial surface of the medial antennal lobe tract.
The antler corresponds to part of the medial part of the pimpr of Otsuna and Ito (2006) and to the dorsal part of the caudalcentral protocerebrum (CCP) of Chiang et al. (2011) and to part of the posterior inferior protocerebrum (Ito et al., 2014).
Superior (dorsal) part of the posterior slope. It lies behind the great commissure, gorget and vest and below the inferior clamp and inferior bridge. It has no clear glial boundary with the surrounding neuropils.
The SPS corresponds to part of the superior part of the psl of Otsuna and Ito (2006) and to the dorsal postcommissural ventromedial cerebrum (Ito et al., 2014).
Inferior (ventral) part of the posterior slope. It flanks both sides of the esophagus, and is posterior and medial to the wedge. Below the plane of the inferior VLP commissure and the posterior optic commissure.
The IPS corresponds to part of the psl of Otsuna and Ito (2006) and to the ventral postcommissural ventromedial cerebrum (Ito et al., 2014).
Group of synaptic neuropil domains in the adult brain located between the antennal lobe/ventromedial neuropils and above the gnathal ganglia. In addition, it includes one synaptic domain that is part of the ventral cerebral ganglion-the prow.
Despite the name, it is intended as a singular noun as in "The United States".
Synaptic neuropil domain covering the dorsal and posterior surface of the adult gnathal ganglia. It contains the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC).
The saddle corresponds to the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) of Chiang et al. (2011) and to the lateral and ventromedial periesophageal neuropils (Ito et al., 2014).
A cell that is the principal cell type of the fat body and is filled with lipid droplets.
Adult and larval fat cells are specifically marked by Lsp2 expression, with greater expression at the larval stage (Lazareva et al., 2007 - FBrf0192478; Chintapalli et al., 2007 - FBrf0200485; Armstrong et al., 2014 - FBrf0226784). There is also relatively high expression of ppl and apollp in adult and larval fat cells (Colombani et al., 2003 - FBrf0161991; Chintapalli et al., 2007; Brankatschk and Eaton, 2010 - FBrf0211445).
Subdivision of the mushroom body gamma lobe along its longitudinal axis.
A neuron that is part of the adult nervous system. These can be born during the postembryonic phase of neurogenesis (Lacin and Truman, 2016) or they can develop from larval neurons during the pupal stage (Veverytsa and Allan, 2013).
Neuron that is born during the second round of neurogenesis, which commences during the larval stage, after a period of neuroblast quiescence (Lacin and Truman, 2016).
A neuron that is born during the embryonic phase of neurogenesis. These have functions in the larva (Lacin and Truman, 2016) and may be remodeled during metamorphosis to function during the adult stage (Veverytsa and Allan, 2013). In the larva, neurons of the same primary lineage have stereotyped cell body positions, with later-born primary neurons positioned further from the neuropil, and they share 1-2 fascicles by which they enter the neuropil (Mark et al., 2021).
Segment of the Malpighian tubule between the main segment and the ureter. It lacks Malpighian tubule type II cells (Sozen et al., 1997) and plays a role in reabsorption (Denholm, 2013).
The term 'lower segment' is sometimes used (e.g. in Xu et al., 2022; FBrf0253737) to refer to the entire stem cell zone, comprising both the lower segment as defined here and the ureter.
Lower segment of the adult Malpighian tubule.
adult lower segment of Malpighian tubule
Lower segment of the embryonic Malpighian tubule.
embryonic lower segment of Malpighian tubule
Lower segment of the embryonic/larval Malpighian tubule.
larval lower segment of Malpighian tubule
embryonic/larval lower segment of Malpighian tubule
Primary neuron belonging to a hemilineage that does not have active Notch signaling. In the larval ventral nerve cord, Notch OFF neurons tend to project to the ventral (sensory) neuropil and have distinct morphologies from their Notch ON counterparts in the same lineage (Mark et al., 2021).
Primary neuron belonging to a hemilineage that has active Notch signaling. In the larval ventral nerve cord, Notch ON neurons tend to project to the dorsal (motor) neuropil and have distinct morphologies from their Notch OFF counterparts in the same lineage (Mark et al., 2021).
Central part of the midgut. This region is acidic. The epithelium of the anterior part consists of alternating copper cells and interstitial cells. Posterior to this is a region containing large flat cells.
Region of the gut epithelium of endodermal origin, separated from gut contents by the peritrophic matrix.
A subdivision of the of the gut epithelium along its long axis.
Dorsal portion of the mesothoracic segment (T2) of the adult ventral nerve cord (Namiki et al., 2018). It is part of the upper tectulum (Court et al., 2020). Somatosensory neurons of the wing and thoracic body surface terminate in parts of this neuropil (Tsubouchi et al., 2017).
Ventral lobe present in each thoracic neuromere of the adult ventral nerve cord (Namiki et al., 2018; Court et al., 2020). Somatosensory neurons of the leg terminate in parts of this neuropil (Tsubouchi et al., 2017).
Ventral lobe present in the prothoracic neuromere of the adult ventral nerve cord (Namiki et al., 2018). Somatosensory neurons of the foreleg terminate in parts of this neuropil (Tsubouchi et al., 2017).
Ventral lobe present in the mesothoracic segment (T2) of the adult ventral nerve cord (Namiki et al., 2018). Somatosensory neurons of the middle leg terminate in parts of this neuropil (Tsubouchi et al., 2017).
Ventral lobe present in the metathoracic segment (T3) of the adult ventral nerve cord (Namiki et al., 2018). Somatosensory neurons of the hindleg terminate in parts of this neuropil (Tsubouchi et al., 2017).
Structure consisting of a simple epithelium surrounded by visceral muscles, nerves and tracheae. The gut is divided into foregut, midgut and hindgut regions, based on developmental origin.
Specialized epithelial cell of the adult gut. A large, polyploid, cuboidal or low-columnar epithelial cell with its nucleus in the middle and a mass of microvilli (brush border) on its apical surface. On its basal side, extensive infoldings of the plasma membrane form a labyrinth which fills the lower half of the cell. It is attached to adjacent enterocytes by smooth septate junctions.
Specialized epithelial cell of the larval gut. A large, polyploid, cuboidal or low-columnar epithelial cell with its nucleus in the middle and a mass of microvilli (brush border) on its apical surface. On its basal side, extensive infoldings of the plasma membrane form a labyrinth which fills the lower half of the cell. It is attached to adjacent enterocytes by smooth septate junctions.
Diploid endocrine cell which is part of the adult midgut epithelium. There are approximately 1100 of these cells in an adult midgut (Chen et al., 2016). They develop from enteroendocrine precursor cells (Chen et al., 2018).
Diploid endocrine cell which is part of the larval midgut epithelium.
Epithelial monolayer of endodermal origin, which lines the larval midgut and which is overlain by the peritrophic membrane.
Broad subdivision of the midgut. This is the anteriormost of the three traditional sections (anterior, middle and posterior) and has a neutral pH.
Broad subdivision of the midgut. This is the posteriormost of the three traditional sections (anterior, middle and posterior) and has a slightly alkaline pH.
Region of the gut epithelium of ectodermal origin, this lines the esophagus and parts of the proventriculus.
Region of the adult gut epithelium of ectodermal origin; this lines the esophagus, the crop, and parts of the proventriculus.
A tubular epithelium composed of a monolayer of cells. Different regions have different developmental origins. Both the foregut and hindgut originate from the ectoderm, whereas the midgut originates from the endoderm. A layer of cuticle lines the foregut and hindgut. In the midgut, a semipermeable chitinous layer, the peritrophic matrix, protects the epithelium from physical damage and regulates the passage of particles between the lumen and enterocytes.
Region of the gut epithelium of ectodermal origin. Lines the hindgut.
Region of the adult gut epithelium of ectodermal origin. Lines the adult hindgut.
Region of the embryonic/larval gut epithelium of ectodermal origin. Lines the embryonic/larval hindgut.
Specialized epithelial cell of the midgut. A large, polyploid, cuboidal or low-columnar epithelial cell with its nucleus in the middle and a mass of microvilli (brush border) on its apical surface. On its basal side, extensive infoldings of the plasma membrane form a labyrinth which fills the lower half of the cell. It is attached to adjacent enterocytes by smooth septate junctions.
Can be identified in adults and larvae based on expression of nubbin, Myosin31DF (Sawyer et al., 2017) and mex1 (Phillips and Thomas, 2006 - FBrf0190960; Chen et al., 2014 - FBrf0226781).
Large, polyploid, cuboidal or columnar epithelial cell of the hindgut.
Specialized epithelial cell of the adult hindgut. These are large, polyploid, cuboidal or columnar epithelial cells that secrete cuticle at their apical surface and absorb water.
Specialized epithelial cell of the embryonic/larval hindgut. These are large, polyploid, cuboidal or columnar epithelial cells. They do not appear to have the microvilli associated with midgut enterocytes, but some cells have apical infoldings.
Specialized epithelial cell of the embryonic/larval midgut. A large, polyploid, cuboidal or low-columnar epithelial cell with its nucleus in the middle and a mass of microvilli (brush border) on its apical surface. On its basal side, extensive infoldings of the plasma membrane form a labyrinth which fills the lower half of the cell. It is attached to adjacent enterocytes by smooth septate junctions.
Specialized epithelial cell of the adult midgut. A large, polyploid, cuboidal or low-columnar epithelial cell with its nucleus in the middle and a mass of microvilli (brush border) on its apical surface. On its basal side, extensive infoldings of the plasma membrane form a labyrinth which fills the lower half of the cell. It is attached to adjacent enterocytes by smooth septate junctions.
Epithelial component of the gonadal sheath.
Any motor neuron (FBbt:00005123) that sends synaptic output to some flight muscle cell (FBbt:00003360).
Division of a mushroom body lobe along the length of the mushroom body lobe system (Pauls et al., 2010; Aso et al., 2014). Slices of the horizontal lobe are regions along the horizontal axis and slices of the vertical lobe are regions along the vertical axis (Pauls et al., 2010; Aso et al., 2014). Slices are defined by the innervation patterns of input and output neurons (Pauls et al., 2010; Aso et al., 2014).
Division of a mushroom body lobe along the width of the mushroom body lobe system. Layers of the horizontal lobe are regions along the vertical axis and layers of the vertical lobe are regions along the horizontal axis.
Motor neuron of the adult that has persisted from the larva, usually with some remodeling (Banerjee et al., 2016).
Any neuron with a cell body in the head and a process in the cervical connective. There are approximately 350 of these on each side of the brain (Namiki et al., 2018).
Namiki et al. (2018) operationally define a descending neuron as having a cell body in the brain and a process in the cervical connective, however, they include one neuron with a cell body in the head, but not the brain. This term encompasses such neurons - https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1373-1705.
Adult descending neuron with a cell body in the gnathal ganglion.
descending neuron of the gnathal ganglion
Adult neuropil region spanning the three thoracic neuromeres, ventral to the neck, wing and haltere neuropils of the upper tectulum and dorsal to the lower tectulum (Namiki et al., 2018; Court et al., 2020). It extends from the prothoracic medial ventral association center to the posterior margin of the mesothoracic neuromere at the commissure of fine fibers (Court et al., 2020).
Referred to as 'tectulum' by Namiki et al. (2018), but does not exactly correspond to Power's (1948) tectulum (FBbt:00007727). Originally named 'upper tectulum', as this was the upper of two 'tectulum' layers in Namiki et al. (2018), but this region is the intermediate layer of Court et al. (2020).
Any neuron projection bundle that carries fibers through part of the ventral nerve cord of the adult.
neuron projection bundle of thoracico-abdominal ganglion
neuron projection bundle of ventral nervous system
neuron projection bundle of adult ventral nerve cord
Any neuron projection bundle that carries fibers through part of the ventral nerve cord of the larva.
neuron projection bundle of larval ventral nerve cord
Any group of similar imaginal cells, such as an imaginal disc, imaginal ring or imaginal island, or a precursor tissue that forms one of them. These tissues develop separately from other embryonic and larval tissues and they generate adult structures during metamorphosis.
Larval neuron that does not extend neurites beyond the optic neuropil.
Larval neuron that relays signals from the optic neuropil to higher brain areas. Many of these receive input from Rh5 photoreceptor cells.
An anatomical system consisting of all of the anatomical entities that function in some part of the sensory perception of light.
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that capable of part of some sensory perception of light stimulus (GO:0050953).
Region of the larval cell body rind that overlies the neuropil of the larval gnathal ganglion.
cell body rind of larval subesophageal ganglion
cell body rind of larval gnathal ganglion
Region of the larval cell body rind that overlies the neuropil of the larval mandibular neuromere of the subesophageal ganglion.
cell body rind of larval mandibular neuromere
Region of the larval cell body rind that overlies the neuropil of the larval maxillary neuromere of the subesophageal ganglion.
cell body rind of larval maxillary neuromere
Region of the larval cell body rind that overlies the neuropil of the larval labial neuromere of the subesophageal ganglion.
cell body rind of larval labial neuromere
Gustatory neuron of the adult that innervates a leg taste bristle. There are between 2 and 4 per bristle (Stocker, 1994). Their axons innervate the most ventral part of the leg neuropil (Tsubouchi et al., 2017).
Gustatory neuron that innervates a tarsal taste bristle and ascends via the cervical connective to the brain. This includes all gustatory receptor-expressing leg taste bristle chemosensory neurons that do not express Gr5a (Kwon et al., 2014, Thoma et al., 2016, Tsubouchi et al., 2017).
leg gustatory sensillum primary neuron of brain
leg taste bristle ascending tarsal chemosensory neuron
Somatic cell of the germarium that differentiates from a follicle stem cell and can differentiate into a follicle cell.
Can be identified by expression of zfh1 and distinguishable from follicle stem cells by the lack of Wnt4 expression (Rust et al., 2020).
Polarized glial cell with a flattened cell body that forms a sheath around the synaptic and tract neuropil regions (Hartenstein, 2011; Pogodalla et al., 2021). They may serve a homologous function to the wrapping glia, which ensheath the peripheral nerves (Kremer et al., 2017).
ensheathing neuropil associated glial cell
Ensheathing glial cell of the larva. There are approximately 112 of these cells in the third instar central nervous system (Pogodalla et al., 2021). Some of these cells are polyploid, but others can undergo cell division during the pupal stage to generate adult glia (Kato et al., 2020).
embryonic/larval ensheathing neuropil associated glial cell
Astrocyte-like glial cell of the embryonic/larval central nervous system. There are approximately 15 of these cells in each brain hemisphere (Omoto et al., 2015) and 6 per ventral nerve cord hemineuromere (Peco et al., 2016) throughout larval development. They appear to endoreplicate and increase in size, then die during metamorphosis (Omoto et al., 2015; Kato et al., 2020).
embryonic/larval astrocyte-like neuropil associated glial cell
embryonic/larval dendritic neuropil associated glial cell
embryonic/larval reticular neuropil associated glial cell
embryonic/larval reticular neuropil-associated glial cell
embryonic/larval astrocyte-like glial cell
Neuropil associated glial cell of the adult central nervous system that has a dendritic morphology and elaborates inside the associated synaptic neuropil (Awasaki et al., 2008). Their nuclei are found at synaptic neuropil surfaces and they extend branched filiform or lamelliform processes that pervade the neuropil (Hartenstein, 2011).
adult astrocyte-like neuropil associated glial cell
adult dendritic neuropil associated glial cell
adult reticular neuropil associated glial cell
adult reticular neuropil-associated glial cell
Any neuropil glial cell (FBbt:00001303) that is part of some larval brain (FBbt:00001920).
Neuropil glial cell of the larval ventral nerve cord. These cells have their somas in the neuropil glial sheath and extend processes around or into the neuropil (Pogodalla et al., 2021). The encasement of the neuropil by the sheath is not complete in the first instar, but becomes complete by the third instar (Pogodalla et al., 2021).
Glial cell that is part of the glial sheath surrounding the neuropil of the adult brain.
Any neuropil glial cell (FBbt:00001303) that is part of some adult ventral nerve cord (FBbt:00004052).
adult thoracico-abdominal ganglion neuropil glial cell
adult ventral nervous system neuropil glial cell
adult ventral nerve cord neuropil glial cell
Any glial cell of the embryo or larva that derives from the neurogenic region of the ectoderm. Their identity is established by the expression of the gene glial cells missing (gcm), which results in expression of reversed polarity (repo), often used as a marker for lateral glia (Jacobs, 2000). This includes perineurial and subperineurial glia of the central and peripheral nervous systems, cell body (cortex) glia, wrapping glia and some of the neuropil associated glia (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008). There are around 25 of these per abdominal hemisegment in a stage 16 embryo (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008).
Precursor of neuropil associated glia of the adult central brain. It arises from a type II neuroblast in the central brain during larval development. Different neuroblasts generally contribute to glia of different adult brain regions. These precursors clonally expand during metamorphosis, spread out across the neuropil surfaces and mature into adult glia.
Some of these cells migrate to the optic lobe, but optic lobe-born glia do not migrate to the central brain (Omoto et al., 2015).
precursor of adult central brain neuropil glia
Astrocyte-like glial cell of the adult central brain. These cells have their nuclei at synaptic neuropil surfaces throughout the central brain (not just adjacent to the cell body rind) and they extend processes into the synaptic and/or tract neuropil (Kremer et al., 2017). They have variable size and morphology and one cell may project into more than one neuropil region, but cells tend to cover non-overlapping areas (Kremer et al., 2017). Reticular glial cell processes in the synaptic neuropil of the central brain tend to be more dense in neuropil regions where synaptic terminals of neurons are less dense (Kremer et al., 2017).
adult central brain reticular glial cell
adult central brain astrocyte-like glial cell
Any ensheathing glial cell (FBbt:00047836) that is part of some adult central brain (FBbt:00047887).
adult central brain ensheathing glial cell
Adult brain excluding the optic lobes. This consists of the cerebrum and the gnathal ganglion.
Any adult descending neuron (FBbt:00047511) that has synaptic IO in region some adult antennal lobe (FBbt:00007401).
Any sensory neuron that enters the larval central nervous system via an abdominal nerve. These neurons receive sensory input from internal and external sensory organs of the peripheral nervous system. They may respond to proprioceptive, tactile, nociceptive or other stimuli.
Neuron that relays gustatory (taste) information from one or more sensory neuropil regions to one or more higher brain centers.
Larval neuron that relays gustatory (taste) information from one or more sensory neuropil regions to one or more higher brain centers.
Adult neuron that relays gustatory (taste) information from one or more sensory neuropil regions to one or more higher brain centers.
Region of the cell body rind overlying the larval mushroom body.
Neuron that feeds reward or punishment information into the mushroom body, having neuromodulatory terminals within the mushroom body and postsynaptic terminals elsewhere. The majority of these cells are octopaminergic or dopaminergic.
Larval neuron that feeds reward or punishment information to the mushroom body Kenyon cells, having neuromodulatory terminals within the mushroom body and postsynaptic terminals elsewhere. The majority of these cells are octopaminergic or dopaminergic.
larval mushroom body modulatory input neuron
Adult neuron that feeds reward or punishment information into the mushroom body, having neuromodulatory terminals within the mushroom body and postsynaptic terminals elsewhere. The majority of these cells are octopaminergic or dopaminergic (Schwaerzel et al., 2003).
adult mushroom body modulatory input neuron
Neuroblast that divides symmetrically to increase neuroblast numbers before generating neurons. They arise from a spatiotemporal conversion of classical self-renewing stem cells (type I neuroblasts).
Immature neuron of the eye disc that will develop into one of the photoreceptors (R1-R8) of the adult eye.
Immature neuron of the eye disc that will develop into a photoreceptor cell R1 of the adult eye. It forms during the second mitotic wave and joins the precursor cells of the five-cell ommatidial precursor cluster to form the eight-cell ommatidial precursor cluster.
Immature neuron of the eye disc that will develop into a photoreceptor cell R2 of the adult eye. It forms during the first mitotic wave and is part of the ommatidial precursor cluster from the early stage.
Immature neuron of the eye disc that will develop into a photoreceptor cell R3 of the adult eye. It forms during the first mitotic wave and is part of the ommatidial precursor cluster from the early stage.
Immature neuron of the eye disc that will develop into a photoreceptor cell R4 of the adult eye. It forms during the first mitotic wave and is part of the ommatidial precursor cluster from the early stage.
Immature neuron of the eye disc that will develop into a photoreceptor cell R5 of the adult eye. It forms during the first mitotic wave and is part of the ommatidial precursor cluster from the early stage.
Immature neuron of the eye disc that will develop into a photoreceptor cell R6 of the adult eye. It forms during the second mitotic wave and joins the precursor cells of the five-cell ommatidial precursor cluster to form the eight-cell ommatidial precursor cluster.
Immature neuron of the eye disc that will develop into a photoreceptor cell R7 of the adult eye. It forms during the second mitotic wave and joins the precursor cells of the five-cell ommatidial precursor cluster to form the eight-cell ommatidial precursor cluster.
Immature neuron of the eye disc that will develop into a photoreceptor cell R8 of the adult eye. It forms during the first mitotic wave and is part of the ommatidial precursor cluster from the early stage.
Any mechanosensory neuron that innervates a leg taste bristle.
Any chaeta found in the prothoracic segment of the adult.
Any chaeta that is a part of the leg and is involved in the detection of mechanical stimuli.
Any chaeta that is a part of the prothoracic leg and is involved in the detection of mechanical stimuli.
Any chaeta that is a part of the metathoracic leg and is involved in the detection of mechanical stimuli.
Any chaeta that is a part of the mesothoracic leg and is involved in the detection of mechanical stimuli.
Mechanosensory neuron that has a dendrite in a mechanosensory bristle of the leg.
leg mechanosensory bristle mechanosensory neuron
Mechanosensory neuron that has a dendrite in a mechanosensory bristle of the prothoracic leg.
prothoracic leg bristle mechanosensory neuron
Mechanosensory neuron that has a dendrite in a mechanosensory bristle of the metathoracic leg.
metathoracic leg bristle mechanosensory neuron
Mechanosensory neuron that has a dendrite in a mechanosensory bristle of the mesothoracic leg.
mesothoracic leg bristle mechanosensory neuron
Octopaminergic neuron that has synapses in the mushroom body.
Dopaminergic neuron that has synapses in the mushroom body.
Neuron of the male that is not found in the female.
Neuron of the female that is not found in the male.
Adult dopaminergic neuron with its cell body in the gnathal ganglion (Marella et al., 2012). The ventral gnathal ganglion has four dopaminergic neurons; a bilateral pair with each neuron arborizing in one half of the subesophageal zone, a relatively anterior unpaired neuron and a relatively posterior unpaired neuron (Marella et al., 2012).
adult dopaminergic neuron of gnathal ganglion
Mechanosensory neuron that innervates a scolopidium of a chordotonal organ in the leg. These neurons have axon terminals in a stratum of the leg neuropil that partially overlaps the terminals of campaniform sensillum neurons and is relatively dorsal compared to the terminals of other somatosensory neurons (Tsubouchi et al., 2017).
Tsubouchi et al., 2017 have a diagram showing tibial chordotonal receptor neurons, but they do not clearly show these among their example neurons (Lco1N1 and Lco1N2).
mechanosensory neuron of leg chordotonal organ
Mechanosensory neuron of the adult that innervates a scolopidium of a chordotonal organ in the leg and ascends to the brain. Different neurons reach different destinations, such as the gnathal ganglion, wedge and anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum.
leg chordotonal organ primary neuron of brain
femoral chordotonal club ascending neuron
Ascending club neurons appear to be the only ascending leg chordotonal neurons (Lee et al., 2025 - FBrf0262248). These are SA_DLV in Codex, based on community annotations (2025-06-18).
ascending mechanosensory neuron of leg chordotonal organ
Mechanosensory chaeta found on the surface of the adult abdomen. They are found on the dorsal surface and close to the ventral midline (Tsubouchi et al., 2017).
Any mechanosensory chaeta of the terminalia are also covered by this term - https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1373-1705.
Mechanosensory neuron that has a dendrite in a mechanosensory chaeta of the adult abdomen. Its presynaptic terminals are found in the abdominal neuromere, dorsal to those of the abdominal multidendritic neurons (Tsubouchi et al., 2017).
abdominal external sensillum primary neuron
adult abdominal mechanosensory chaeta neuron
Sensory neuron of the larval peripheral nervous system that has multiple dendrites (Bodmer and Jan, 1987). This includes larval dendritic arborization, bipolar dendrite and tracheal dendrite neurons (Bodmer and Jan, 1987).
Neuron that projects from the adult optic lobe to the central brain, conveying information from light stimuli.
Neuron that projects from the optic lobe to the central brain, conveying information from light stimuli.
Small neuropil compartment of the larval optic lobe that contains the axons of photoreceptors. It is the first center for visual processing in the larval brain. It is largely surrounded by the outer optic anlage at earlier developmental stages and becomes sandwiched between the developing proximal medulla and the inner optic anlage by third instar. It is incorporated into the adult optic lobe as the accessory medulla.
Adult neuron that has dendritic arbors in the lateral horn (including local neurons). Many of these receive olfactory input from antennal lobe projection neurons.
In contrast to previous usage, Dolan et al. (2019) (FBrf0242477) use 'lateral horn neuron' to refer to any neuron associated with the lateral horn, including input neurons. This class only includes neurons with dendritic arborizations in the lateral horn.
Any adult neuron with its cell body in the thorax or abdomen (including appendages and ventral nerve cord) that passes through the cervical connective to the brain.
Cell body rind region that overlies the neuropil of one of the three thoracic neuromeres of the adult.
cell body rind of adult thoracic neuromere
A tract of the adult connecting the optic lobe to the mushroom body calyx and/or accessory calyces. There are multiple tracts connecting these neuropils via different routes (Yagi et al., 2016).
Any adult visual projection neuron that has presynaptic terminals in the mushroom body (Vogt et al., 2016). These fasciculate with an optic lobe-calycal tract (Yagi et al., 2016).
adult visual projection neuron to the mushroom body
Any synaptic neuropil layer (FBbt:00040008) that is part of some medulla (FBbt:00003748).
Any synaptic neuropil layer (FBbt:00040008) that is part of some lobula (FBbt:00003852).
Any synaptic neuropil layer (FBbt:00040008) that is part of some lobula plate (FBbt:00003885).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is capable of some peptide hormone secretion (GO:0030072) and expresses sNPF (FBgn0032840).
Thin sclerite connecting the epandrium (genital arch) to abdominal tergites 6 and 7 (Rice et al., 2019). Unlike other structures of the male terminalia, it develops from the female gential primordium (Keisman et al., 2001).
Sclerite that is used during mating to grasp the female oviscapt from the outside. This includes the epandrium, the surstyli and the cerci.
Any bristle that is part of the epandrium. There are 30 of these.
Cluster of cells in the ventrolateral ectoderm in the embryonic thorax that will eventually give rise to a dorsal imaginal disc, a ventral (leg) imaginal disc and a Keilin organ in the larva. The three different cellular identities cannot be distinguished at stage 11, but can by stage 14. There is one per thoracic hemisegment (six total).
Part of the adult fat body that is found in the head, surrounding the brain.
Gland of the female reproductive system. These specialized glands produce mucus-rich secretions that capacitate sperm to fertilize successfully, inhibit infection, and provide nutritional, maintenance, and storage factors.
Any dopaminergic neuron (FBbt:00005131) that has its soma located in some adult ventral nerve cord cell body rind (FBbt:00111082).
adult dopaminergic thoracico-abdominal ganglion neuron
adult dopaminergic ventral nervous system neuron
adult dopaminergic neuron of ventral nerve cord
Dopaminergic neuron that has its cell body in the adult mesothoracic neuromere. There are five cells; one unpaired cell and two pairs close to the midline (Sadaf et al., 2015).
adult dopaminergic neuron of the T2 neuromere
Dopaminergic neuron that has its cell body in the adult prothoracic neuromere. There are three cells, all close to the midline (Sadaf et al., 2015).
adult dopaminergic neuron of the T1 neuromere
Anatomical entity of the male that is not found in the same form in the female. If there is a counterpart in the female, the male and female types are substantially different.
For example, the testis is male-specific since it is substantially different to the ovary, which may be considered to be the female-specific counterpart. A male wing is not substantially different to a female wing, so is not considered male-specific.
Anatomical entity of the female that is not found in the same form in the male. If there is a counterpart in the male, the male and female types are substantially different.
For example, the ovary is female-specific since it is substantially different to the testis, which may be considered to be the male-specific counterpart. A female wing is not substantially different to a male wing, so is not considered female-specific.
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is capable of some detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception (GO:0050974) and has sensory dendrite in some chaeta (FBbt:00005177).
Neuromere at the posterior end of the embryonic/larval ventral nerve cord. This includes neuromeres A8-A11 (Birkholz et al., 2013).
Any projection neuron (FBbt:00007392) that receives synaptic input in region some wedge (FBbt:00045027).
Cyst composed of two cyst cells following the division of a newly-formed cystoblast in the germarium. The two cells are connected by a cytoplasmic bridge.
Cyst composed of 4 cyst cells following the division of each cyst cell in a 2-cell cyst. The cells remain connected by cytoplasmic bridges following division.
Cyst composed of 8 cyst cells following the division of each cyst cell in a 4-cell cyst. The cells remain connected by cytoplasmic bridges following division.
Cyst composed of 16 cyst cells following the division of each cyst cell in an 8-cell cyst. The cells remain connected by cytoplasmic bridges following division.
Immature ovary of the larva prior to formation of the adult ovary during metamorphosis. In a newly hatched larva, this contains around 8 to 12 germline stem cells. Throughout most of the larval stage, the (larger) germ cells are found in the middle region of the ovary and the (smaller) somatic mesodermal cells are found anteriorly and posteriorly. Germ cell and mesodermal cell multiplication during larval development increases the size of the larval ovary by approximately 50 fold. Differentiation of the ovary proper begins late in the third instar.
Larval cell that is found slightly posterior to the centrally-located germ cells and anterior to the swarm cells in the late third instar ovary. These cells are the precursors of follicle stem cells and follicle cells in the adult.
Can be identified based on coexpression of bond and CG43693 (Slaidina et al., 2020).
Larval cell that is found between the primordial germ cells in the central region of the late third instar ovary. These cells are the precursors of escort cells in the adult.
Can be identified by expression of con and tj and the lack of bond expression (Slaidina et al., 2020).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that synapses restricted to region some fan-shaped body (FBbt:00003679).
Any synaptic neuropil subdomain (FBbt:00040006) that is part of some ellipsoid body (FBbt:00003678).
A closely associated cluster of three neuroendocrine glands of the late embryo or larva, located anterior to the brain and dorsal to the esophagus (de Velasco et al., 2004). It consists of the corpus cardiacum posteroventrally (closest to the brain), the prothoracic gland laterally (forming most of the ring gland) and the corpus allatum anterodorsally (furthest from the brain) (de Velasco et al., 2004). It is innervated by neurons of the nerve of the corpus cardiacum and the aorta passes through it (de Velasco et al., 2004).
Subregion at the anterior end of the adult midgut region R3 encompassing R3a and R3b. It is composed of copper cells (cuprophilic cells) interspersed with interstitial cells. The posterior region R3b is distinguishable from R3a by gene expression.
Enterocyte of the adult anterior midgut.
enterocyte of anterior adult midgut epithelium
Cell of the adult midgut epithelium that is in an intermediate state of differentiation between enteroblast and enterocyte (Hung et al., 2020).
Cell of the adult proventriculus that is part of the midgut (King, 1988). These cells make up the anterior part of the intermediate layer and the outer layer of the proventriculus and they secrete the second to fourth layers of the peritrophic membrane (King, 1988).
These cells express Pgant4 (Hung et al., 2020).
Precursor cell of the adult midgut epithelium that is produced by an intestinal stem cell and is destined to become an enteroendocrine cell (Zeng and Hou, 2015; He et al., 2018). It can be stimulated to differentiate by mechanical signals (He et al., 2018).
Can be identified by expression of Piezo (He et al., 2018).
Adult neuron with its arbors mostly restricted to the lateral horn.
Adult neuron that sends substantial output to the lateral horn, conveying information from elsewhere in the central nervous system (Frechter et al., 2019).
Asserted to be 'interneuron' as no known direct sensory input to LH - https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1373-1705, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5948-3092.
Distal portion of the adult Malpighian tubule comprising the initial, transitional and main segments (Wang and Spradling, 2020). It contains type II (stellate) cells, but no stem cells (Wang and Spradling, 2020).
Proximal portion of the adult Malpighian tubule comprising the lower tubule and ureter (Wang and Spradling, 2020). It contains stem cells, but no type II (stellate) cells (Wang and Spradling, 2020).
adult stem cell zone of Malpighian tubule
Any Malpighian tubule Type I cell (FBbt:00005796) that is part of some adult initial segment of Malpighian tubule (FBbt:00005729).
adult Malpighian tubule PC of initial segment
adult Malpighian tubule Type I cell of initial segment
adult Malpighian tubule principal cell of initial segment
Any Malpighian tubule Type I cell (FBbt:00005796) that is part of some adult lower segment of Malpighian tubule (FBbt:00047099).
adult Malpighian tubule PC of lower segment
adult Malpighian tubule Type I cell of lower segment
adult Malpighian tubule principal cell of lower segment
Principal cell of the adult Malpighian tubule that is found in the stem cell zone (ureter and lower tubule) (Wang and Spradling, 2020). Cells of the lower ureter are smaller and less polyploid than more distal cells in this region (Wang and Spradling, 2020).
adult Malpighian tubule PC of stem cell zone
adult Malpighian tubule Type I cell of stem cell zone
adult Malpighian tubule principal cell of stem cell zone
Any Malpighian tubule Type I cell (FBbt:00005796) that is part of some adult upper Malpighian tubule (FBbt:00049468).
adult Malpighian tubule PC of upper tubule
adult Malpighian tubule Type I cell of upper tubule
adult Malpighian tubule principal cell of upper tubule
Perineurial glial cell of the adult ventral nerve cord. These cells have a varied morphology, ranging from elongated to square-shaped, with orientation mostly along the medial-lateral axis (Kremer et al., 2017).
adult thoracico-abdominal ganglion perineurial glial cell
Perineurial glial cell of the adult optic lobe. These cells form long thin strips along the dorsal-ventral axis (Kremer et al., 2017).
Perineurial glial cell of the peripheral nervous system. Each cell forms a narrow strip along the long axis of the nerve, without covering its entire circumference (Kremer et al., 2017).
adult peripheral nervous system perineurial glial cell
Subperineurial glial cell of the peripheral nervous system. These cells can individually form elongated tubes around small peripheral nerves, but larger nerves are enclosed by multiple subperineurial cells (Kremer et al., 2017).
adult peripheral nervous system subperineurial glial cell
Glial cell of the adult that is associated with the cell body rind of the central brain. One cell can wrap around 20 to 100 cell bodies, but some cell bodies are wrapped by two neighboring glial cells (Kremer et al., 2017). They have an overall globular shape with fine lamellae protruding into surrounding areas (Kremer et al., 2017).
adult central brain cortex associated glial cell
adult central brain cell body glial cell
Astrocyte-like (reticular) glial cell located in the adult medulla neuropil. There are at least three subtypes and they show tiling and have a high structural density (Kremer et al., 2017).
Ensheathing glial cell located in the adult medulla neuropil. There are at least two subtypes, forming a dense sheath around the distal medulla and serpentine layer, where their cell bodies are found (Kremer et al., 2017). Rather than having its own ensheathing glia, the proximal medulla is invaded by fine processes from the inner chiasm glia (Kremer et al., 2017).
Glial cell located in the cell body rind of the medulla. It is similar to cell body glial cells of the central brain (Kremer et al., 2017).
Astrocyte-like (reticular) glial cell with its soma at the surface of either the adult lobula or lobula plate (lobula complex) neuropil regions (Kremer et al., 2017). These cells take many shapes and sizes and may form branches into one or both neuropils (Kremer et al., 2017).
adult lobula complex reticular glial cell
Cells additionally projecting into the medulla are mentioned, but not shown in images or diagram, by Kremer et al. (2017). Not clear if these should fall under this class - part_of may need revising - https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1373-1705.
adult lobula complex astrocyte-like glial cell
Ensheathing glial cell with its soma at the surface of the either the lobula or lobula plate (lobula complex) neuropil regions (Kremer et al., 2017). These cells form columnar processes perpendicular to the neuropil margin, as well as tangential processes parallel to the margin (Kremer et al., 2017). They form a complex three-dimensional arrangement of branches (Kremer et al., 2017).
adult lobula complex ensheathing glial cell
Glial cell that is found in the cell body rind of the adult mushroom body (Kremer et al., 2017).
adult mushroom body cell body glial cell
Descending neuron of the larva with its soma in the brain and processes extending into the ventral nerve cord (Winding et al. (2023).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that synapses restricted to region some embryonic/larval lateral horn (FBbt:00111688).
Neuron belonging to a hemilineage that has active Notch signaling.
Neuron belonging to a hemilineage that does not have active Notch signaling.
Secondary neuron belonging to a hemilineage that has active Notch signaling.
Secondary neuron belonging to a hemilineage that does not have active Notch signaling.
Any motor neuron (FBbt:00005123) that sends synaptic output to some muscle cell of adult leg muscle (FBbt:00053106).
Any motor neuron (FBbt:00005123) that sends synaptic output to some muscle cell of adult prothoracic leg muscle (FBbt:00003343).
Any motor neuron (FBbt:00005123) that sends synaptic output to some muscle cell of adult mesothoracic leg muscle (FBbt:00003402).
Any motor neuron (FBbt:00005123) that sends synaptic output to some muscle cell of adult metathoracic leg muscle (FBbt:00003430).
Superficial layer of neuronal cell bodies and glia that overlies the neuropil of the larval central nervous system.
cell body rind of larval central nervous system
Superficial layer of neuronal cell bodies and glia that overlies the neuropil of the adult central nervous system (brain or ventral nerve cord).
cell body rind of adult central nervous system
Glial cell located amongst neuronal cell bodies in the cortex of the embryonic/larval brain.
embryonic/larval brain cortex glial cell
Glial cell located amongst neuronal cell bodies in the cortex of the embryonic/larval ventral nerve cord (VNC). In the early larva, there are around 4 cell body glia per hemineuromere (Ito et al., 1995), but they increase in number during later larval stages, particularly in thoracic and anterior abdominal segments (Coutinho-Budd et al., 2017). The nuclei and cell bodies of the VNC cell body glial cells have quite irregular shapes, and cytoplasmic protrusions fill the space between neighboring neuronal cell bodies (Ito et al., 1995), with no morphological stereotypy by VNC region (Coutinho-Budd et al., 2017). These cells are not found in the dorsal portion of the cell body rind, with neuronal somas instead being wrapped by ensheathing glia (Pogodalla et al., 2021).
Glial cell that has not differentiated into a stable specialist fate. These cells may be migratory and/or phagocytic (Edwards and Meinertzhagen, 2010; Shklyar et al., 2014).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is capable of some detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception (GO:0050974) and has sensory dendrite in some eo-type sensillum (FBbt:00007232).
mechanosensory neuron of eo-type sensillum
The endocrine complex which consists of the larval corpus cardiacum and corpus allatum.
More often referred to in combination with the prothoracic gland as the 'ring gland'. The term 'retrocerebral complex' is more often used for adult anatomy.
Nerve that connects the corpus cardiacum to the brain (de Velasco et al., 2004; Dirksen et al., 2008; Mahishi and Huetteroth, 2019). These nerves contain the axons of neurosecretory cells of the central nervous system projecting to the ring gland and aorta (Hartenstein, 2006; de Velasco et al., 2007; Dirksen et al., 2008; Huckesfeld et al., 2021).
Region of the adult brain cell body rind that overlies the neuropil found in the subesophageal zone.
cell body rind of adult subesophageal zone
Adult antennal lobe projection neuron that has its soma in the subesophageal zone (Bates et al., 2020; Marin et al., 2020). There are a few distinct clusters of these cells and some cells bifurcate in the subesophageal zone (SEZ) to have bilaterally symmetrical projection patterns (Bates et al., 2020; Marin et al., 2020).
adult antennal lobe projection neuron of SEZ
Astrocyte-like (reticular) glial cell found in the optic lobe (Kremer et al., 2017).
adult optic lobe astrocyte-like glial cell
Any optic glomerulus (FBbt:00003698) that is part of some anterior optic tubercle (FBbt:00007059).
Detached ganglion that sits below an ocellus and contains the axonal projections of its photoreceptors (Caldwell et al., 2007; Scheffer et al., 2020). Four giant ocellar interneurons connect each ganglion to the posterior slope via the ocellar nerve (Caldwell et al., 2007; Ito et al., 2014). The three ganglia in each head are separated by glia (Dorkenwald et al., 2024).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that has synaptic IO in region some adult central complex (FBbt:00003632).
Any synaptic neuropil (FBbt:00040005) that is part of some mushroom body (FBbt:00005801).
Kenyon cell of the adult mushroom body. It has its soma in the mushroom body cell body rind (above the calyx) and has dendrites in the main calyx and/or an accessory calyx (Lee et al., 1999; Aso et al., 2014). There are three main subtypes that project their axons to the gamma lobe, the alpha and beta lobes, and the alpha' and beta' lobes (Lee et al., 1999; Aso et al., 2014). All three subtypes are cholinergic (Barnstedt et al., 2016; Croset et al., 2018). In the pedunculus, the Kenyon cell axons are organized by birth order, with gamma neuron axons more peripheral and the last-born (alpha/beta) neurons in the center (Li et al., 2020). There are close to 2000 Kenyon cells per adult mushroom body (Li et al., 2020).
Kenyon cell (KC) of the larval (or late embryonic) mushroom body. It has its soma in the mushroom body cell body rind (above the calyx) and dendrites in the calyx and its axon projects through the pedunculus and bifurcates into the vertical and medial lobes (Lee et al., 1999). The first KCs generated in the embryo and early larva are gamma neurons, with alpha'/beta' neurons being born in the late larva (Lee et al., 1999; Kunz et al., 2012). Later born neurons occupy more central positions within the pedunculus and lobe bundles, so that in the late third instar, the embryonic gamma axons occupy the periphery, with the larval-born gamma neurons beneath, and the alpha'/beta' neurons at the core (Kurusu et al., 2002). During the pupal stage, gamma KCs are dramatically remodeled to form the adult gamma lobe, alpha'/beta' KCs remain largely the same and alpha/beta neurons are generated to form the alpha and beta lobes (Lee et al., 1999).
Gamma Kenyon cell of the larval (or late embryonic) mushroom body. It innervates both (vertical and medial) lobes (Lee et al., 1999; Kunz et al., 2012). It is the first type of Kenyon cell to be produced, and is born in the late embryo or early larva (Lee et al., 1999; Kunz et al., 2012). It is pruned back during early pupal stages to innervate only the gamma lobe of the adult mushroom body (Lee et al., 1999; Truman et al., 2023).
Gamma Kenyon cell of the adult mushroom body. It develops from a larval gamma Kenyon cell that is remodeled during the pupal stage (Lee et al., 1999; Kunz et al., 2012). It expresses sNPF (Johard et al., 2008; Barnstedt et al., 2016; Croset et al., 2018). There are around 700 neurons of this type per hemisphere (Li et al., 2020).
Mushroom body neuron of the adult that bifurcates at the anterior end of the pedunculus, projecting into the mushroom body alpha'-lobe and beta'-lobe (Lee et al., 1999; Tanaka et al., 2008). It develops from a larval alpha'/beta' Kenyon cell with little alteration during metamorphosis (Lee et al., 1999). In the pedunculus, the alpha' and beta' neurons occupy an intermediate stratum between the gamma axons at the periphery and the alpha/beta neurons at the core (Tanaka et al., 2008; Li et al., 2020). Most arborize in the main calyx, with a subset arborizing in the lateral accessory calyx (Marin et al., 2020). There is a total of around 340 of these cells per hemisphere (Li et al., 2020).
adult mushroom body alpha-prime/beta-prime Kenyon cell
adult mushroom body alpha-prime/beta-prime neuron
Mushroom body neuron born in the late larva, after the gamma neurons (Lee et al., 1999). It projects via the pedunculus, into the medial and vertical lobes, forming an inner concentric layer, below the gamma neurons (Lee et al., 1999; Kurusu et al., 2002). It undergoes only minor alterations during metamorphosis (Lee et al., 1999).
larval mushroom body alpha'/beta' neuron
larval mushroom body alpha-prime/beta-prime Kenyon cell
larval mushroom body alpha-prime/beta-prime neuron
Adult dopaminergic neuron that feeds reward or punishment information into the mushroom body, with dopamine release modifying the strength of Kenyon cell synapses to mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) in the same region (Li et al., 2020).
adult dopaminergic mushroom body input neuron
Adult neuron that ascends from the subesophageal zone (Otto et al., 2020).
Potential gustatory projection neurons (Otto et al., 2020).
Commissure that connects the two adult mushroom bodies between the medial lobe tips (Li et al., 2020; Otto et al., 2020).
There are at least two of these between the gamma lobe tips (Li et al., 2020).
Any antennal lobe projection neuron that does not cross the midline.
ipsilateral antennal lobe projection neuron
unilateral antennal lobe projection neuron
Any antennal lobe projection neuron that crosses the midline. In the adult, these usually cross either in the subesophageal zone or at the antennal lobe commissure (Marin et al., 2020).
bilateral antennal lobe projection neuron
Sensory neuron of the adult female that receives sensory information in the reproductive system. Some of these cells detect sex peptide (Hasemeyer et al., 2009; Yang et al., 2009) and egg-laying status (Gou et al., 2014).
sensory neuron of female reproductive system
Fat cell of the adult fat body. These cells are derived from cells of the larval body wall and adepithelial cells associated with imaginal discs (Hoshizaki et al., 1995; Musselman and Kuhnlein, 2018). Fully-differentiated adult fat cells are found from around 3-4 days after eclosion (Aguila et al., 2007). Unlike the larval fat cells, they are diploid (Musselman and Kuhnlein, 2018).
Fat cell that, during larval development, is flat, polygonal and tightly associated with other fat cells in the larval fat body (Nelliot et al., 2006). They accumulate nutrient reserves to act as a reservoir to support the animal through the non-feeding period of development (Aguila et al., 2007). Unlike the adult fat cells, they are endoreplicative (Musselman and Kuhnlein, 2018). After pupation, the larval fat cells adopt a more rounded shape and detach from each other in an anterior to posterior wave, leaving free-floating larval fat cells (Nelliot et al., 2006). The dissociated larval fat cells persist into the newly-eclosed adult to provide a food source (Aguila et al., 2007).
Fat cell of the late embryo, larva or early pupa that is part of the mature larval fat body. These cells are flat, polygonal and tightly associated with one another in single-layer sheets (Nelliot et al., 2006). They accumulate nutrient reserves to act as a reservoir to support the animal through the non-feeding period of development (Aguila et al., 2007). There are approximately 2200 of these cells (Butterworth et al., 1988).
Precursor cell of the embryo that will develop into a larval fat cell. These can first be detected around stage 10 in segmentally-repeated clusters (primary clusters) in the eve-expressing domain of parasegments (PS) 4-9 and PS13, just ventral to the midgut visceral mesoderm (Riechmann et al., 1998). In PS10-12, gonadal precursors are instead found in this position (Riechmann et al., 1998). In PS13, precursor fat cells are also found in the dorsal mesoderm that would be occupied by heart and midgut precursors in other segments (Riechmann et al., 1998). Secondary clusters of precursors arise in two positions, directly posterior to, and ventral and anterior to, the primary cluster (or gonadal precursors) in PS4-13 (Riechmann et al., 1998). At the onset of germ band retraction, these cells begin to divide and form a continuous layer between the midgut visceral mesoderm and the somatic mesoderm, losing their segmental appearance (Riechmann et al., 1998). These cells do not accumulate lipids (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
Earliest marker is srp (Sam et al., 1996).
Johnston's organ neuron that innervates more than one zone (A-F) of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) (Kamikouchi et al., 2006; Hampel et al., 2020).
Dorsalmost layer of the tectulum that sits dorsal to the dorsal median tract and haltere tract (Court et al., 2020). The upper tectulum can be further segregated on the basis of the synapse rich neuropil regions into three segment-specific neuropils; a prothoracic neck neuropil, a mesothoracic wing neuropil and a metathoracic haltere neuropil (Court et al., 2020).
Any symmetrical commissure (FBbt:00005103) that is part of some brain (FBbt:00005095).
Any ventral nerve cord commissure of the adult.
Any symmetrical commissure (FBbt:00005103) that is part of some ventral nerve cord (FBbt:00005097).
A clone of neurons in the adult brain, all of which develop from neuroblast CP2.
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is part of some adult (FBbt:00003004) and develops from some neuroblast CP2 (FBbt:00100609).
Adult cell body rind region that overlies the posterior surface of the lobula plate (Ito et al., 2014).
cell body rind of adult posterior lobula plate
Neuropil mass below the larval esophagus consisting of the gnathal ganglion and part of the tritocerebrum.
This is analogous to the adult term based on Ito et al. (2014), reflecting location relative to the esophagus, rather than segmental identity.
Neuropil mass below the esophagus encompassing the three gnathal neuromeres and any regions of the cephalic (supraesophageal) neuromeres situated below the esophagus (Ito et al., 2014).
Neuropil mass above the esophagus (Ito et al., 2014). It is part of the cerebral (supraesophageal) ganglion (Ito et al., 2014).
Neuropil mass above the larval esophagus consisting of the protocerebral and deutocerebral neuromeres and part of the tritocerebrum.
Region where a neuromere intersects with a longitudinal domain of the central nervous system (Hartenstein et al., 2018).
intersection of neuromere and longitudinal subdivision of central nervous system
neuromeric subdivision of longitudinal domain of CNS
Subperineurial glial cell of the embryonic/larval peripheral nervous system. These cells form a layer around the peripheral nerves, below the layer formed by the perineurial glial cells (Freeman, 2015).
larval peripheral nervous system subperineurial glial cell
embryonic/larval PNS subperineurial glial cell
Adult sensory neuron that receives sensory input in the antenna.
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that has characteristic some sexually dimorphic (PATO:0002451).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that has synaptic IO in region some embryonic/larval lateral horn (FBbt:00111688).
Region of the adult anterior optic tubercle that receives input from neurons that project from the medulla (Timaeus et al., 2020). It consists of the anterior optic tubercle excluding the medial zone (large unit) (Timaeus et al., 2020). It can be further subdivided based on the innervation patterns of medulla-tubercle and tubercle-bulb neurons (Timaeus et al., 2020).
Neuron that connects the medulla to the anterior optic tubercle (AOTU), via the anterior optic tract, innervating the small unit of the AOTU (Timaeus et al., 2020; Hulse et al., 2021; Kandimalla et al., 2023). It is derived from an optic neuroblast (Kandimalla et al., 2023). There are around 500 of these cells per hemisphere (Nern et al., 2025).
Glomerulus of the adult antennal lobe that receives input from olfactory neurons. There are approximately 51 of these per hemisphere (Bates et al., 2020).
adult olfactory antennal lobe glomerulus
Neuron that relays information from olfactory neurons to higher brain centers.
Adult neuron that relays olfactory (smell) information from one or more sensory neuropil regions to one or more higher brain centers.
Larval neuron that relays olfactory (smell) information from one or more sensory neuropil regions to one or more higher brain centers.
Descending neuron of the larva with its soma in the brain and processes extending into the subesophageal zone (Winding et al. (2023).
Winding et al. (2023) appear to exclude neurons that continue to the VNC, but these are not excluded from this class.
Descending neuron of the larva with its soma in the brain and processes extending further into the CNS, reaching the gnathal ganglion or ventral nerve cord (Winding et al. (2023).
Ignores directionality of information flow, similar to 'adult descending neuron'.
Ascending neuron of the larva, having its soma in the ventral nerve cord and processes extending into the brain (Winding et al. (2023).
Ignores directionality of information flow, similar to 'adult ascending neuron'. Excludes neurons that 'ascend' from the gnathal neuromeres.
Neuroblast that has serial homologues across multiple neuromeres. All neuroblasts of the ventral nerve cord and gnathal ganglia are segmentally-repeated (Urbach et al., 2016). Most neuroblasts of the tritocerebrum and some neuroblasts of the deutocerebrum also have serial homology to neuroblasts of more posterior segments (Urbach et al., 2016).
A neuroblast located in one of the three gnathal segments. These are all homologues of neuroblasts in the thoracic segments (Urbach et al., 2016). The development of neuroblasts in the mandibular segment is significantly delayed compared to more posterior segments (Urbach et al., 2016) and their primary lineages are smaller (Rickert et al., 2018).
Commissure of the larval gnathal ganglion at late embryonic or larval stages. These are analogous to commissures found in the ventral nerve cord, but there are fewer per neuromere (Kuert et al., 2018; Hartenstein et al., 2018).
Synaptic neuropil subdomain of the adult subesophageal zone that houses the axon terminals of sensory neurons (Miyazaki and Ito, 2010; Kendroud et al., 2018). Larger domains can be defined based on the projection patterns of neurons entering the brain via particular roots of the maxillary-labial, pharyngeal and antennal nerves (Kendroud et al., 2018). Many smaller domains, usually subdomains of the larger regions, can also be defined based on neuron morphology and function (Miyazaki and Ito, 2010; Munch et al., 2022).
adult labellar gustatory association center
adult pharyngeal gustatory association center
adult sensory region of subesophageal zone
Sensory compartment of the larval central nervous system that is found mainly within the central neuropil domain (Kendroud et al., 2018). In the anterior prothoracic neuromere, it narrows to a thin bundle, but continues to extend anteriorly through the gnathal neuromeres (Kendroud et al., 2018). Anteriorly, in the tritocerebrum, it contains the projections of a small bundle of axons from the antennal nerve, foreshadowing the position of the adult antennal mechanosensory and motor center (Kendroud et al., 2018). It contains the terminals of chordotonal organ neurons (Kendroud et al., 2018).
Neuropil region of the larval central nervous system that is defined by the axonal projections of sensory neurons (Kendroud et al., 2018; Miroschnikow et al., 2018).
Adult sensory region of the subesophageal zone that develops from the narrow anterior (tritocerebral and gnathal) region of the larval central sensory compartment (Kendroud et al., 2018). It encompasses the antennal mechanosensory and motor center at its anterior end, containing the axon terminals of Johnston organ neurons entering via the antennal nerve (Kendroud et al., 2018). At its posterior end, it receives axonal projections of thoracic and abdominal sensory neurons, which enter the subesophageal zone via the cervical connective (Kendroud et al., 2018).
adult central sensory compartment of subesophageal zone
Any adult neuron (FBbt:00047095) that is capable of some detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception (GO:0050974).
Any larval neuron (FBbt:00001446) that is capable of some detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception (GO:0050974).
Neuron that is in a transient state between birth and its first mature morphology or between its larval and adult morphologies.
Neuron that is in a transient, immature, state between birth and its first mature morphology.
Any larval neuron (FBbt:00001446) that has sensory dendrite in some chordotonal organ (FBbt:00005215).
Immature primary neuron that will become a larval chordotonal neuron (Valdes-Aleman et al., 2021). All of these cells in thoracic and abdominal segments undergo a rotation, from having ventrally-directed dendrites, to ventral-posterior dendrites (Gonsior and Ismat, 2019). In the ventral nerve cord, the axonal growth cones of these cells are first detected in the anteroposterior tract that the mature larval cells occupy (Valdes-Aleman et al., 2021). The immature axons extend exploratory filopodia over a larger area than that covered by the arbors of the mature axons (Valdes-Aleman et al., 2021).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that sends synaptic output to some motor neuron (FBbt:00005123).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that sends synaptic output to some adult motor neuron (FBbt:00048235).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that sends synaptic output to some embryonic/larval motor neuron (FBbt:00007675).
Primordium that will give rise to the bulb (Lovick et al., 2017). It is located in the larval anterior inferior protocerebrum, posteriorly adjacent to the medial lobe of the mushroom body (Lovick et al., 2017). The superior and inferior regions of the bulb have distinct primordia formed by the two different lineages of TuBu neurons (Lovick et al., 2017). The DALv2 lineage neurons also contribute to the bulb primordium (Lovick et al., 2017).
Primordium of the ellipsoid body in the larval brain (Lovick et al., 2017). An anterior part contains the filopodia of the developing R-neurons (lineage DALv2) and a posterior part is formed by the developing columnar neurons of the central complex (lineages DM1-4) (Lovick et al., 2017). These two parts merge during metamorphosis (Lovick et al., 2017).
Posterior part of the primordium of the ellipsoid body in the larval brain (Lovick et al., 2017). It is formed by dense, anteriorly directed filopodial tufts emerging from the dense posterior plexus of the fan-shaped body primordium (Lovick et al., 2017). It separates from the fan-shaped body primordium during metamorphosis and merges with the anterior part of the ellipsoid body primordium (Lovick et al., 2017).
Neuron of the central nervous system that has the majority of its inputs and outputs in close proximity within the same region of the neuropil. Some arbors may spread outside of the region, but without sufficient polarity to define the neuron as an input or output neuron.
Sensory neuron of the antenna that detects a stimulus via one or more receptors and projects to the antennal lobe (Schlegel et al., 2021). This includes antennal olfactory, thermosensory and hygrosensory neurons (Schlegel et al., 2021).
Antennal lobe receptor neuron that projects to both (bilateral) antennal lobes. These neurons innervate the same glomerulus on each side and tend to have more connections (inputs and outputs) with local neurons on the contralateral side than on the ipsilateral side (Schlegel et al., 2021).
Antennal lobe receptor neuron that projects to only the ipsilateral antennal lobe.
unilateral antennal lobe receptor neuron
Local interneuron of the adult antennal lobe that innervates only the ipsilateral antennal lobe.
unilateral local interneuron of the adult antennal lobe
Neuron that transmits information out of the central nervous system (CNS). It has its soma in the cell body rind of the CNS, a dendrite in the CNS and an axon projecting through a nerve (Prokop, 2006).
Larval neuron that has its soma in the central nervous system and projects through the nervus corporis cardiaci (Huckesfeld et al., 2021). It releases neuropeptide in the ring gland or aorta via non-synaptic dense core vesicles (Huckesfeld et al., 2021).
Region of the larval ventral nerve cord cell body rind that overlies the neuropil of the prothoracic neuromere.
cell body rind of larval prothoracic neuromere
Region of the larval ventral nerve cord cell body rind that overlies the neuropil of the mesothoracic neuromere.
cell body rind of larval mesothoracic neuromere
Region of the larval ventral nerve cord cell body rind that overlies the neuropil of the metathoracic neuromere.
cell body rind of larval metathoracic neuromere
Region of the larval ventral nerve cord cell body rind that overlies the neuropil of the abdominal 6 neuromere.
cell body rind of larval abdominal 6 neuromere
Region of the larval ventral nerve cord cell body rind that overlies the neuropil of the abdominal 8 neuromere.
cell body rind of larval abdominal 8 neuromere
Region of the larval ventral nerve cord cell body rind that overlies the neuropil of the abdominal 9 neuromere.
cell body rind of larval abdominal 9 neuromere
Any sensillum (FBbt:00007152) that is part of some antenna (FBbt:00004511).
Region of the larval cell body rind that overlies the neuropil of the larval tritocerebrum.
Any octopaminergic neuron (FBbt:00007364) that has its soma located in some cell body rind of adult abdominal neuromere (FBbt:00111086).
adult octopaminergic neuron of abdominal ganglion
Epithelial layer of the uterus found interior to the muscle layer (Middleton et al., 2006). It is similar to the epithelium of the oviduct and may have a secretory function (Middleton et al., 2006).
Epithelial cell of the uterus. It has convoluted intracellular membranous structures, suggestive of a role in secretion (Middleton et al., 2006).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that has its soma located in some gnathal ganglion (FBbt:00004013).
Region of the adult brain cell body rind that overlies the protocerebrum.
Region of the adult brain cell body rind that overlies the neuropil of the tritocerebrum.
Region of the larval cell body rind that overlies the neuropil of the larval deutocerebrum.
Region of the larval cell body rind that overlies the neuropil of the larval protocerebrum.
Ventral region of the genital disc that derives from abdominal segment 8 (Keisman et al., 2001). By third instar stage, it constitutes the majority of the disc in the female, but a much smaller proportion in the male (Keisman et al., 2001). In females, it produces the majority of adult female genital structures, in the male it produces a miniature eighth tergite (Keisman et al., 2001).
Anterior region of the genital disc that derives from abdominal segment 9 (Keisman et al., 2001). By third instar stage, it constitutes the majority of the disc in the male, but a much smaller proportion in the female (Keisman et al., 2001). In males, it produces the majority of adult male genital structures, in the female it produces the parovaria (Keisman et al., 2001).
Female genital primordium of the female genital disc. It expands greatly during larval development and generates most of the female genital structures (Keisman et al., 2001).
Male genital primordium of the male genital disc. It expands greatly during larval development and generates most of the male genital structures (Keisman et al., 2001).
Dorsal portion of the epigynium above the epigynial ventral lobe (McQueen et al., 2022). The two dorsal lobes (left and right) are fused dorsally into a single sclerite (McQueen et al., 2022). It does not harbor sensilla (bristles) (McQueen et al., 2022).
dorsal part of the female abdominal tergite 8
Ventral portion of the epigynium below the epigynial dorsal lobe (McQueen et al., 2022). There are two of these per organism, one on each side (McQueen et al., 2022). Each lobe (left and right) normally harbors four or five small, unpigmented sensilla (bristles) (McQueen et al., 2022).
ventral part of the female abdominal tergite 8
The dorsal wall of the genital chamber that developmentally arises from the segment 9 (male genital) primordium in the female genital disc (McQueen et al., 2022). It extends from the female accessory gland ducts anteriorly to the vulva posteriorly (McQueen et al., 2022). It is divided into a uterine furca, in which the female accessory gland ducts open and has an inner posterior thickness called the papillate elevation, and a vaginal furca, which extrudes from the vulva during oviposition (McQueen et al., 2022).
Posterior part of the genital chamber (McQueen et al., 2022). It is an ectodermal invagination where insemination takes place (McQueen et al., 2022). It extends from the posterior edge of the uterine specialized intima anteriorly to the vulva posteriorly (McQueen et al., 2022).
The opening of the common oviduct into the uterine anterodorsal pouch (McQueen et al., 2022). It consists of the oviduct valve flap and the oviduct dorsal ridge (Adams and Wolfner, 2007; McQueen et al., 2022).
Ridge in the oviduct dorsal wall that is part of the oviduct valve (Adams and Wolfner, 2007; McQueen et al., 2022).
Chitinous flap that presses against the oviduct dorsal ridge, potentially blocking passage of substances between the uterus and the oviduct (Adams and Wolfner, 2007; McQueen et al., 2022).
Anterodorsal invagination of the uterus holding the openings of the common oviduct, the spermathecal ducts and the female accessory gland ducts (Adams and Wolfner, 2007; McQueen et al., 2022). It is separated from the uterine anteroventral pouch by the uterine anterior projection (Adams and Wolfner, 2007; McQueen et al., 2022).
See Figure 1B in Adams and Wolfner (2007).
The dorsal wall of the anterior part of the genital chamber (McQueen et al., 2022).
Thickened tissue of the uterine furca that forms the dorsal wall of the uterine anterodorsal pouch (McQueen et al., 2022).
The ductal region between the base of the uterus and the exterior (McQueen et al., 2022). The intima is thin in this region (McQueen et al., 2022).
See Figure 1 in Adams and Wolfner (2007).
The dorsal wall of the posterior part of the genital chamber (McQueen et al., 2022).
Fold in the inner membrane of the vaginal furca that can be recognized when the furca is extruded during oviposition (McQueen et al., 2022). There are three main folds; dorsal, dorsolateral and lateral, which contact the male aedeagus, dorsal postgonite and ventral postgonite, respectively, during copulation (McQueen et al., 2022).
Scale-like projection on the surface of the ventral oviprovector membrane (McQueen et al., 2022). These structures may act as ratchets to prevent bidirectional movement of an egg (McQueen et al., 2022).
The integument of a larval thoracic segment.
Ventralmost cluster of sense organs and sensory neuron somas, located ventrally within the larval ventral sensory cluster group (Bodmer and Jan, 1987; Orgogozo and Grueber, 2005). Axons of neurons in this cluster in abdominal segments follow branch SNc of the segmental nerve (Willams and Shepherd, 1999).
Ventrolateral cluster of sense organs and sensory neuron somas, located dorsally within the larval ventral sensory cluster group (Bodmer and Jan, 1987; Orgogozo and Grueber, 2005). Axons of neurons in this cluster in abdominal segments follow branch SNa of the segmental nerve (Willams and Shepherd, 1999).
Any larval ventral sensory cluster (FBbt:00052115) that is part of some thoracic segment (FBbt:00000016).
Any larval ventral sensory cluster (FBbt:00052115) that is part of some prothoracic segment (FBbt:00000017).
larval prothoracic ventral sensory cluster
Any larval ventral sensory cluster (FBbt:00052115) that is part of some mesothoracic segment (FBbt:00000018).
larval mesothoracic ventral sensory cluster
Any larval ventral sensory cluster (FBbt:00052115) that is part of some metathoracic segment (FBbt:00000019).
larval metathoracic ventral sensory cluster
Any larval ventral sensory cluster (FBbt:00052115) that is part of some anterior abdominal segment (FBbt:00052393).
larval abdominal ventral sensory cluster
Any larval ventral' sensory cluster (FBbt:00052116) that is part of some anterior abdominal segment (FBbt:00052393).
larval abdominal ventral' sensory cluster
Any larval ventral' sensory cluster (FBbt:00052116) that is part of some thoracic segment (FBbt:00000016).
larval thoracic ventral' sensory cluster
Any larval ventral' sensory cluster (FBbt:00052116) that is part of some prothoracic segment (FBbt:00000017).
larval prothoracic ventral' sensory cluster
Any larval ventral' sensory cluster (FBbt:00052116) that is part of some mesothoracic segment (FBbt:00000018).
larval mesothoracic ventral' sensory cluster
Any larval ventral' sensory cluster (FBbt:00052116) that is part of some metathoracic segment (FBbt:00000019).
larval metathoracic ventral' sensory cluster
Optic column that maps to a single yellow ommatidium.
Optic column that maps to a single pale ommatidium.
Visual projection neuron that has tangential arborization in the medulla (Kind et al., 2021).
medullary tangential visual projection neuron
medulla tangential visual projection neuron
Intrinsic neuron of the medulla that has a tangential arborization pattern (Kind et al., 2021).
Neuron that innervates any part of the gut. These cells include sensory neurons, as well as efferent neurons that terminate on the visceral muscles and the underlying epithelium (Lemaitre and Miguel-Aliaga, 2013). They are chemically and neuroanatomically diverse, with efferent neurons collectively producing several neuropeptides and serotonin (Lemaitre and Miguel-Aliaga, 2013).
Many recent papers do not count the pharyngeal and labral taste neurons as 'enteric neurons', hence only a narrow synonym.
Any gut-innervating neuron of the adult.
Any gut-innervating neuron of the larva.
Larval sensory neuron that innervates a Keilin organ. There is one Keilin organ in each larval thoracic hemisegment, in the ventral sensory cluster (Dambly-Chaudiere and Ghysen, 1986; Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). These neurons fasciculate with the segmental nerve (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
Any larval Keilin organ neuron (FBbt:00052156) that has its soma located in some larval prothoracic segment (FBbt:00001743).
Any larval Keilin organ neuron (FBbt:00052156) that has its soma located in some larval mesothoracic segment (FBbt:00001744).
Any larval Keilin organ neuron (FBbt:00052156) that has its soma located in some larval metathoracic segment (FBbt:00001745).
Mechanosensory neuron that transduces signals from a bristle (chaeta) of the head. These neurons have a somatotopic organization in the central nervous system (Eichler et al., 2024).
mechanosensory neuron of adult head chaeta
mechanosensory neuron of adult head bristle
Larval synaptic neuropil compartment comprising the domains surrounding the lobes and peduncle of the mushroom body (Hartenstein et al., 2015).
Dorsalmost layer of larval synaptic neuropil domains, found dorsal to the inferior protocerebrum (Hartenstein et al., 2015).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is capable of some detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception (GO:0050974) and has sensory dendrite in some male terminalia sensillum (FBbt:00004469).
mechanosensory neuron of male terminalia sensillum
Immature secondary neuron that is a precursor to an adult T4 neuron (Hormann et al., 2020). It is generated from a neuroblast that amplifies by symmetric division (type III) before generating the T4 (and T5) neurons (Mora et al., 2018). During its development, it first projects its axon to the appropriate lobula plate layer, then forms its dendrites in medulla layer 10 (Hormann et al., 2020).
Immature secondary neuron that is a precursor to an adult T5 neuron (Hormann et al., 2020). It is generated from a neuroblast that amplifies by symmetric division (type III) before generating the T5 (and T4) neurons (Mora et al., 2018). During its development, it first projects its axon to the appropriate lobula plate layer, then forms its dendrites in lobula layer 1 (Hormann et al., 2020).
Gustatory neuron of the leg that detects pheromones (Thistle et al., 2012). It expresses ppk23, which is necessary, but not sufficient, for pheromone detection (Thistle et al., 2012). In each bristle where these cells are found, generally one cell will respond to male pheromones and a second will respond to female pheromones (Thistle et al., 2012; Kallman et al., 2015).
Distinct from the Gr68a and Gr32a cells (Thistle et al., 2012; Toda et al., 2012).
Adult pheromone sensing neuron that has its soma and sensory dendrite in the mesothoracic leg (Thistle et al., 2012). There are approximately 18 of these per male mesothoracic leg (Toda et al., 2012).
adult pheromone-sensing neuron of mesothoracic leg
Adult pheromone sensing neuron that has its soma and sensory dendrite in the prothoracic leg (Thistle et al., 2012). There are approximately 42 of these per male prothoracic leg and 28 per female prothoracic leg (Toda et al., 2012).
adult pheromone-sensing neuron of prothoracic leg
Adult pheromone sensing neuron that has its soma and sensory dendrite in the metathoracic leg (Thistle et al., 2012). There are approximately 23 of these per male metathoracic leg (Toda et al., 2012).
adult pheromone-sensing neuron of metathoracic leg
Immature form of the distal medullary amacrine neuron Dm10 (Konstantinides et al., 2022). It is a Notch OFF hemilineage secondary neuron, born from a medulla forming neuroblast during the Ey/Hbn temporal window (Konstantinides et al., 2022).
immature distal medullary amacrine neuron Dm10
Immature form of the distal medullary amacrine neuron Dm12 (Konstantinides et al., 2022). It is a Notch OFF hemilineage secondary neuron, born from a medulla forming neuroblast during the Hbn/Opa/Slp temporal window (Konstantinides et al., 2022).
immature distal medullary amacrine neuron Dm12
Immature form of the distal medullary amacrine neuron Dm3 (Konstantinides et al., 2022). It is a Notch OFF hemilineage secondary neuron, born from a medulla forming neuroblast during the Slp/D temporal window (Konstantinides et al., 2022).
immature distal medullary amacrine neuron Dm3
Immature form of the distal medullary amacrine neuron Dm8a (Konstantinides et al., 2022). It is a Notch OFF hemilineage secondary neuron, born from a medulla forming neuroblast during the Hbn/Opa/Slp temporal window (Konstantinides et al., 2022).
immature distal medullary amacrine neuron Dm8
immature distal medullary amacrine neuron Dm8a
Immature form of the distal medullary amacrine neuron Dm9 (Konstantinides et al., 2022). It is a Notch OFF hemilineage secondary neuron, born from a medulla forming neuroblast during the Hbn/Opa/Slp temporal window (Konstantinides et al., 2022).
immature distal medullary amacrine neuron Dm9
Immature form of the lamina intrinsic neuron (Konstantinides et al., 2022). It is a Notch OFF hemilineage secondary neuron, born from a medulla forming neuroblast during the Hbn/Opa/Slp temporal window (Konstantinides et al., 2022).
Immature form of the medullary intrinsic neuron Mi1 (Konstantinides et al., 2022). It is a Notch ON hemilineage secondary neuron, born from a medulla forming neuroblast during the Hth temporal window (Konstantinides et al., 2022).
Immature form of the medullary intrinsic neuron Mi15 (Konstantinides et al., 2022). It is a Notch OFF hemilineage secondary neuron, born from a medulla forming neuroblast during the D/BarHI temporal window (Konstantinides et al., 2022).
immature medullary intrinsic neuron Mi15
Immature form of the medullary intrinsic neuron Mi4 (Konstantinides et al., 2022). It is a Notch OFF hemilineage secondary neuron, born from a medulla forming neuroblast during the Hth/Opa temporal window (Konstantinides et al., 2022).
Immature form of the medullary intrinsic neuron Mi9 (Konstantinides et al., 2022). It is a Notch OFF hemilineage secondary neuron, born from a medulla forming neuroblast during the Opa/Erm temporal window (Konstantinides et al., 2022).
Immature form of the columnar neuron T1 (Konstantinides et al., 2022). It is a Notch OFF hemilineage secondary neuron, born from a medulla forming neuroblast during the D/BarHI temporal window (Konstantinides et al., 2022).
Immature form of the transmedullary neuron Tm1 (Konstantinides et al., 2022). It is a Notch ON hemilineage secondary neuron, born from a medulla forming neuroblast during the Hth/Opa temporal window (Konstantinides et al., 2022).
Immature form of the transmedullary neuron Tm2 (Konstantinides et al., 2022). It is a Notch ON hemilineage secondary neuron, born from a medulla forming neuroblast during the Hth/Opa temporal window (Konstantinides et al., 2022).
Immature form of the transmedullary neuron Tm20 (Konstantinides et al., 2022). It is a Notch ON hemilineage secondary neuron, born from a medulla forming neuroblast during the Hbn/Opa/Slp temporal window (Konstantinides et al., 2022).
Immature form of the transmedullary neuron Tm3 (Tm3a) (Konstantinides et al., 2022). It is a Notch ON hemilineage secondary neuron, born from a medulla forming neuroblast during the Erm/Ey temporal window (Konstantinides et al., 2022).
Immature form of the transmedullary neuron Tm4 (Konstantinides et al., 2022). It is a Notch ON hemilineage secondary neuron, born from a medulla forming neuroblast during the Hth/Opa temporal window (Konstantinides et al., 2022).
Immature form of the transmedullary neuron Tm5b (Konstantinides et al., 2022). It is a Notch ON hemilineage secondary neuron, born from a medulla forming neuroblast during the Hbn/Opa/Slp temporal window (Konstantinides et al., 2022).
Immature form of the transmedullary neuron Tm5c (Konstantinides et al., 2022). It is a Notch OFF hemilineage secondary neuron, born from a medulla forming neuroblast during the Opa/Erm temporal window (Konstantinides et al., 2022).
Neuroblast that generates neurons of the optic lobe. It arises from the optic lobe neuroepithelium, with some delaminating during the embryonic stage and others delaminating during the larval stage (Hakes et al., 2018).
Any adult octopaminergic neuron (FBbt:00058203) that is capable of some glutamate secretion, neurotransmission (GO:0061535).
Approximately 70 of these (of 100 OA neurons) in the male (Sherer et al., 2020).
adult octopaminergic and glutamatergic neuron
Adult histaminergic neuron with its cell body in the abdominal neuromere (Nassel et al., 1990). There are 12 of these cells per organism and their somas are located ventrally (Nassel et al., 1990).
Adult histaminergic neuron with its cell body in the mesothoracic neuromere (Nassel et al., 1990). There is one of these cells on each side and its soma is located ventrally (Nassel et al., 1990). It has an axon that runs dorsally and anteriorly, entering the cervical connective (Nassel et al., 1990; Cheong et al., 2024). It arborizes bilaterally in the ventral nerve cord and in the brain (Cheong et al., 2024). It receives most of its input in the wing neuropil and intermediate tectulum (Cheong et al., 2024). Its presynapses are found throughout the pro- and meso-thoracic neuromeres as well as in the subesophageal zone, saddle and posterior slope (Cheong et al., 2024).
Adult histaminergic neuron with its cell body in the metathoracic neuromere (Nassel et al., 1990). There are one or two of these cells on each side and their somas are located ventrally and posteriorly, near the border with the abdominal neuromere (Nassel et al., 1990; Cheong et al., 2024). It has an axon that runs dorsally and anteriorly, entering the cervical connective (Nassel et al., 1990; Cheong et al., 2024). Its arbors are mainly found in the contralateral central nervous system (Cheong et al., 2024). Its input is mainly from the intermediate tectulum of the meso- and meta-thoracic neuromeres and it outputs to all three contralateral leg neuropils, the dorsal gnathal ganglion and the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (Cheong et al., 2024).
Nassel et al. (1990) say two of these on each side, but Cheong et al. (2023) only find one per side (both by IHC).
Glial cell of the embryo that has not yet reached its mature larval form. These cells may further divide (or die), migrate or extend processes prior to adopting their mature larval forms, positions and numbers (Ito et al., 1995).
Ensheathing glial cell of the larval brain. There are approximately 12 of these cells in each brain hemisphere throughout larval development (Omoto et al., 2015).
embryonic/larval brain ensheathing neuropil associated glial cell
Ensheathing glial cell of the larval ventral nerve cord. There are approximately four of these cells that ensheath the synaptic neuropil in each abdominal hemineuromere throughout larval development, including two that wrap the proximal parts of the nerve roots (Pogodalla et al., 2021). Three of these four synaptic neuropil-ensheathing glia derive from the longitudinal glioblast (Peco et al., 2016). There are also three or four midline glia per neuromere, which ensheath the commissural axons (Ito et al., 1995; Banerjee et al., 2017). Some of these cells also extend into the dorsal cell body rind and wrap neuronal cell bodies (Pogodalla et al., 2021).
embryonic/larval ventral nerve cord ensheathing neuropil associated glial cell
Astrocyte-like glial cell of the larval ventral nerve cord. It has a prominent process extending into the neuropil proximal to its nucleus (Pogodalla et al., 2021). There are approximately 6 of these cells in each hemineuromere throughout larval development, found in fixed locations: 3 dorsal, 2 lateral and one ventral (Peco et al., 2016). They develop from prospero-expressing interface glia (Peco et al., 2016).
embryonic/larval ventral nerve cord astrocyte-like neuropil associated glial cell
embryonic/larval ventral nerve cord reticulated neuropil associated glial cell
Neuropil glial cell of the adult that is derived from a larval glial cell (Kato et al., 2020). The larval astrocyte-like glia die during the pupal phase, while some of the ensheathing glia persist and divide to generate these cells (Kato et al., 2020). In the brain, these cells tend to occupy an anterior-inferior area (Kato et al., 2020).
adult primary neuropil associated glial cell
One of abdominal segments 8-11 (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997; Birkholz et al., 2013). These segments have different patterns of neuroblasts, neurons, musculature and sense organs to more anterior abdominal segments (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997; Birkholz et al., 2013).
Terminal segment of the adult. These segments collectively contain the genitalia and analia (Rice et al., 2019; McQueen et al., 2022).
Any neuroblast (FBbt:00005146) that is part of some terminal segment (FBbt:00052388).
One of abdominal segments 1-7 (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997; Birkholz et al., 2013). These segments have a relatively consistent pattern of neuroblasts, neurons, musculature and sense organs from one segment to the next (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997; Birkholz et al., 2013).
Any anterior abdominal segment of the embryo.
Any anterior abdominal segment of the adult.
Neuroblast found in one of abdominal segments 1-7. The pattern of neuroblasts is the same in each of these segments in the embryo (Birkholz et al., 2013; Urbach et al., 2016; Rickert et al., 2018).
Any interneuron that is born during the embryonic stage. It may persist into the adult stage, usually with some remodelling (Marin et al., 2005).
Any motor neuron that is born during the embryonic stage. It may persist into the adult stage, usually with some remodelling (Banerjee et al., 2016).
Nerve the runs along the lateral larval hindgut (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). It branches from the abdominal 9 nerve at the posterior end of the larva and follows the hindgut anteriorly (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
Precursor cell that can give rise to one or more sensory neurons and/or support cells of the periphery.
Sensory mother cell that gives rise to all the cells of a scolopidium (zur Lage et al, 1997).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that has sensory dendrite in some external sensory organ (FBbt:00005168).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that has sensory dendrite in some chaeta (FBbt:00005177).
Neuron that relays mechanosensory information from one or more sensory neuropil regions to one or more higher brain centers.
Adult neuron that relays mechanosensory information from one or more sensory neuropil regions to one or more higher brain centers.
adult mechanosensory second-order neuron
Larval neuron that relays mechanosensory information from one or more sensory neuropil regions to one or more higher brain centers.
larval mechanosensory second-order neuron
Any sensory neuron (FBbt:00005124) that has sensory dendrite in some embryonic/larval gut (FBbt:00007512).
Gustatory receptor neuron that innervates any part of the larval pharynx (Winding et al., 2023).
gustatory receptor neuron of the larval pharynx
larval pharyngeal gustatory receptor neuron
Larval gustatory projection neuron that receives input from external sense organ sensory neurons (Winding et al., 2023).
larval external gustatory projection neuron
Any external sense organ sensory neuron (FBbt:00052560) that overlaps some larva (FBbt:00001727).
larval external sense organ sensory neuron
Any larval external sense organ sensory neuron (FBbt:00052615) that capable of part of some sensory perception of taste (GO:0050909).
larval external sense organ gustatory receptor neuron
Larval gustatory projection neuron that receives input from a pharyngeal sense organ sensory neuron (Winding et al., 2023).
larval pharyngeal gustatory projection neuron
Larval mechanosensory projection neuron that receives input from chordotonal neurons (Winding et al., 2023).
Larval mechanosensory projection neuron that receives input from multidendritic neurons (Winding et al., 2023).
larval mechanosensory multidendritic projection neuron
Optic glomerulus formed by the axon terminals of lobula columnar (LC) 17 neurons (Wu et al., 2016). It is found in the lateral, ventral part of the posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (Wu et al., 2016). It does not have a retinotopic organization (Dombrovski et al., 2023).
Primary neuron, born during the embryonic stage, that is still in an immature state, between birth and its first mature morphology.
Secondary neuron, born after the embryonic stage, that is still in an immature state, between birth and its first mature morphology.
Any segmental subdivision of integument of the larva.
segmental subdivision of larval integument
Any segmental subdivision of integument of the adult.
segmental subdivision of adult integument
Neurosecretory neuron of the adult with a cell body in the subesophageal zone.
adult neurosecretory cell of subesophageal zone
Any neurosecretory neuron (FBbt:00005130) that has its soma located in some brain (FBbt:00005095).
Any neurosecretory cell of brain of the adult.
Any neurosecretory cell of brain of the larva.
Bristle of the antenna. There are approximately 20 of these on each side, found on the first and second antennal segments (Eichler et al., 2024).
Mechanosensory neuron that has its dendrite in an antennal bristle. It follows the antennal nerve and terminates in the subesophageal zone (Eichler et al., 2024). In the brain, it has a contralateral projection (Eichler et al., 2024). There is one of these per antennal bristle (around 20 per side) (Eichler et al., 2024).
mechanosensory neuron of antennal bristle
Local neuron of the ocellar ganglia (Dorkenwald et al., 2024; Schlegel et al., 2024). It is a small neuron that connects sparsely with photoreceptors from all ocelli (Dorkenwald et al., 2024; Schlegel et al., 2024). There are approximately 16 of these per organism (Dorkenwald et al., 2024; Schlegel et al., 2024).
Region of the intermediate tectulum that is in the mesothoracic neuromere.
intermediate tectulum of mesothoracic neuromere
Region of the intermediate tectulum that is in the metathoracic neuromere.
intermediate tectulum of metathoracic neuromere
Local neuron that has its arbors mainly restricted to the antennal lobe(s).
Region of the tectulum that is in the mesothoracic neuromere.
Region of the tectulum that is in the metathoracic neuromere.
Adult histaminergic neuron with its soma in the ventral nerve cord and an ascending projection through contralateral side of the cervical connective (Cheong et al., 2024). There are two pairs of these per organism, with somas in the metathoracic and mesothoracic neuromeres (Cheong et al., 2024). They receive the majority of their input from descending neurons (Cheong et al., 2024).
Muscle involved in moving a leg. Some of these are found within the leg and others are attached to the thoracic body wall (Cheong et al., 2024).
Muscle cell that is part of a adult leg muscle.
Any synaptic neuropil (FBbt:00040005) that is part of some tectulum (FBbt:00007727).
The top of the head capsule (Ferris, 1950). It bears the ocellar triangle (Ferris, 1950).
Immature form of a distal medullary amacrine neuron (Konstantinides et al., 2022).
immature distal medullary amacrine neuron
Immature form of a lobula columnar neuron (Konstantinides et al., 2022).
Immature form of a transmedullary neuron (Konstantinides et al., 2022).
Immature form of a centrifugal columnar neuron (Konstantinides et al., 2022).
immature optic lobe centrifugal columnar neuron
Secondary neuron that will develop into an adult motor neuron, but is still in an immature state (Nguyen et al., 2024). These neurons remain relatively metabolically and functionally inactive during the larval stage (Nguyen et al., 2024).
Motor neuron born during the larval stage. These neurons function as part of the adult nervous system (Nguyen et al., 2024).
Spherical cell that arises at the posterior pole of the stage 3 embryo (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997; Okada, 1998). These cells are formed by nuclei that migrate posteriorly to the pole plasm, which they incorporate as cytoplasm as they bud off to become cells (Okada, 1998). At the blastoderm stage, they are mostly found posterior to the posterior midgut anlage and some cells divide up to two times (Technau and Campos-Ortega, 1986; Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). They accompany the posterior midgut primordium as it sinks inwards during gastrulation and as it moves anteriorly during germ band extension (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). At stage 10, pole cells exit the posterior midgut primordium and after some further movements, a subset of the original set of pole cells become incorporated into the gonad by stage 16 (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
Pole cells that become incorporated into the gonad are the primordial germ cells (FBbt:00000092).
Immature neuron that will develop into an adult lamina monopolar neuron.
Immature neuron that will develop into an adult lamina monopolar neuron L1.
Immature neuron that will develop into an adult lamina monopolar neuron L2.
Immature neuron that will develop into an adult lamina monopolar neuron L3.
Immature neuron that will develop into an adult lamina monopolar neuron L4.
Immature neuron that will develop into an adult lamina monopolar neuron L5.
Region of the adult brain that receives photoreceptor input, i.e. the optic lobe or ocellar ganglion.
Any neuron with its arborizations exclusively within the medulla (Raghu and Borst, 2011).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that synapses restricted to region some adult subesophageal zone (FBbt:00110639).
adult subesophageal zone intrinsic neuron
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that synapses restricted to region some adult central complex (FBbt:00003632).
Any nervus corporis cardiaci of the adult.
Any nervus corporis cardiaci of the larva.
An interneuron that has distinct dendritic and axonal branches that arborize in different neuropil regions. These neurons relay information between different parts of the central nervous system.
Includes neurons with axonal and dendritic arbors in the same region if there is another branch that extends elsewhere (Frechter et al., 2019). Excludes neurons that only have a 'local' innervation pattern, where both inputs/outputs may be present on arbors that span neuropil boundaries.
Any antennal lobe projection neuron (FBbt:00007422) that sends synaptic output to region some mushroom body (FBbt:00005801).
antennal lobe projection neuron to mushroom body
Any antennal lobe projection neuron (FBbt:00007422) that sends synaptic output to region some adult lateral horn (FBbt:00007053).
adult antennal lobe projection neuron to lateral horn
Immature neuron that will become a dopaminergic neuron, including neurons that are not yet producing dopamine (Hartenstein et al., 2017).
Immature neuron that develops from an optic neuroblast and will become an adult optic lobe neuron.
Immature neuron that will have its synapses restricted to the optic lobe in the adult.
immature adult optic lobe intrinsic neuron
The entire integument of adult abdominal segment 6.
The entire integument of a single adult abdominal segment.
Division of an organism along its anterior-posterior axis.
anterior-posterior subdivision of organism
Cell that develops into or is itself an egg.
Can be identified by expression of vasa (Rust et al., 2020).
Immature testis of the larva. It contains germ-line cells of only pre-meiotic and meiotic stages until the primary spermatocyte stage (Gartner et al., 2014), as well as immature precursors of the adult testis epithelium (Mahadevaraju et al, 2021).
A multicellular structure made of one or several myofibers associated with tendon cells that attach the myofiber(s) to the exoskeleton or other organs.
Hemocyte of the adult organism. These cells all arise during embryonic and larval development and persist through metamorphosis and adult life (Holz et al., 2003; Sanchez Bosch et al., 2019).
A multidendritic sensory organ precursor cell that gives rise to sensory neurons with extensive dendritic arborizations late during embryogenesis (Bodmer and Jan, 1987).
dendritic arborizing sensory organ precursor cell
dendritic arborizing neuron precursor cell
An adepithelial cell of the wing disc that gives rise to an indirect flight muscle cell in the adult. These cells are located around the wing hinge primordium in the wing disc. They are distinguished from other flight muscle precursor cells by their expression of vestigial and zfh1 (Gunage et al., 2014; Zappia et al., 2020).
Enteroendocrine cell of the adult midgut expressing the hormone sNPF. These cells are found in the region R2 of the anterior midgut (Guo et al., 2019).
Any glial cell (FBbt:00005144) that is part of some cell body rind of adult optic lobe (FBbt:00111152).
Any ensheathing glial cell (FBbt:00047836) that is part of some adult optic lobe (FBbt:00003701).
Any glial cell (FBbt:00005144) that is part of some adult optic lobe (FBbt:00003701) and is part of some subperineurial glial sheath (FBbt:00007091).
adult optic lobe subperineurial glial cell
Any neuropil glial cell (FBbt:00001303) that is part of some adult optic lobe (FBbt:00003701).
adult optic lobe neuropil associated glial cell
Any semen-secreting cell of the male reproductive system (FBbt:00058293) that is part of some male accessory gland (FBbt:00004959).
semen-secreting cell of the male accessory gland
Any adult neuron (FBbt:00047095) that is capable of some detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception (GO:0050906).
Any larval neuron (FBbt:00001446) that is capable of some detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception (GO:0050906).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is capable of some detection of pheromone (GO:0043695).
Any adult neuron (FBbt:00047095) that is capable of some detection of pheromone (GO:0043695).
Likely to be the ppk23 cells, as null mutants lose leg and proboscis responses to pheromones, however, function of ppk23 in wing margin was not investigated. (Thistle et al., 2012 - FBrf0218411). ppk23 cells are distinct from sugar and water cells, but a few cells coexpress Gr66a and ppk23 (Thistle et al., 2012). Some ppk23 cells also express ppk29, but not clear from Thistle et al. (2012) whether this is all or a subset.
Neuron of the late embryo or larva that is responsive to the presence of pheromones (Mast et al., 2014; Narasimha et al., 2019).
embryonic/larval pheromone-sensing neuron
Any adult neuron (FBbt:00047095) that is capable of some detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of taste (GO:0050912).
Any larval neuron (FBbt:00001446) that is capable of some detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of taste (GO:0050912).
embryonic/larval gustatory receptor neuron
Any glial cell (FBbt:00005144) that is part of some adult nervous system (FBbt:00003559) and is part of some perineurial glial sheath (FBbt:00007089).
Any glial cell (FBbt:00005144) that is part of some larval nervous system (FBbt:00001911) and is part of some perineurial glial sheath (FBbt:00007089).
Any glial cell (FBbt:00005144) that is part of some peripheral nervous system (FBbt:00005098) and is part of some perineurial glial sheath (FBbt:00007089).
Any glial cell (FBbt:00005144) that is part of some adult nervous system (FBbt:00003559) and is part of some subperineurial glial sheath (FBbt:00007091).
Any glial cell (FBbt:00005144) that is part of some larval nervous system (FBbt:00001911) and is part of some subperineurial glial sheath (FBbt:00007091).
embryonic/larval subperineurial glial cell
Any glial cell (FBbt:00005144) that is part of some peripheral nervous system (FBbt:00005098) and is part of some subperineurial glial sheath (FBbt:00007091).
Any adult neuron (FBbt:00047095) that has sensory dendrite in some chordotonal organ (FBbt:00005215).
Many of these appear to be octopaminergic based on Tdc2-GAL4 expression (Pauls et al., 2018 - FBrf0240407).
Any epithelium (FBbt:00007005) that is part of some crop (FBbt:00003133).
Cell of the epithelium lining the adult crop. These cells are of ectodermal origin and produce the cuticular lining of the crop system (Stoffolano Jr and Haselton, 2013).
Glial cell located in the lamina neuropil (Kremer et al., 2017).
adult lamina neuropil associated glial cell
Any visceral muscle cell (FBbt:00005070) that is part of some midgut (FBbt:00005383).
Any visceral muscle cell (FBbt:00005070) that is part of some foregut (FBbt:00005379).
Any fat cell (FBbt:00046052) that is part of some adult pericerebral fat mass (FBbt:00048409).
A monolayer epithelium forming the wall of the ejaculatory bulb (Guiraudie-Capraz et al., 2007).
Cell of the epithelium of the ejaculatory bulb. It secretes the male pheromone cis-vaccenyl acetate (cVA) (Guiraudie-Capraz et al., 2007).
A monolayer epithelium forming the wall of the anterior and posterior ejaculatory ducts (Bairati, 1968).
Cell of the epithelium of the ejaculatory duct. It secretes antimicrobial peptides such as Drosomycin and Andropin (Samakovlis et al., 1991; Ferrandon et al., 1998).
A squamous monolayer epithelium that lines the oviduct. Its cells are joined along their lateral membranes by extensive septate junctions, but lack apical zonal adherens junctions (Kapelnikov et al., 2008).
Epithelial cell of the oviduct. It has convoluted intracellular membranous structures and extensive microvilli, suggestive of a role in secretion (Middleton et al., 2006).
An intestinal stem cell at the posterior end of the adult midgut, near the boundary with the hindgut. These cells are not part of the midgut-hindgut hybrid zone, but are located within 30 um of it and may re-populate it upon injury. They express frizzled3 (Sawyer et al., 2017).
intestinal stem cell of the adult midgut-hindgut boundary
Any epithelial cell (FBbt:00000124) that is part of some adult hindgut epithelium (FBbt:00047168).
Any epithelial cell (FBbt:00000124) that is part of some adult foregut epithelium (FBbt:00047164).
A three-layered epithelium lining the adult proventriculus (King, 1988).
Cell of the epithelium lining the adult proventriculus. These cells varies in height from low cuboidal in the inner layer to tall columnar in parts of the intermediate and outer layers (King, 1988).
A contractile tube located underneath the dorsal epidermis. It ensures the hemolymph circulates within the hemocoel, by letting the hemolymph enter the tube through lateral slits (ostia) in the posterior end and pumping it back into the hemocoel (Rotstein and Paululat, 2016).
Any cell of the male reproductive system that contributes to the production and secretion of seminal fluid proteins. This includes cells of the accessory glands as well as cells of the seminal vesicles and the ejaculatory bulb (Suarez and Wolfner, 2017).
semen-secreting cell of the male reproductive system
Any epithelial cell (FBbt:00000124) that is part of some adult midgut epithelium (FBbt:00007026).
Somatic muscle of the late embryo (stage 17+) or larva that is part of the fully developed larval musculature.
A muscle attached to the inner surface of the adult body wall, extending between articulated or flexibly joined areas, that serves to move the parts of the exoskeleton.
Somatic muscle that is part of the adult head.
Somatic muscle that is part of the adult thorax.
Leg muscle that is found within the leg.
Somatic muscle that is part of the prothorax.
Any adult leg muscle (FBbt:00053096) that is part of some prothoracic segment (FBbt:00000017).
Somatic muscle that is part of the mesothorax.
Muscle involved in the mechanism of flight. The indirect flight muscles are involved in the deformation of the thoracic terga that bear the wings but are not directly attached to the wing, whereas the direct flight muscles are attached directly to the wing and aid in fine control of its movement. These muscles derive from adepithelial cells associated with the wing disc (Sudarsan et al., 2001; Kozopas and Nusse, 2002).
Muscle involved in flight that is not directly attached to the wing base. It derives from an indirect flight muscle precursor cell of the wing disc (Sudarsan et al., 2001).
Any adult leg muscle (FBbt:00053096) that is part of some mesothoracic segment (FBbt:00000018).
Somatic muscle that is part of the adult metathorax.
Any adult leg muscle (FBbt:00053096) that is part of some metathoracic segment (FBbt:00000019).
Somatic muscle that is part of the adult abdomen.
Abdominal skeletal muscle that is specific to males.
Abdominal skeletal muscle that is specific to females.
Somatic muscle of the embryo, found prior to the fully-formed larval muscle pattern visible at stage 17. At stage 12, myoblasts of the somatic musculature are found in the superficial layer of the mesoderm, these differentiate and fuse to form muscle fibers by the end of stage 13. Between stages 13 and 17, the muscle fibers insert at apodemes formed by the epidermis and stretch during dorsal closure and head involution.
Any fat cell (FBbt:00046052) that is part of some adult abdominal fat mass (FBbt:00003213).
One of the two cyst cells that make up a 2-cell female germline cyst, resulting from the first division of a cystoblast (Hinnant et al., 2020).
cyst cell of female germline 2-cell cyst
One of the four cyst cells that make up a 4-cell female germline cyst, resulting from the second round of cystoblast division (Hinnant et al., 2020).
cyst cell of female germline 4-cell cyst
One of the eight cyst cells that make up a 8-cell female germline cyst, resulting from the third round of cystoblast division (Hinnant et al., 2020).
cyst cell of female germline 8-cell cyst
One of the 16 cyst cells that make up a female germline 16-cell cyst, resulting from the fourth and last round of cystoblast division (Hinnant et al., 2020).
cyst cell of female germline 16-cell cyst
Glial cell that is embedded in the epithelium of a leg disc (Tripathi and Irvine, 2022; Tse et al., 2022).
Any semen-secreting cell of the male reproductive system (FBbt:00058293) that is part of some ejaculatory bulb (FBbt:00004962).
semen-secreting cell of the ejaculatory bulb
The part of the adult Drosophila organism that encompasses the whole body except the head (Li et al., 2022).
A cluster of sensory organ precursor cells located dorsally in an embryonic segment (Ghysen et al., 1986).
embryonic dorsal sensory organ precursor cluster
A somatic cell that is part of the larval testis. This includes functional cyst cells and precursors of the adult testis epithelium (Mahadevaraju et al., 2021).
A group of sensory organ precursor cells located ventrally in an embryonic segment. It is divided into two smaller clusters called ventral and ventral' (Bodmer and Jan, 1987; Ghysen et al., 1986).
embryonic ventral sensory organ precursor cluster group
Ventralmost cluster of sensory organ precursor cells, located ventrally within the embryonic ventral sensory organ precursor cluster group (Bodmer and Jan, 1987; Ghysen et al., 1986).
embryonic ventral sensory organ precursor cluster
Any embryonic ventral sensory organ precursor cluster (FBbt:00059199) that is part of some embryonic abdominal segment (FBbt:00000172).
embryonic abdominal ventral sensory organ precursor cluster
Any embryonic ventral sensory organ precursor cluster (FBbt:00059199) that is part of some embryonic thoracic segment (FBbt:00000167).
embryonic thoracic ventral sensory organ precursor cluster
Ventrolateral cluster of sensory organ precursor cells, located dorsally within the embryonic ventral sensory organ precursor cluster group (Bodmer and Jan, 1987; Ghysen et al., 1986).
embryonic ventral' sensory organ precursor cluster
Any embryonic ventral' sensory organ precursor cluster (FBbt:00059202) that is part of some embryonic abdominal segment (FBbt:00000172).
embryonic abdominal ventral' sensory organ precursor cluster
Any embryonic ventral' sensory organ precursor cluster (FBbt:00059202) that is part of some embryonic thoracic segment (FBbt:00000167).
embryonic thoracic ventral' sensory organ precursor cluster
Neuron with its synapses restricted to the central brain.
Any neuron that has its soma in the adult brain and fasciculates with the nervus corporis cardiaci towards the ring gland.
Neuron with its synapses restricted to the primary visual centers of the adult, i.e. the optic lobes or ocellar ganglia.
Enterocyte of the middle region of the adult midgut.
enterocyte of middle adult midgut epithelium
Any epithelial cell (FBbt:00000124) that is part of some adult salivary gland (FBbt:00003135).
Glial cell of the adult that is associated with the cell body rind of the brain or the ventral nerve cord.
Any neuron that has its soma in the central nervous system.
Any neuron that has its soma in the peripheral nervous system.
Any neuron that has its soma in the late embryonic or larval central nervous system.
embryonic/larval central nervous system neuron
Any neuron that has its soma in the adult central nervous system.
Any neuron that has its soma in the late embryonic or larval peripheral nervous system.
embryonic/larval peripheral nervous system neuron
Any neuron that has its soma in the adult peripheral nervous system.
Immature secondary neuron that is a precursor to an adult T neuron (Hormann et al., 2020).
Any glial cell (FBbt:00005144) that is part of some adult ventral nerve cord cell body rind (FBbt:00111082).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that has its soma located in some adult ventral nerve cord cell body rind (FBbt:00111082).
A(n) epithelial cell that is part of a(n) presumptive second segment of antenna.
epithelial cell of presumptive second segment of antenna
Any glial cell that is found in an eye-antennal disc (Gonzalez-Blas et al., 2020).
A(n) somatic cell that is part of a(n) ectoderm anlage.
A(n) somatic cell that is part of a(n) endoderm anlage.
A(n) somatic cell that is part of a(n) mesoderm anlage.
A(n) somatic cell that is part of a(n) trunk mesoderm anlage.
A(n) somatic cell that is part of a(n) ectoderm.
A(n) somatic cell that is part of a(n) endoderm.
A(n) somatic cell that is part of a(n) mesoderm.
A(n) somatic cell that is part of a(n) somatic trunk mesoderm.
A(n) somatic cell that is part of a(n) visceral trunk mesoderm.
A(n) somatic cell that is part of a(n) trunk mesoderm.
A(n) somatic cell that is part of a(n) cardiogenic mesoderm.
A(n) somatic cell that is part of a(n) embryonic terminal segment.
somatic cell of embryonic terminal segment
A(n) somatic cell that is part of a(n) stage 5 embryo.
A(n) somatic cell that is part of a(n) embryonic/larval hindgut.
somatic cell of embryonic/larval hindgut
A(n) somatic cell that is part of a(n) embryonic/larval salivary gland.
somatic cell of embryonic/larval salivary gland
A(n) somatic cell that is part of a(n) inclusive hindgut primordium.
somatic cell of inclusive hindgut primordium
A(n) somatic cell that is part of a(n) embryonic/larval midgut primordium.
somatic cell of embryonic/larval midgut primordium
A(n) somatic cell that is part of a(n) presumptive embryonic salivary gland.
somatic cell of presumptive embryonic salivary gland
An intrinsic columnar neuron of the visual system whose cell body is located in the medulla cortex and that has a main projection making wide-field arborizations in the lamina. It expresses the transcription factor Fer2 (Ozel et al., 2021) and is cholinergic (Davis et al., 2020).
A(n) somatic cell that is part of a(n) trunk ectoderm.
A(n) somatic cell that is part of a(n) dorsal ectoderm.
A(n) somatic cell that is part of a(n) anterior ectoderm.
A(n) somatic cell that is part of a(n) fat body/gonad primordium.
somatic cell of fat body/gonad primordium
A(n) somatic cell that is part of a(n) Malpighian tubule primordium.
somatic cell of Malpighian tubule primordium
A(n) somatic cell that is part of a(n) dorsal epidermis primordium.
somatic cell of dorsal epidermis primordium
Any epithelial cell (FBbt:00000124) that is part of some embryonic/larval foregut (FBbt:00001862).
Any epithelial cell (FBbt:00000124) that is part of some embryonic/larval hindgut (FBbt:00001891).
Interneuron whose dendrite innervates the antennal lobe and whose axon innervates some higher brain center - generally the mushroom body calyx and/or the lateral horn.
Glomerulus of the adult antennal lobe, defined by the output terminals of specific sets of sensory neurons (Bates et al., 2020).
Many former 'compartments' now modeled as glomeruli in their own right following Bates et al. (2020) EM paper term usage.
Scolopidial (mechanosensory) neuron of Johnston's organ (JO). Its axon innervates the ipsilateral antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC). A small number of fibers also innervate the contralateral AMMC via the commissure of JON. Subset of JO neurons extend into the ventral region of the ventrolateral protocerebrum and posterior part of the subesophageal ganglion. They are cholinergic and a subset are glutamatergic (Ishikawa et al., 2017).
Believed to be cholinergic on the basis of expression of a (ChAT)-lacZ fusion gene (Kitamoto et al., 1995).
Bundle formed from the fasciculated axons of the Johnston's organ neurons (JONs) within the antennal nerve (AN). The JONs form two bundles (dorsolateral and medioventral) within the antennal nerve by the point it reaches the base of antennal segment 1 (a1/scape). Shortly before entering the brain, these two bundles combine and spread over a large area of the AN cross-section. Upon entering the brain, the JONs predominantly occupy the ventral part of the AN. At the ventrolateral side of the antennal lobe, the bundle bifurcates. One side of the bifurcation gives rise to the main trunk of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC). The other side defasciculates and innervates zone A of the AMMC.
The main trunk (MT) of antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) is one of two bundles formed by the initial bifurcation of the Johnston's organ nerve projection, ventro-laterally to the antennal lobe. The second, more lateral bundle forms the anterior portion of AMMC zone A. The MT progresses posteriorly and exhibits a second bifurcation that gives rise to the bundle forming AMMC zone B. A final posterior MT bifurcation gives rise to the AMMC lateral core and EA bundle. The MT is devoid of presynaptic sites.
That the MT lacks presynaptic sites is based on negative anti-syntaxin immunolabelling and synaptobrevin::GFP localization. It is this lack of presynaptic sites which is used to distinguish the MT from the branches of the anterior portion of Zone A and zone B which are syntaxin- and synaptobrevin-positive (Kamikouchi et al., 2006).
main trunk of antennal mechanosensory and motor center
Bundle, devoid of presynaptic sites, formed from one branch of the final, most posterior bifurcation of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) main trunk (MT). The other side of the bifurcation gives rise to the lateral core of the AMMC (LC). It is directly connected to zone E of the AMMC and consists of the projections of zone E Johnston's organ neurons.
antennal mechanosensory and motor center subarea EA
DISAMBIGUATION: Kamikouchi et al., 2006, refer to this as part of zone E, however we use AMMC zone E to refer only to the synapse rich region anterior to the EA. Evidence that EA bundle of AMMC lacks presynaptic sites is based on negative anti-syntaxin immunolabelling and synaptobrevin::GFP localization (Kamikouchi et al., 2006).
EA bundle of antennal mechanosensory and motor center
Neuron projection bundle containing the axons of Johnston's organ neurons (JONs) that arises from the final, most posterior bifurcation of the main trunk of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC). (The other bundle arising from this bifurcation is the EA region of the AMMC). The lateral core is devoid of presynaptic sites. It terminates in a bifurcation that gives rise to the synapse rich AMMC zones C and D.
That the lateral core of AMMC lacks presynaptic sites is based on negative anti-syntaxin immunolabelling and synaptobrevin::GFP localization (Kamikouchi et al., 2006).
lateral core of antennal mechanosensory and motor center
Johnston organ neuron (JON) that innervates zone A of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC). The cell bodies of these neurons are located mainly in the inner layer of the Johnston organ, directly surrounding the antennal nerve (Kamikouchi et al., 2006; Ishikawa et al., 2017). These neurons respond to vibrations and are activated when stimulated with courtship pulse song, with greater activation at higher frequency (Kamikouchi et al., 2009).
Johnston organ neuron that innervates zone B of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC). The cell bodies of these neurons are distributed as a ring in the middle layer of cells within the Johnston organ (Kamikouchi et al., 2006). These neurons respond to vibrations and are activated when stimulated with courtship pulse song, with greater activation at lower frequency (Kamikouchi et al., 2009).
Johnston organ neuron that innervates zone C of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC). The cell bodies of these neurons are co-mingled with those of zone E Johnston organ neurons, forming a broad ring mainly in the medial and outer layers of the Johnston's organ. Some of these neurons show a tonic response to static deflections of the arista (Kamikouchi et al., 2009) and are involved in sensing air-flow (Yorozu et al., 2009) and gravitational forces (Kamikouchi et al., 2009). They tend to have greater responses when the arista is displaced anteriorly, corresponding to air flow applied to the back of the head (Yorozu et al., 2009). Some of these neurons elicit antennal grooming (Hampel et al., 2015; Hampel et al., 2020).
Johnston organ neuron activated by tonic anterior arista deflection
Johnston's organ neuron activated by tonic anterior arista deflection
Antennal mechanosensory and motor center zone A is a synapse rich sub-region of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) formed from bifurcation of the Johnston's organ bundle. (The other structure arising from this bifurcation is the main trunk of the AMMC (MT)). Zone A is rich in presynaptic sites of Johnston's organ neurons. The cell bodies of zone A Johnston organ neurons are located mainly in the inner layer of Johnston's organ, directly surrounding the antennal nerve (Kamikouchi et al., 2006).
Presence of presynaptic sites of Johnston's organ neurons determined by immunoreactivity to syntaxin and synaptobrevin::GFP localization (Kamikouchi et al., 2006).
antennal mechanosensory and motor center zone A
Antennal mechanosensory and motor center zone B is a synapse rich sub-region of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) formed from the first bifurcation of the AMMC main trunk. It is rich in presynaptic sites of Johnston's organ neurons (JONs).
Presence of presynaptic sites determined by immunoreactivity to syntaxin and synaptobrevin::GFP localization (Kamikouchi et al., 2006).
antennal mechanosensory and motor center zone B
Antennal mechanosensory and motor center zone C is a synapse rich sub-region of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) that arises from the most lateral half of the bifurcation at the end of the lateral core (LC) bundle (the other half of the bifurcation forms zone D). It is rich in the presynapses of Johnston's organ neurons (JONs). It is composed of two branches (CM and CL), which merge at their posterior ends (Kamikouchi et al., 2006).
antennal mechanosensory and motor center zone C
Antennal mechanosensory and motor center zone D is a synapse rich sub-region of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) that arises from the bifurcation that terminates the lateral core bundle. (The other half of the bifurcation forms zone C). It is rich in the presynapses of zone D Johnston's organ neurons (zone D JONs).
antennal mechanosensory and motor center zone D
Antennal mechanosensory and motor center zone E is a synapse-rich sub-region of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) that is continuous with the EA bundle. It is rich in presynaptic sites of Johnston's organ neurons (JONs).
antennal mechanosensory and motor center zone E
Johnston organ neuron (JON) that innervates zone D of the most posterior region of the ipsilateral antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) with little arborization. There are around 40 of these cells, with cell bodies distributed as a pair of clusters (Kamikouchi et al., 2006). Some of these neurons respond to vibrations and are activated when stimulated with courtship pulse song, with greater activation at medium frequency (Matsuo et al., 2014). Some of these neurons are also activated by an anterior deflection of the arista, corresponding to air flow applied to the back of the head, similar to zone C Johnston organ neurons (Matsuo et al., 2014).
Johnston's organ neuron that innervates zone E of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC). The cell bodies of these neurons are co-mingled with those of zone C Johnston organ neurons, forming a broad ring mainly in the medial and outer layers of the Johnston's organ. Some of these neurons show a tonic response to static deflections of the arista (Kamikouchi et al., 2009) and are involved in sensing air-flow (Yorozu et al., 2009) and gravitational forces (Kamikouchi et al., 2009). They tend to have greater responses when the arista is displaced posteriorly, corresponding to air flow applied to the front of the head (Yorozu et al., 2009). Some of these neurons elicit antennal grooming (Hampel et al., 2015; Hampel et al., 2020).
Johnston organ neuron activated by tonic posterior arista deflection
Johnston's organ neuron activated by tonic posterior arista deflection
Antennal lobe tract of the adult. It connects the antennal lobe to various neuropils of the protocerebrum.
Any sensillum (FBbt:00007152) that is part of some female genitalia (FBbt:00004827) and is capable of some detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception (GO:0050907).
Short trichoid sensilla of hypogynium might be chemosensory, as they are multiply innervated (Taylor, 1989).
chemosensory sensillum of the female genitalia
Gustatory neuron innervating a mesothoracic leg taste bristle. There are between 2 and 4 per bristle (Stocker, 1994).
mesothoracic leg taste bristle chemosensory neuron
Mechanosensory neuron innervating a mesothoracic leg taste bristle. Each bristle is singly innervated by a mechanosensory neuron (Stocker, 1994).
mesothoracic leg taste bristle mechanosensory neuron
Gustatory neuron innervating a metathoracic leg taste bristle. There are between 2 and 4 per bristle (Stocker, 1994).
metathoracic leg taste bristle chemosensory neuron
Mechanosensory neuron innervating a metathoracic leg taste bristle. Each bristle is singly innervated by a mechanosensory neuron (Stocker, 1994).
metathoracic leg taste bristle mechanosensory neuron
Gustatory neuron innervating a prothoracic leg taste bristle. There are between 2 and 4 per bristle (Stocker, 1994).
prothoracic leg taste bristle chemosensory neuron
Mechanosensory neuron innervating a prothoracic leg taste bristle. Each bristle is singly innervated by a mechanosensory neuron (Stocker, 1994).
prothoracic leg taste bristle mechanosensory neuron
Region of the embryonic/larval central nervous system consisting of the neuromeres of the three gnathal segments; mandibular, maxillary and labial (Hartenstein et al., 2018). Compared to thoracic and abdominal neuromeres, the number and size of primary lineages are decreased in the labial neuromere, and decrease further in each successive anterior gnathal neuromere (Rickert et al., 2018). It is found in the subesophageal zone, between the tritocerebrum and the prothoracic neuromere (Hartenstein et al., 2018). It separates from the prothoracic neuromere during metamorphosis (Kendroud et al., 2018).
A subdivision of the cell body rind of the central nervous system. It includes the neuronal cell bodies.
Region of the adult brain cell body rind found in the area between the central brain and the optic lobe (Ito et al., 2014). It includes the regions lateral to the anterior optic tubercle, superior lateral protocerebrum (pars lateralis), lateral horn, ventrolateral protocerebrum, wedge, saddle, inferior posterior slope and posterior lateral protocerebrum (Ito et al., 2014).
Region of the adult brain cell body rind that overlies the medulla.
Region of the adult brain cell body rind that overlies the lamina.
Region of the adult brain cell body rind that overlies the lobula.
Region of the adult brain cell body rind that overlies the neuropil of the gnathal ganglion.
cell body rind around the gnathal ganglion
cell body rind of adult gnathal ganglion
Region of the adult brain cell body rind that overlies the inferior neuropils.
cell body rind of adult inferior neuropils
A dopaminergic neuron whose cell body is located in a cluster of approximately 100 cell bodies in the cortex of the anterior inferior medial protocerebrum of the adult brain (Mao and Davis, 2009). There are multiple subtypes, of which most (but not all) target the medial lobe (Li et al., 2020). They all follow a mushroom body commissure to the contralateral mushroom body (Li et al., 2020). They are secondary neurons, with some belonging to the CREa1A (BAMd1A) hemilineage and some belonging to the CREa2A (DALcm1A) hemilineage (Lee et al., 2020; Truman et al., 2023).
TH-positive anteriomedial cluster neuron
protocerebral anteriomedial dopaminergic cluster neuron
protocerebral anterior medial dopaminergic cluster neuron
The cluster of PAM neurons was judged by a curator to correspond to the AM cell cluster in Budnik and White (1988).
Neuron with processes in the mushroom body and projections extending to (efferents) or from (afferents) other brain regions (Ito et al., 1998).
Mushroom body neuron that innervates the mushroom body vertical and medial lobes in the larva, but is pruned back during early pupal stages to innervate only the gamma lobe in the adult (Lee et al., 1999; Awasaki and Ito, 2004; Awasaki et al., 2006; Truman et al., 2023). The gamma neurons are the first born of the Kenyon cells, generated during embryonic and early larval stages (Lee et al., 1999).
Mushroom body neuron that bifurcates at the anterior end of the pedunculus and projects into the alpha and beta lobes of the adult mushroom body (Lee et al., 1999). The alpha/beta neurons are the last born of the Kenyon cells, generated during the pupal stage (Lee et al., 1999). In the pedunculus, the alpha/beta neurons occupy the core stratum with the alpha'/beta' neurons in the intermediate stratum and the gamma neurons at the periphery (Tanaka et al., 2008; Li et al., 2020). They are cholinergic neurons (Pankova & Borst, 2017) and they express sNPF (Johard et al., 2008; Barnstedt et al., 2016; Croset et al., 2018). There are around 900-1000 of these cells per hemisphere (Aso et al., 2014; Li et al., 2020).
Neuron was assessed to be cholinergic by Pankova & Borst (2017), based on anti-HA antibody detection of HA-tagged VAChT expression; Barnstedt et al. (2016) show that Kenyon cells express ChAT and VAChT proteins, and that antagonism of nicotinic ACh receptors or reduction of ACh processing in Kenyon cells impairs Kenyon cell-evoked responses in mushroom body output neurons.
Mushroom body neuron that is born during the late-larval stage, after the gamma neurons (Lee et al., 1999). Its axon bifurcates at the anterior end of the pedunculus, projecting into the medial and vertical lobes (Lee et al., 1999). During the pupal stage, it remains largely the same and forms the alpha'/beta' lobes of the adult (Lee et al., 1999).
mushroom body alpha-prime/beta-prime Kenyon cell
mushroom body alpha-prime/beta-prime neuron
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is capable of some glutamate secretion, neurotransmission (GO:0061535).
Some glutamatergic neurons express ChAT transcripts (and reporters) at low levels, but do not produce functional enzyme (Lacin et al., 2019 - FBrf0242251).
Chordotonal organ that is part of a leg.
Any sensory neuron (FBbt:00005124) that has its soma located in some abdomen (FBbt:00000020).
Glial cell that is part of the adult antennal nerve.
Anatomical structure that has multiple cells as parts.
A subdivision of the gut along its long axis.
Branch from the gut that forms a blind sac.
Structure that produces and releases a chemical secretion. Exocrine glands release to the surface of the body or into a lumen, whereas endocrine glands release into the circulation.
Any cell that is not a germ cell (Okada, 1998). During development, somatic cells differentiate into various types, but they do not persist beyond the lifespan of a single organism (Okada, 1998).
The entire adult anatomical structure through which food and its digestion products are ingested, digested and excreted. At its anterior and posterior ends this includes structures that are not foregut or hindgut.
The entire embryonic/larval anatomical structure through which food and its digestion products are ingested, digested and excreted. At its anterior and posterior ends this includes structures that are not foregut or hindgut.
Tract that emerges from the medial part of the lobula (Ito et al., 2014). One branch ends in the anterior optic tubercle (AOTU) whilst the other makes a medial turn to terminate in the superior medial posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (PVLP) of the adult brain (Ito et al., 2014). It demarcates the boundaries of the PVLP (lateral region), anterior VLP (superior and lateral region), AOTU (inferior-lateral region) and lateral horn (inferior region) (Ito et al., 2014).
Fischbach and Lyly-Hunerberg, (1983), subdivide the anterior optic tract (AOT) into four sub-bundles: S1-S4. S1 consists of 100-110 think axons surrounded by ~60 large diameter neurons that form the S2 bundle. These bundles together occupy the proximal part of the AOT close to the neuropil of the lateral protocerebrum. S3 forms the lateral ventral part of the AOT and is formed by ~430 axons of small diameter that project into the anterior optic foci. S4 is composed of approximately 660 relatively small fibers.
The main part of the lamina that does not contain the terminals of photoreceptors from dorsal rim ommatidia.
An embryonic/larval antennal lobe projection neuron that is cholinergic. These neurons constitute about 50% of the embryonic/larval antennal lobe projection neurons that have an anterodorsally located soma (Python and Stocker, 2002).
embryonic/larval cholinergic antennal lobe projection neuron
larval cholinergic antennal lobe projection neuron
Lobula columnar neuron whose cell body lies in the dorsal region of the lateral cell body region. Its axon crosses ipsilaterally along the anterior optic tract, projecting to the anterior optic tubercle (AOTU). There are 2 main subtypes, which differ in how they project in the AOTU. For each subtype the relative order of the terminals along the dorsal/ventral axis of the AOTU matches the order along the anterior/posterior axis in the lobula.
A lobula tangential neuron whose cell body is located in the anterior dorsal area of the lateral cell body region. It forms varicosities in lobula layers 3, 4 and 5, and in the ventrolateral protocerebrum. It receives substantial synaptic input from Tm5a/b/c and Tm20 neurons, with a small number of synapses from each of a large number of Tm cells (Lin et al., 2016). There is only one neuron of this type per hemisphere.
Connectivity data was assessed by GRASP and double-labeling EM (Lin et al., 2016).
Glial cell that is part of the adult. Subtypes generally tend to tile, minimizing contact with their glial neighbors and maximizing contact with their neuronal compartment (Kremer et al., 2017). They also do not seem to recognize particular neurons or neuropils; sometimes one glial cell has partial coverage of multiple units and multiple glial cells may tile across the same unit (Kremer et al., 2017).
Glial cell that is part of the adult central nervous system.
Glial cell that is associated with the surface of the adult brain.
adult brain surface associated glial cell
Glial cell of the adult that is associated with the cell body rind of the brain. They have multiple lamelliform processes that intercalate in between neurons and wrap neuronal cell bodies (Hartenstein, 2011). They also wrap neuronal processes as they travel across the cell body rind (Kremer et al., 2017).
adult brain cortex associated glial cell
Glial cell of the adult that is associated with a neuropil of the brain. There are approximately 200 neuropil associated glial cells per hemisphere of the adult brain (Hartenstein, 2011).
Mesh-like structure composed of glial cells found in the cell body rind (cortex) of the adult brain (Awasaki et al., 2008). It is composed of cell body glial cells that locally elaborate and enwrap neuronal cell bodies (Awasaki et al., 2008).
Glial cell of the adult central nervous system that elaborates along the outer surface of its associated neuropil. Glia of this class may also surround neuropil bundles such as commissures or tracts. There are over 1000 of these in the adult central nervous system, some of which are descendants of larval ensheathing glia (Pogodalla et al., 2021).
adult ensheathing neuropil associated glial cell
adult fibrous lamellar neuropil associated glial cell
Neuropil associated glial cell of the central nervous system that has a dendritic morphology and elaborates inside the associated synaptic neuropil (Awasaki et al., 2008). Their nuclei are found at synaptic neuropil surfaces and they extend branched filiform or lamelliform processes that pervade the neuropil (Hartenstein, 2011). It expresses prospero, which specifies astrocyte-like, rather than ensheathing, fate in lineages that produce neuropil glia (Peco et al., 2016; Kato et al., 2020).
astrocyte-like neuropil associated glial cell
dendritic neuropil associated glial cell
reticular neuropil associated glial cell
reticular neuropil-associated glial cell
Small, oblong-shaped glial cell that is part of the (outer) perineurial sheath layer on the surface of the adult brain. It is located on top of the basal glial cell layer that is composed of the subperineurial glial cells.
The perineurial glial cells develop post-embryonically, in a non-GCM manner, and are thus likely to function only in the blood-brain-barrier of the adult (Edwards and Meinertzhagen, 2010).
Glial cell of the subperineurial glial sheath in the adult brain. These cells are fairly uniform in morphology across the brain, having a large, square and thin shape, giving them a sheet-like appearance (Awasaki et al., 2008, Kremer et al., 2017). Some also have circular protrusions that cap neuronal cell bodies not fully enclosed by cell body glia (Kremer et al., 2017).
adult brain subperineurial surface associated glial cell
Glial cell that is in the process of becoming an adult satellite glial cell (Edwards et al., 2012). The two different populations of adult satellite glia arise from different larval precursors (Edwards et al., 2012).
Glial cell of the perineurial glial sheath in the embryonic/larval CNS.
The perineurial glial cells develop post-embryonically (Edwards and Meinertzhagen, 2010).
embryonic/larval CNS perineurial glial cell
Glial cell of the embryonic/larval peripheral nervous system that ensheathes axons and dendrites. The perineurial layer of glial cell lie on top of the inner, subperineurial glial cells (Banerjee et al., 2006).
embryonic/larval PNS perineurial glial cell
Astrocyte-like (reticular) glial cell of the adult lamina (Edwards et al., 2012; Kremer et al., 2017). Each cell contributes to the wrapping of multiple columns and each column is wrapped by multiple glia (Edwards et al., 2012; Kremer et al., 2017). Epithelial glial cells elaborate numerous fine processes into the lamina plexus, especially from the surface juxtaposing the R1-R6 growth cones or axon termini (Poeck et al., 2001). In the lamina, they receive a small amount of synaptic input from each of photoreceptors R1-R6 and strong input from lamina intrinsic (amacrine) cells (Rivera-Alba et al., 2011). There are around 470 of these cells per lamina (Kremer et al., 2017).
Cell connectivity in the lamina was determined by analysis of semi-automated EM reconstruction of 749 serial sections of 21 complete lamina cartridges. The number of synaptic connections for a epithelial glial cell (presynaptic/postsynaptic) in a single lamina cartridge for each cell type was the following: R1 (-/15), R2 (-/13), R3 (-/7), R4 (-/9), R5 (-/10), R6 (-/11), Lai (-/87) (Rivera-Alba et al., 2011).
Epithelial glial cell of the embryo/larva.
Glial cell of the adult that is associated with the optic lobe.
Glial cell of the adult fly that is located in the optic chiasm (Tix et al., 1997). It develops from neuroblast DL1 (CP2) (Viktorin et al., 2013; Ren et al., 2018; Plazaola-Sasieta et al., 2019). Members of this group of glial cells are arranged in rows between successive dorsoventral sheets of intercrossing fibers of the outer and inner chiasmata (Edwards and Meinertzhagen, 2010; Tix et al., 1997).
Kremer et al. (2017) and Ren et al. (2018) expression analysis suggests that these are types of ensheathing glia, with inner tract glia being synaptic neuropil ensheathing and outer tract glia being tract neuropil ensheathing.
Neuroblast that divides asymmetrically to regenerate itself and produce a smaller ganglion mother cell that generates two daughter neurons. Many of these neuroblasts switch to type 0 division at some point during their development, to produce daughters that develop into neurons with no further division (Baumgardt et al., 2014).
Bayraktar et al. (2010) show that type I neuroblasts can be distinguished from type II neuroblasts as being Deadpan-, Prospero- and Asense-positive.
Neuroblast that divides asymmetrically regenerate itself and produce a smaller intermediate neural progenitor (INP), which can produce multiple ganglion mother cells (Boone and Doe, 2008, Viktorin et al., 2011; Ren et al., 2016). Each type II neuroblast can produce multiple INPs, leading to the generation of multiple sublineages and typically more progeny than type I neuroblasts (Ren et al., 2016). It arises relatively late during embryonic development, delaminating from the dorsal cephalic neuroectoderm during stages 11-15 (Walsh and Doe, 2017). These cells and any existing INPs enter quiescence shortly before larval hatching (Walsh and Doe, 2017). There are eight type II neuroblasts per hemisphere, all belonging to the brain (Walsh and Doe, 2017).
Bayraktar et al. (2010) show that type II neuroblasts can be distinguished from type I neuroblasts as being Deadpan-positive, but Prospero- and Asense-negative. Walsh and Doe (2017) also use pointed as a positive marker. Arise later than NBs of embryonic NB map in Urbach and Technau (2003) - FBrf0173125 (Walsh and Doe, 2017).
Type II neuroblast with a primary lineage similar to that of CP3, having a thick tract at the ventrolateral boundary of the calyx that bifurcates into dorsal and ventral branches, contributing to the oblique posterior tract and the dorsal component of the posterior-lateral fascicle, respectively (Hartenstein et al., 2015). Its secondary lineage has two clusters of somas in the posterior brain and innervates several regions of the ipsilateral brain, as well as the fan-shaped body (Ito et al., 2013). It produces adult optic lobe glia, as well as cell body glia of the lateral cell body rind region (Ren et al., 2018).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that develops from some neuroblast CP2 (FBbt:00100609).
Neuroblast located over the posterior apex of the brain (Pereanu and Hartenstein, 2006).
Broadly expanded, thin walled sac-like structure that tapers posteriorly to the narrower rectum proper terminating at the anus, at the posterior end of the adult hindgut.
Adepithelial cell associated with a leg imaginal disc. This cell will give rise to the muscle cells of the adult leg (Broadie and Bate, 1991).
adepithelial cell of ventral thoracic disc
Primordium of the late embryo that develops from the early primordium, and will give rise to the adult eye.
Subdivision of mushroom body perpendicular to the alpha lobe axis whose boundaries correspond to the boundaries of terminal arborization of mushroom body extrinsic neurons.
Subdivision of mushroom body perpendicular to the alpha' lobe axis whose boundaries correspond to the boundaries of terminal arborization of mushroom body extrinsic neurons.
Subdivision of mushroom body perpendicular to the gamma lobe axis whose boundaries correspond to the boundaries of terminal arborization of mushroom body extrinsic neurons.
Subdivision of mushroom body perpendicular to the beta lobe axis whose boundaries correspond to the boundaries of terminal arborization of mushroom body extrinsic neurons.
Subdivision of the mushroom body alpha lobe along its longitudinal axis.
Subdivision of the mushroom body beta lobe along its longitudinal axis.
Subdivision of the mushroom body alpha' lobe along its longitudinal axis.
Subdivision of the mushroom body beta' lobe along its longitudinal axis.
Subdivision of mushroom body perpendicular to the beta' lobe axis whose boundaries correspond to the boundaries of terminal arborization of mushroom body extrinsic neurons.
A lamina wide-field neuron that has a main projection into the lamina making wide-field arborizations in the distal lamina, innervating 28 cartridges. These neurons also arborize in the medulla (Hasegawa et al., 2011). In the M1 layer, the branches are large and overlapping, encompassing around 120 cartridges. In medulla layers M8 to M10 the branches are smaller, encompassing around 17 cartridges and show less overlap. Putative cholinergic presynaptic sites are observed in the lamina.
Transmedullary Tm5 neuron that is centered on a single yellow column in the medulla and arborizes in the M3, M6 and M8 layers, reaching some neighboring columns laterally (Kind et al., 2021). It selectively receives input from the R7 (and not R8) photoreceptor of its central column (Kind et al., 2021). Its axon terminates in lobula layer 5B after a characteristic reversal of direction (Kind et al., 2021). It provides input to the lobula intrinsic neuron Li4 via many synapses, and also to the lobula tangential neuron LT11 (Lin et al., 2016). It is a cholinergic neuron (Karuppudurai et al., 2014).
Connectivity in the medulla inferred from EM reconstructions (Gao et al., 2008; Kind et al., 2021). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunohistochemistry (Karuppudurai et al., 2014). Connectivity in the lobula was assessed by GRASP and double-labeling EM (Lin et al., 2016).
Transmedullary Tm5 neuron that extends two or three vertical main dendritic branches in the medulla, spanning around five columns, from which branches spread laterally into layers M3, M6 and M8 (Kind et al., 2021). It receives most of its inner (R7/R8) photoreceptor input from the R7 photoreceptors of pale ommatidia (Kind et al., 2021). Its axon innervates lobula layer 5 (Kind et al., 2021). It provides input to the lobula intrinsic neuron Li4 via many synapses (Lin et al., 2016). It is a cholinergic neuron (Karuppudurai et al., 2014).
The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunohistochemistry (Karuppudurai et al., 2014). Connectivity in the lobula was assessed by GRASP and double-labeling EM (Lin et al., 2016). Photoreceptor input determined from EM (Kind et al., 2021).
Transmedullary Tm5 neuron that spans around eight medulla columns with lateral branches expanding out into the M1, M3 and M6 layers from a single vertical dendrite (Kind et al., 2021). It preferentially receives input from R8 (rather than R7) photoreceptor cells, and in most, but not all, cases these cells are selective for yellow (rather than pale) ommatidia (Kind et al., 2021). Its R8 input is mainly in layer M3 and it also receives input from the distal medullary amacrine neuron Dm8 in layer M6 (Karuppudurai et al., 2014). Its axon terminates near the boundary between lobula layers 5 and 6, with some cells having a branch in layer 4 (Kind et al., 2021). It provides input to the lobula intrinsic neuron Li4 via many synapses (Lin et al., 2016). It is a glutamatergic neuron (Gao et al., 2008; Karuppudurai et al., 2014).
The neurotransmitter was assessed in cells labelled with a glutamate GAL4 driver P{GawB}vGlut[OK371] (FBti0076967) (Gao et al., 2008), RT-PCR and by immunohistochemistry (Karuppudurai et al., 2014). Connectivity inferred from GRASP experiments (Karuppudurai et al., 2014; Lin et al., 2016), from EM reconstructions (Kind et al., 2021) or from double-labeling EM (Lin et al., 2016).
Projection neuron that receives input in the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) zone B.
antennal mechanosensory and motor center B projection neuron
Projection neuron that receives input in the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) zone A.
antennal mechanosensory and motor center A projection neuron
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that capable of part of some sensory perception of sound (GO:0007605).
Distal medullary wide-field amacrine neuron whose cell body is located in the cell body rind of the medulla. It has a distinct tri-stratified layer pattern, branching extensively in medulla layers M1, M3B and M5. Its arbor resembles an ellipse, with the long axis aligned with the dorsal-ventral axis, and covering less than 10 columns. The processes in M1 and M3B to M5 are located in an intracolumnar position. There are around 300 Dm10 neurons per hemisphere. They are GABAergic (Davis et al., 2020).
Pre-synaptic terminals were assessed by labelling with a UAS-Synaptotagmin reporter (P{UAS-HA-syt} - FBtp0015803). The identification of dendrites and axons was done using a UAS-Dscam (P{UAS-Dscam.exon17.1.GFP} - FBtp0021447) or a UAS-tau (P{SUAS-tau-lacZ.O} - FBtp0010033) reporter, respectively (Morante and Desplan, 2008).
Columnar interneuron of the optic lobe whose collaterals are restricted to a single optic column.
This definition follows Fischbach and Dittrich (1989) in classifying based on the extension of the collaterals. A narrow field columnar neuron is classified as columnar by Morante and Desplan (2008).
Columnar interneuron of the optic lobe whose collaterals extend over more than one optic column.
This definition follows Fischbach and Dittrich (1989) in classifying based on the extension of the collaterals. A wide-field columnar neuron is classified as non-columnar by Morante and Desplan (2008).
Glutamatergic local interneuron of the adult antennal lobe. The minority of local interneurons of the adult antennal lobe fall into this class. Most of the cell bodies of these interneurons belong to the ventral neuroblast lineage, and a few to the lateral neuroblast lineage.
glutamatergic local interneuron of the adult antennal lobe
Posteriormost of the four major neuropils of the ventral nerve cord, composed of the fused abdominal neuromeres A1 through A8 (Court et al., 2020).
Anteriormost of the four major neuropils that makes up the adult ventral nerve cord (VNC) (Court et al., 2020). It is mostly composed of the somata and projections of central neurons derived from the prothoracic array of neuroblasts and the axonal projections of sensory afferents from the prothoracic legs and prothorax (Court et al., 2020). It is a bilaterally paired neuropil that exists as two more or less spherical masses (Court et al., 2020). Its anterior boundary defines the anterior extent of the VNC (Court et al., 2020). The posterior boundary can be defined by the extent of the primary neurite projections of the central neurons produced by the prothoracic neuroblasts 0, 3, 6, 11, 21, 20/22 and 23 (Court et al., 2020). Dorsal nerves that directly innervate the neuropil of the prothoracic neuromere (dorsal prothoracic nerve, prosternal nerve, prothoracic chordotonal nerve, prothoracic accessory nerve and ventral prothoracic nerve) emerge closely adjacent to each other in the anteriolateral corner of the prothoracic neuromere and sometimes appear to share a common exit point (Court et al., 2020).
The second (anterior-posterior) of the 4 major neuropils of the adult ventral nerve cord (Court et al., 2020). It is mostly composed of the somata and projections of central neurons derived from the mesothoracic array of neuroblasts and the axonal projections of sensory afferents from the mesothoracic legs and mesothorax (Court et al., 2020). The mesothoracic neuromere is closely associated with two distinct subdivisions of the thoracic neuropils: the accessory mesothoracic neuromere and the tectulum (Court et al., 2020). It is delimited anteriorly by the entry points of the neuroglian-positive tracts from the anterior mesothoracic lineages 2, 7, 8, 10, 15 and 16 (Court et al., 2020). The posterior margin is defined by the entry points of the neuroglian-positive tracts from the posterior mesothoracic lineages 0, 3, 6, 12, 11, 19, 21 and 23, all of which project anteriorly into the neuromere (Court et al., 2020).
The third (anterior-posterior) of the 4 major neuropils of the adult ventral nerve cord (Court et al., 2020). It is mostly composed of the somata and projections of central neurons derived from the metathoracic array of neuroblasts and the axonal projections of sensory afferents from the metathoracic legs and metathorax (Court et al., 2020). Its anterior boundary is best defined by the neuroglian tracts associated with the posterior mesothoracic hemilineages 0, 3, 6, 11, 12, and 21, which also define the posterior margin of the mesothoracic neuromere (Court et al., 2020). The posterior margin of the neuromere is defined by the neuroglian tracts from the posterior hemilineages 0, 3, 6, 20/22 and 21, all of which project anteriorly into the neuromere (Court et al., 2020).
The medial lobe of the larval mushroom body. It is associated with appetitive memory (Eschbach et al., 2020).
At third instar, the medial lobe comprise three types of Kenyon cells: embryonic-born gamma neurons, larval-born gamma neurons and larval born alpha'/beta' neurons (Pauls et al., 2010).
The vertical lobe of the larval mushroom body (Pauls et al., 2010).
At third instar, the vertical lobe comprise three types of Kenyon cells: embryonic-born gamma neurons, larval-born gamma neurons and larval born alpha'/beta' neurons (Pauls et al., 2010).
Non-proliferative cell that arises from the division of an intestinal stem cell in the adult midgut and is committed to differentiate into an enterocyte (Zeng and Hou, 2015; He et al., 2018; Reiff et al., 2019).
These cells can be identified by their expression of a Su(H)GBE reporter, indicating active Notch signaling (He et al., 2018; Reiff et al., 2019). Cells expressing this reporter do not differentiate into enteroendocrine cells under normal conditions (Zeng and Hou, 2015). They also express klumpfuss (Reiff et al., 2019).
Enteroblast of the adult posterior midgut epithelium.
enteroblast of posterior adult midgut epithelium
Enteroendocrine cell of the posterior adult midgut epithelium.
enteroendocrine cell of posterior adult midgut epithelium
Intestinal stem cell of the posterior adult midgut epithelium.
intestinal stem cell of posterior adult midgut epithelium
One of the six larval segments, starting from the second anterior segment (counting from anterior to posterior). Larval segments 2-7 have identical musculature, gross tracheal morphology and sensory organ types and distribution.
Motor neuron that innervates the muscles of larval abdominal segments A1-7 and which fasciculates with the segmental nerve. Its soma is located in the same segment as the muscle it innervates. The dendritic domain of the motor neuron is located posteriorly to the dendritic domain of the ISN motor neurons.
There is little or no published literature specifically on innervation in A1 and so where equivalent muscles are present between A1 and A2-7 (Landgraf et al., 1997; Schmid et al., 1999), we infer A1 motor neuron innervation patterns from those of A2-7. Almost all motor neurons that fasciculate with the segmental nerve have their soma located in the same segment in which the muscles they project to are located. There are two exceptions: DA2 motorneuron and VUM motor neuron (Landgraf et al., 1997).
Region of the adult brain cell body rind that overlies the neuropil of the deutocerebrum.
A clone of neurons in the adult brain, all of which develop from the neuroblasts MBp1-4.
There are four equivalent lineage clones of this type, MBp1-p4, which develop from one of four neuroblasts (Ito et al., 2013; Yu et al., 2013).
Any neuron (FBbt:00005106) that is part of some adult (FBbt:00003004) and develops from some neuroblast MBp (FBbt:00007113).
There are four similar neuron lineages of this type, MBp1-p4, which each develop from one of four neuroblasts (Ito et al., 2013; Yu et al., 2013).
Local interneuron of the adult antennal lobe that innervates only the ipsilateral and contralateral antennal lobes.
Tanaka et al (2012) distinguishes four different types (LN3-6) based mainly on their innervation patterns. LN3 neurons innervate all glomeruli, LN4 innervate a few posterior glomeruli, LN5 innervate only one glomeruli and LN6 neurons innervate almost all the glomeruli and their cell bodies are located in the cell body rind of the gnathal ganglion.
bilateral local interneuron of the adult antennal lobe
The supraesophageal neuropils of the adult brain located above, around and partially below the esophagus, including the optic lobes. It excludes the gnathal ganglion. Developmentally, it comprises three fused neuromeres: protocerebrum, deutocerebrum, and tritocerebrum.
This term is related to what used to be called supraesophageal ganglion, and is now referred to as supraesophageal zone. The adult cerebral ganglion, together with the gnathal ganglia (GNG), denote regions that follow the segmental neuromeres of the brain (the 3 rostral and 3 caudal, respectively). These are distinguishable from supra- and subesophageal zones, as these refer to the neuropil masses above and below the esophagus and do not respect neuromere boundaries (Ito et al., 2014).
Neuropil mass above the esophagus in the adult brain. It is part of the cerebral ganglion.
This term refers to what used to be called supraesophageal ganglion. The new name, together with subesophageal zone, refer to the neuropil masses above and below the esophagus and do not respect neuromere boundaries. The terms cerebral ganglia (CRG) and gnathal ganglia (GNG), denote regions that follow the segmental neuromeres of the brain (the 3 rostral and 3 caudal, respectively) (Ito et al., 2014).
Neuropil mass below the esophagus in the adult brain. It encompasses the gnathal ganglion, the prow and the saddle.
This term refers to what used to be called subesophageal ganglion. The new name, together with supraesophageal zone, refer to the brain tissue below and above the esophagus and do not respect neuromere boundaries. The terms cerebral ganglia (CRG) and gnathal ganglia (GNG), denote the segmental neuromeres of the brain (the 3 rostral and 3 caudal, respectively) (Ito et al., 2014). Sterne et al. (2021) - FBrf0251280 define the SEZ as comprising GNG + TR.
The larval mushroom body lobe system consists of a dorsal branch and a medial branch (Pauls et al., 2010). At third instar, both lobes comprise three types of Kenyon cells: embryonic-born gamma neurons, larval-born gamma neurons and larval born alpha'/beta' neurons (Pauls et al., 2010).
Subregion of the adult mushroom body vertical lobe (Ito et al., 2014). It is composed of the vertical branches of alpha/beta Kenyon cells (Ito et al., 2014).
Subregion of the adult mushroom body medial lobe (Ito et al., 2014). It is composed of the medial branches of alpha/beta Kenyon cells (Ito et al., 2014).
Region of the anterior lobe and ventral lateral region of the male genital disc that will develop into the epandrium (genital arch).
Region of the anterior lobe and ventral lateral region of the male genital disc that will develop into the male accessory gland.
Region of the anterior lobe and ventral lateral region of the male genital disc that will develop into the ejaculatory duct.
Region of the anterior lobe and ventral lateral region of the male genital disc that will develop into the ejaculatory bulb.
Anlage of the female accessory gland. Unlike most other precursors of the female genitalia, it is part of the male genital primordium (Keisman et al., 2001).
Region of the female genital primordium that will develop into the oviduct.
Region of the female genital disc that will develop into the uterus. The uterus is contributed to by the male and female genital primordia (Keisman et al., 2001).
Region of the female genital primordium that will develop into the vagina.
Region of the female genital primordium that will develop into the oviprovector.
Horseshoe-shaped tergite which, dorsally, surrounds the female analia (McQueen et al., 2022). It is chitinized, and each side (left and right) is divided into the epigynial dorsal lobe and the epigynial ventral lobe (McQueen et al., 2022).
Region of the female genital primordium that will develop into the epigynium.
Region of the antennal disc that will develop into the second segment of antenna.
Medial region of the eye disc that will develop into the ocelli.
A cell in the larval midgut and early pupal midgut that extends its processes around the midgut imaginal islands (Mathur et al., 2010). These cells are formed at late second larval instar, usually by the first, asymmetric, division of an adult midgut progenitor cell (AMP) (Mathur et al., 2010). There is usually one peripheral cell per imaginal island (Mathur et al., 2010). These cells undergo apoptosis shortly after pupariation (0-2h APF) and do not contribute to the adult midgut (Mathur et al., 2010). Peripheral cells act as a niche for AMPs to keep them undifferentiated until metamorphosis (Mathur et al., 2010).
These cells can be identified by their expression of a Su(H)GBE reporter, indicating active Notch signaling (Mathur et al., 2010).
Glial cell that is derived from a longitudinal glioblast (Ito et al., 1995). Two of these cells are produced by the first (symmetric) division of the LGB and they migrate medially (Klambt and Goodman, 1991). One of the two initial progeny differentiates into the lateral posterior longitudinal glial cell and the other divides to generate the other eight longitudinal glia (Klambt and Goodman, 1991; Peco et al., 2016). Longitudinal glia in the larva are neuropil glia (Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008).
Region of the adult midgut. The traditional (broad) regions of the anterior, middle and posterior midgut can be further subdivided based on morphology, histology and gene expression (Buchon et al., 2013).
Region of the adult midgut located in the abdomen that is dorsally located and that falls back ventrally at the posterior part. It can be divided into 3 subregions, based on histology and gene expression. It is composed of enterocytes with a typical columnar morphology.
Adult midgut regions R1 and R2 correspond to the previously described anterior midgut (Buchon et al., 2013).
Region of the adult midgut that contains the copper cells. This region initiates a retrograde folding of the midgut, (from posterior to anterior), and it follows a ventral-dorsal axis. It can be subdivided into an anterior section containing the copper cells (R3ab) and a posterior one with large flat cells (R3c).
This adult midgut region corresponds to the previously described region called middle midgut (Buchon et al., 2013).
Specialized cell of the adult midgut found in the anterior and middle midgut sections of region R3 (R3a and R3b, copper cell region). It secretes acid and accumulates copper. They show a distinct apical invagination, basally located nuclei, numerous mitochondria and a deeply invaginated apical membrane covered with long microvilli. Interstitial cells arch over the apex of the copper cell, forming a narrow channel that connects the apical invagination of the copper cell to the gut lumen. The highly folded area of apicolateral contact between copper and interstitial cells contains smooth septate junctions.
Any neuromere (FBbt:00005140) that is part of some thoracic segment (FBbt:00000016).
Any adult neuromere (FBbt:00052718) that is part of some thoracic segment (FBbt:00000016).
Any larval neuromere (FBbt:00001912) that is part of some abdominal segment (FBbt:00000021).
Any larval neuromere (FBbt:00001912) that is part of some thoracic segment (FBbt:00000016).
Any larval neuromere (FBbt:00001912) that is part of some prothoracic segment (FBbt:00000017).
Any larval neuromere (FBbt:00001912) that is part of some mesothoracic segment (FBbt:00000018).
Any larval neuromere (FBbt:00001912) that is part of some metathoracic segment (FBbt:00000019).
Any larval neuromere (FBbt:00001912) that is part of some abdominal segment 6 (FBbt:00000027).
Any larval neuromere (FBbt:00001912) that is part of some abdominal segment 8 (FBbt:00000029).
Any larval neuromere (FBbt:00001912) that is part of some abdominal segment 9 (FBbt:00000030).
Any adult neuromere (FBbt:00052718) that is part of some gnathal segment (FBbt:00000011).
Any larval neuromere (FBbt:00001912) that is part of some gnathal segment (FBbt:00000011).
Superficial layer of the adult ventral nerve cord, composed of glia and the cell bodies of neurons (soma).
adult thoracico-abdominal ganglion cell body rind
adult thoracico-abdominal ganglion cortex
adult ventral nervous system cell body rind
Region of the adult ventral nerve cord cell body rind that overlies the neuropil of the prothoracic neuromere.
cell body rind of adult prothoracic neuromere
Region of the adult ventral nerve cord cell body rind that overlies the neuropil of the mesothoracic neuromere.
cell body rind of adult mesothoracic neuromere
Region of the adult ventral nerve cord cell body rind that overlies the neuropil of the metathoracic neuromere.
cell body rind of adult metathoracic neuromere
Region of the adult ventral nerve cord cell body rind that overlies the neuropil of the abdominal neuromere.
cell body rind of adult abdominal neuromere
Region of the adult brain cell body rind that overlies the neuropil of the optic lobe. It includes the regions that overlie the lamina, medulla, lobula and lobula plate.
Posterior region of the adult brain cell body rind that overlies the synaptic neuropil of the posterior part of the brain (Ito et al., 2014). It includes the regions posterior to the superior medial and lateral protocerebrum, lateral horn, calyx, protocerebral bridge, inferior bridge, superior posterior slope and posterior lateral protocerebrum (Ito et al., 2014).
Larval synaptic neuropil domain that is located dorsal to the medial lobe of the mushroom body and clamp (Hartenstein et al., 2015). It is the larval counterpart of the adult superior medial protocerebrum (Pereanu et al., 2010).
embryonic/larval superior medial protocerebrum
Larval synaptic neuropil domain located posterior to the medial lobe of the mushroom body and the larval crepine (Hartenstein et al., 2015). It is the larval counterpart of the adult superior clamp (medial and lateral inferior protocerebrum) (Pereanu et al., 2010).
centro-posterior intermediate synaptic neuropil compartment
centro-posterior intermediate synaptic neuropil domain
centro-posterior lateral neuropil compartment
centro-posterior lateral synaptic neuropil domain
centroposterior intermediate compartment
The primordium of the adult anterior optic tubercle (AOTU) in the larval anterior protocerebrum, laterally adjacent to the vertical lobe of the mushroom body (Lovick et al., 2017). It is initially a small, homogenous, hemispherical domain containing the distal filopodia of afferent optic lobe interneurons and the proximal filopodia of DALcl1/2 dorsal hemilineages (Lovick et al., 2017). During metamorphosis, the different subcompartments of the adult AOTU become distinct (Lovick et al., 2017).
embryonic/larval anterior optic tubercle primordial
The primordium of the adult protocerebral bridge in the larval brain, formed from the DPMm1 and DPMpm1/2 and CM4 lineages. Unlike in the adult, this exists as a bilateral pair of separate domains that do not join across the midline. These domains are tubular shaped regions containing both differentiated and undifferentiated synapses, in the posterior inferior protocerebrum (IPp or CPM). Each domain curls around the dorsal side from the posterior, growing during the larval period towards the midline. Fusion of the two halves, just posterior to the PLPC (DPLp1) commissure and fan-shaped body, only occurs 48h after pupariation.
embryonic/larval protocerebral bridge - primordial
The primordium of the adult fan-shaped body in the larval posterior inferior protocerebrum (IPp or CPM). It consists of a bilaterally symmetrical slightly curved, horizontal, bar-shaped structure of tufts of filopodia, with undifferentiated synapses, branching off axon bundles stretching from the midline region posterior and adjacent to the mushroom body medial lobe, to a plexus slightly medial to the peduncle. In the late larval brain both halves are interconnected by a plexus of commissural fibers. It is formed by fan-shaped body pioneer neurons in the embryo/early larva and grows during larval development as it is invaded by secondary neurons (Andrade et al., 2019).
embryonic/larval fan-shaped body - primordial
Region of the larval cell body rind that overlies the neuropil of the ventral nerve cord.
cell body rind of larval ventral nerve cord
Region of the larval cell body rind that overlies the neuropil of the brain.
Region of the larval cell body rind that overlies the neuropil of an abdominal neuromere.
cell body rind of larval abdominal neuromere
Region of the larval cell body rind that overlies the neuropil of a thoracic neuromere.
cell body rind of larval thoracic neuromere
Any neuromere (FBbt:00005140) that is part of some gnathal segment (FBbt:00000011).
Distal sublayer of the medulla layer M3, proximal to layer M2. It is defined by the extent of the arborization of Dm3 neurons.
Proximal sublayer of the medulla layer M3, proximal to layer M3A. It is defined by the extent of the arborization of Dm12 and Dm20 neurons.
Distal sublayer of the medulla layer M6, proximal to layer M5. It is defined by the extent of the arborization of Dm8 neurons proximally.
In the literature there are two methods for describing spatial location of neurons in the visual system: distal-proximal (e.g. Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989), and lateral-medial (e.g. Ito et al., 2014), both meaning outer and inner, respectively, and refer to the distance of a structure along the visual pathway relative to the center of the brain. Currently we will adopt the classical 'distal-proximal'.
Distal medullary wide-field amacrine neuron with arbors that span multiple columns in layers M1 and M6A and columnar processes between these two layers. The processes in M2 and M5 occupy a central column position and are closely associated with R7 and R8 photoreceptor axons, covering around 7 columns. There are around 110 Dm9 neurons per hemisphere. They are glutamatergic (Davis et al., 2020).
Distal medullary wide-field amacrine neuron whose cell body is located in the cell body rind of the medulla. Its primary neurite extends into the M6 layer, and then turns back to project to M3B. The arbor is circular in shape, overlapping and covering around 15-20 columns. The arbor is located in a peripheral intracolumnar position. There are around 120 Dm12 neurons per hemisphere. They are glutamatergic (Davis et al., 2020).
Medulla intrinsic unicolumnar neuron whose primary neurite splits in the M1 layer, sending vertical branches as far as the M7 layer (Takemura et al., 2013; Takemura et al., 2015; Kind et al., 2021). A process also extends from the distal medulla into the first optic chiasma, where it receives around half of its photoreceptor input (Kind et al., 2021). In central columns, these cells selectively receive input from R8, rather than R7 photoreceptors, but selectivity is not maintained in Mi15 cells of the dorsal rim area (Kind et al., 2021). It seems to be both cholinergic and dopaminergic (Davis et al., 2020).
Surface-associated glial cell of the optic lobe that is part of a layer found below the perineurial and subperineurial optic lobe glia (Morante et al., 2013). These cells can be identified by their relatively large nuclei and are found from third instar through to adult stages (Morante et al., 2013). They are cell body glial cells (Morante et al., 2013; Plazaola-Sasieta et al., 2019).
optic lobe surface-associated cortex glial cell
Interneuron that innervates only the adult antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC).
intrinsic antennal mechanosensory and motor center neuron
Interneuron that innervates only the adult wedge.
Neuron that innervates the ventrolateral protocerebrum region only.
intrinsic ventrolateral protocerebrum neuron
Neuron whose cell body lies in the cortex of the lobula. It arborizes over a large area of the lobula, mostly in layer 5 but with some branches in layer 4. It receives very strong synaptic input from Tm5a/b/c and Tm20 neurons (Lin et al., 2016). There are approximately 30 of these cells per hemisphere (Lin et al., 2016).
Longitudinal fascicle of the larval ventral nerve cord found in a central position on the dorsal-ventral axis and an intermediate position on the medial-lateral axis (Landgraf et al., 2003). This fascicle is loosely organized, and contains three distinct tracts, the C1, C2 and C3 fascicles (Landgraf et al., 2003; Zlatic et al., 2003).
Any Keilin organ (FBbt:00005198) that is part of some larval prothoracic segment (FBbt:00001743).
An extrinsic columnar neuron that innervates the medulla.
Johnston's organ neuron that innervates zones C and E of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) (Kamikouchi et al., 2006).
Grooming JO-C/E neurons identified in Hampel et al. (2015) - FBrf0229838 were determined in Hampel et al. (2020) - FBrf0247223 to be a mix of zone C and E neurons, and not neurons projecting to both zones.
Any projection neuron (FBbt:00007392) that receives synaptic input in region some antennal mechanosensory and motor center (FBbt:00003982).
adult antennal mechanosensory and motor center projection neuron
Subregion of the larval superior lateral protocerebrum (CPLd) that will give rise to the adult lateral horn. It is defined by the axonal arbors of the olfactory uniglomerular projection neurons.
Symmetrically-dividing stem cell with epithelial properties and a columnar morphology that is a precursor to an optic neuroblast (Egger et al., 2007). These cells increase in number by symmetric divisions during embryonic and larval development (Egger et al., 2007). A small number differentiate into optic neuroblasts during the embryonic stage, while the remainder enter G0 quiescence prior to larval hatching (Hakes et al., 2018). Divisions resume in the first instar (Hakes et al., 2018), followed by differentiation to neuroblasts mainly during the third instar stage (Yasugi et al., 2008).
Line that runs along the anterior-posterior axis of the body, dividing it into two bilaterally symmetric regions.
Sublayer of the lobula layer 5 that is most proximal to layer 6.
This layer was identified by Brp staining (Wu et al., 2016).
Lobula columnar neuron whose cell body lies in the anterior area of the lateral cell body rind (Wu et al., 2016). It has its denser dendritic arbors in the boundary between lobula layers 2/3, where most of its synapses are found, and some diffuse branches near 3/4 and 5B (Wu et al., 2016; Tanaka and Clark, 2022). Its arbors span approximately 30 optic columns, overlapping with other LC17 cells (Wu et al., 2016). It projects to the most lateral of the ventral optic glomeruli of the PVLP (Wu et al., 2016). There are around 181 cells of this type (Wu et al., 2016).
Pre- versus postsynaptic innervation assessed with a presynaptic marker (synaptotagmin-HA driver) (Wu et al., 2016).
Anlage that develops into the anterior ectoderm. It is found anterior to the dorsal, lateral and ventral regions of the ectoderm anlage and posterior to the anterior endoderm anlage at the cellular blastoderm stage, prior to gastrulation (Stathopoulos and Newcomb, 2020).
Anlage that develops into the posterior ectoderm. It is found posterior to the dorsal, lateral and ventral regions of the ectoderm anlage and anterior to the posterior endoderm anlage at the cellular blastoderm stage, prior to gastrulation (Stathopoulos and Newcomb, 2020).
The epidermis of the embryonic ventral trunk.
Ommatidial subtype with stochastic distribution throughout the retina making up about 70% of all non-dorsal margin ommatidia. This ommatidial subtype is specialized to detect longer wavelengths (far UV + green).
The yellow ommatidium expresses the far ultraviolet-specific opsin Rh4 (FBgn0003250) in photoreceptor R7 cells and the green-sensitive Rh6 (FBgn0019940) in photoreceptor R8 cells (Wernet and Desplan, 2004).
Ommatidial subtype with stochastic distribution throughout the retina, making up about 30% of all non-dorsal margin ommatidia. This ommatidial subtype is specialized to detect shorter wavelengths (near UV + blue) than yellow ommatidia.
The pale ommatidium expresses the near ultraviolet-specific opsin Rh3 (FBgn0003249) in photoreceptor R7 cells and the blue-sensitive Rh5 (FBgn0014019) in photoreceptor R8 cells (Wernet and Desplan, 2004).
Photoreceptor cell R8 that is part of a yellow ommatidium and expresses Rhodopsin 6 (Wernet and Desplan, 2004). It outputs to TM5c, mostly in layer M3 where it terminates, but also in M1-2 (Karuppudurai et al., 2014) and to Tm20, Mi1, Mi4 and some lamina monopolar neurons of the same column (Takemura et al., 2015). It also outputs onto photoreceptor cell R7 of the same column (Takemura et al., 2008; Takemura et al., 2015), mostly in M3 (Takemura et al., 2008).
Connectivity with TM5c inferred from GRASP experiments (Karuppudurai et al., 2014). Connectivity with R7, Mi1, Mi4, Tm20 and lamina monopolar neurons based on EM data (Takemura et al., 2008; Takemura et al., 2015). Assertion in Gao et al. (2008) - FBrf0206213 that (non-DRA) R8 is synapsed to Tm9 is not supported by EM data in Takemura et al. (2015).
photoreceptor cell R8 of yellow ommatidium
Photoreceptor cell R8 that is part of a pale ommatidium and expresses Rhodopsin 5 (Wernet and Desplan, 2004). It outputs to TM5c, mostly in layer M3 where it terminates, but also in M1-2 (Karuppudurai et al., 2014) and to Tm20, Mi1, Mi4 and some lamina monopolar neurons of the same column (Takemura et al., 2015). It also outputs onto photoreceptor cell R7 of the same column (Takemura et al., 2008; Takemura et al., 2015), mostly in M3 (Takemura et al., 2008).
photoreceptor cell R8 of pale ommatidium
Photoreceptor cell R7 that is part of a yellow ommatidium and expresses Rhodopsin 4 (Wernet and Desplan, 2004). It outputs to transmedullary neuron Tm5a (Gao et al., 2008; Karuppudurai et al., 2014) and to Dm8 neurons in medulla layer M6 (Gao et al., 2008; Sancer et al., 2019). It receives synaptic input from photoreceptor cell R8 of the same column (Takemura et al., 2008; Takemura et al., 2015), mostly in M3 (Takemura et al., 2008).
Connectivity with Tm5a inferred from EM reconstructions from a single medulla column (Gao et al., 2008) and selective arborization in yellow columns (Karuppudurai et al., 2014). Connectivity to Dm8 based on EM data (Gao et al., 2008). Connectivity with R8 based on EM data (Takemura et al., 2008; Takemura et al., 2015).
photoreceptor cell R7 of yellow ommatidium
Photoreceptor cell R7 that is part of a pale ommatidium and expresses Rhodopsin 3 (Wernet and Desplan, 2004). It outputs to Dm8 neurons in medulla layer M6 (Gao et al., 2008; Sancer et al., 2019). It receives synaptic input from photoreceptor cell R8 of the same column (Takemura et al., 2008; Takemura et al., 2015), mostly in M3 (Takemura et al., 2008).
Connectivity to Dm8 based on EM data (Gao et al., 2008). Connectivity with R8 based on EM data (Takemura et al., 2008; Takemura et al., 2015).
photoreceptor cell R7 of pale ommatidium
Anatomical entity which is part_of Drosophila melanogaster.
Primordium of the embryo that will give rise to the adult eye. It corresponds to the most anterior region that develops from the visual primordium.
A(n) anlage that develops into some denticle field primordium. It develops from some ventral epidermis primordium.
FlyBase miscellaneous controlled vocabulary term.
Term that describes an allele, balancer, group or publication.
Term that specifies the dataset component type.
A set of biological data from a single study. Corresponds to the NCBI bioproject, GEO series or SRA study.
Biological source material characterized by an experiment.
Quantitative or qualitative assessment of biological source material to measure some attribute.
The type of assay as characterized by its data content.
A quantitative method for mapping transcribed regions, in which complementary DNA fragments are subjected to high-throughput sequencing.
The type of result as characterized by its data content.
A result that is produced from the detailed examination of data to come to some conclusion.
A descriptor that describes some aspect of a dataset.
Some characteristic of an assay pertaining to the methods involved in processing the biological source material or generating the raw output data of the assay.
A method used to characterize the biological molecules isolated from a biosample.
A method for quantifying the transcriptome of individual cells, in which transcripts isolated from single cells are subjected to high-throughput sequencing and mapping to a reference genome.
A method for quantifying the transcriptome of individual cells, in which transcripts isolated from single nuclei are subjected to high-throughput sequencing and mapping to a reference genome.
A result that groups individual cells into populations sharing a similar transcriptional profile.
A result that represents a population of cells sharing a similar transcriptional profile.
A method to prepare and sequence a library of cDNAs obtained from single cells.
A method that uses the Chromium platform from 10x Genomics to prepare and sequence a cDNA library.
The life of an individual of the species Drosophila melanogaster, from fertilization to death.
Stage during which the nucleus of the fertilized egg performs 13 rapid divisions, prior to cellularization (Hartenstein, 1993; Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). The first seven divisions are synchronous (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). During the course of the subsequent three divisions, most of the nuclei approach the surface and then divide asynchronously a further three times, bringing the total number of cells to around 5000 (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). This corresponds to embryonic stages 1-4 (Hartenstein, 1993).
The complete process of formation and maturation of an ovum or female gemate from a primordial female germ cell.
A temporal subdivision of a developmental process.
Earliest stage of ovarian cyst development - lasts while the 16 cell cyst is within the germarium (region 3).
Oogenesis stage that begins when the cyst leaves the germarium (from this point the cyst is referred to as an egg chamber). During this stage, polyploidation of the nurse cells begins, they reach a ploidy of 8C, and follicle cells start to divide.
Oogenesis stage that begins when the oocyte chromosomes condense into a karyosome attached to a distinctive spherical structure known as an endobody. The oocyte nucleolus disappears completely. During this stage, nurse cell ploidy reaches 16C.
Oogenesis stage that begins when the nurse cells chromosomes become bulbous. Nurse cell chromosomes during this stage are polytene and reach a ploidy of 32C. The egg chamber is oval shaped.
Oogenesis stage that begins when nurse cell chromosomes are no longer bulbous - the association between homologs weakens so that these chromosomes no longer have a polytene structure. During this stage, posterior nurse cell nuclei have a higher ploidy (64C) than anterior ones.
Oogenesis stage during which follicle cell division ceases.
Oogenesis stage during which polyploidation and enlargement of follicle cells begins. Nurse cell ploidy ranges from 256C (anterior) to 512C (posterior) and the egg chamber gains an elongated shape.
Oogenesis stage which begins when yolk first appears in the oocyte. Follicle cell migration over the oocyte begins during this stage (although mostly occurs during stage 9).
Oogenesis stage that begins when the border cells begin to migrate. During this stage: the oocyte is about 1/3 the length of the egg chamber with its nucleus located antero-dorsally; follicle cell migration results in an anterior to posterior gradient of follicle cell thickness with posterior cells being thicker (-> columnar) and posterior cells thinner ( -> squamous); border cell migration begins and ends; secretion of vitelline membrane begins.
Oogenesis stage that begins when all the oocyte associated follicular epithelium is columnar and all of the nurse cell associated follicular epithelium is completely squamous and ends with the beginning of nurse cell dumping.
Oogenesis stage which begins when all the oocyte associated follicular epithelium is columnar and all of the nurse cell associated follicular epithelium is completely squamous and ends when centripetal follicle migration begins. During this stage, the migrating border cells reach the oocyte. The oocyte is about 50% egg chamber length.
Oogenesis stage that begins when the centripetal follicle cells begin to migrate. As a result, the vitelline membrane extends into the opercular region. This stage ends when nurse cell dumping begins.
Oogenesis stage that begins when nurse cell dumping begins and development of the wax layer begins. The dorsal appendages begin to form during this stage. This stage ends when dying nurse cells form an anterior cap to the oocyte.
Oogenesis stage that begins when dying nurse cells form an anterior cap to the oocyte. Shortly after this, nurse cell dumping and growth of the oocyte are complete. Elongation of the dorsal appendages and formation of the innermost chorionic layer and endochorion begins during this stage.
Innermost chorionic layer and endochorion begin to form in the anterior of the follicle.
Secretion of innermost chorionic layer and endochorion begins in the main follicle cells.
Formation of specialized endochorion structures in the anterior of the follicle: branches in the developing dorsal appendages; compact endochorion lacking the pillars seen in the rest of the follicle.
Oogenesis stage that begins when the micropyle begins to form. At the beginning of this stage, about 12-15 nurse cell nuclei remain at the anterior of the oocyte. By the end of this stage, none of these nuclei remain. Oocyte meiosis up to arrest at full metaphase I occurs during this stage.
Oogenesis stage during which 12-15 nurse cell nuclei remain at the anterior of the oocyte. At this stage, the oocyte nucleus has reached its maximum volume and its chromosomes are compressed into a 5-7 micrometer karyosome.
Temporal ordering number - 10210. An alternative division of stage 13 into two sub-stages, A and B, has been defined on the basis of chorion development (see FBrf0043885). This ontology uses an alternative subdivision based on nurse cell nucleus number and oocyte meiosis, as the former at least, is easier to score than chorion ultrastructure.
Oogenesis stage during which 9-11 nurse cell nuclei remain at the anterior of the oocyte. During this stage, the nuclear membrane of the oocyte nucleus disappears, indicating the start of meiotic pro-metaphase.
Temporal ordering number - 10220. An alternative division of stage 13 into two sub-stages, A and B, has been defined on the basis of chorion development (see FBrf0043885). This ontology uses an alternative subdivision based on nurse cell nucleus number and oocyte meiosis, as the former at least, is easier to score than chorion ultrastructure.
Oogenesis stage during which only 7-8 nurse cell nuclei remain at the anterior of the oocyte. At the beginning of this stage, oocyte chromosome bivalents separate from each other - indicating mid-prometaphase of oocyte meiosis.
Oogenesis stage during which only 5-6 nurse cell nuclei remain at the anterior of the oocyte. The oocyte nucleus is in late prometaphase:the bivalents arrange themselves in on the equatorial plane of the spindle; homologous centromeres are pulled towards the poles.
The last stage of oogenesis. This stage begins when no nurse cell nuclei remain at the anterior of the egg (chamber). Exochorion formation and secretion occurs during this stage. The dorsal appendages complete their elongation and the follicle cells die.
Secretion and formation of the outer endochorionic network by throughout the follicle. Crystallization of the innermost chorionic layer of the main body follicle cells.
Secretion of the exochorion begins and ends.
The stage of the Drosophila life-cycle from maturation of an egg to the end of fertilization. At the beginning of this stage, the nucleus is arrested in meiotic metaphase I. The completion of meiosis and the start of protein synthesis are triggered by ovulation. If the female has already mated, fertilization begins during meiosis.
Developmental stage that starts with ovulation, at the end of oogenesis, until the egg is fertilized by a sperm.
Developmental stage that starts with sperm entry until the first mitotic division of the zygote.
Life stage that begins with a fertilized egg, and finishes with hatching at the end of embryonic stage 17 (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
Stage prior to the formation of the syncitial blastoderm, including the first 9 cell divisions and the migration of nuclei to the periphery (cortex) of the embryo (Foe and Alberts, 1983; Jaeger et al., 2012). This lasts from fertilization to embryonic stage 3 (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
The embryonic stage that lasts from the end of fertilization to the end of the second nuclear division. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 25 minutes (0-25 minutes after egg laying).
The first mitotic cell cycle of embryogenesis. This occurs synchronously across the embryo.
The second mitotic cell cycle of embryogenesis. This occurs synchronously across the embryo.
The third mitotic cell cycle of embryogenesis. This occurs synchronously across the embryo.
The fourth mitotic cell cycle of embryogenesis. This occurs synchronously across the embryo.
The fifth mitotic cell cycle of embryogenesis. This occurs synchronously across the embryo.
The sixth mitotic cell cycle of embryogenesis. This occurs synchronously across the embryo.
The seventh mitotic cell cycle of embryogenesis. This occurs synchronously across the embryo.
The eighth mitotic cell cycle of embryogenesis. This occurs synchronously across the embryo.
Nuclear division 9. The cleavage nuclei complete their migration to the periphery. Polar buds form at the posterior pole and divide once. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 15 minutes (65-80 minutes after egg laying).
The ninth mitotic cell cycle of embryogenesis. This occurs synchronously across the embryo.
Stage during which most of the nuclei are arranged as a monolayer at the cortex (periphery) of the embryo (Foe and Alberts, 1983; Jaeger et al., 2012). It begins shortly after completion of the ninth cleavage division and lasts until the onset of gastrulation, including cleavage cycles 10-14A (Foe and Alberts, 1983; Jaeger et al., 2012). This corresponds to embryonic stages 4 (syncitial blastoderm stage) and 5 (cellular blastoderm stage) (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
Cellularization. Stage 5 begins when cellularization starts. Near the end of this stage the pole cells begin to migrate dorsally and ventral midline cells acquire an irregular, wavy appearance. Stage 5 ends when ventral furrow formation becomes apparent. Duration at 25 degrees: approximately 40 minutes (130-170 minutes after egg laying).
Stage during which gastrulation occurs. During this stage, cells from the polar caps and the mid-ventral part of the blastoderm invaginate and ultimately generate the germ layers (Hartenstein, 1993). This encompasses embryonic stages 6-8 (Hartenstein, 1993).
Stage 7 begins when the pole cells have adopted a dorsal (horizontal) position at the posterior. Invagination of the anterior and posterior midgut and hindgut follows. The 'discoid plate' that carries the pole cells forms a pocket. Transverse furrows (dorsal folds) form on the dorsal surface. This stage ends when the anterior wall of the amnioproctodeal invagination starts moving anteriorly and the pole cells are no longer visible externally. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 10 minutes (180-190 minutes after egg laying).
Stages during which the germ band is extended - 9-12.
Stage 9 begins when mesodermal segmentation becomes (transiently) visible, and ends with the appearance of the stomodeal invagination slightly ventral to the anterior pole. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 40 minutes (220-260 minutes after egg laying).
Stage 10 begins with the appearance of the stomodeal invagination, slightly ventral to the anterior pole. Periodic furrows appear in the embryonic epidermis around the middle of the stage. The germ band continues to extend, reaching its maximum extent of 75% egg length towards the end of the stage. The end of the stage is marked by the beginning of invagination of the tracheal placodes. Duration at 25 degrees : approximately 60 minutes (260-320 minutes after egg laying).
Stage 11 begins with the invagination of the tracheal placodes. Para-segmental furrow form and segment boundary furrows become deep folds. Within the head, gnathal protuberances become apparent. The end of this stage is signaled by the appearance of a distinct cleft at the posterior pole of the embryo, which becomes detached from the vitelline membrane. This marks the beginning of germ-band retraction. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 120 minutes (320-440 minutes after egg laying).
Germ band retraction. Stage 12 begins when germ-band retraction starts and ends when this process is complete so that the prospective anal plate occupies the posterior pole. During this stage the posterior and anterior midgut primordia meet and fuse and the tracheal pits fuse to form the tracheal tree. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 120 minutes (440-560 minutes after egg laying).
Stage 13 begins at the completion of germ-band retraction, when the prospective anal plate occupy the posterior pole. The dorsal ridge becomes apparent externally; the clypeolabrum retracts, leaving a triangular shaped gap at the anterior pole; the labium moves to the ventral midline. This stage ends when head involution begins. Duration at 25 degrees C: Approximately 60 minutes (560-620 minutes after egg laying).
Stage 14 begins with the initiation of head involution. Closure of the midgut around the yolk and dorsal closure continue. Dorsal closure is 80% complete by the end of this stage. This stage ends with the appearance of the second midgut constriction. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 60 minutes (620-680 minutes after egg laying).
Stage following germ band retraction, during which dorsal closure happens (Hartenstein, 1993). Dorsal closure occurs by extension of the dorsal epidermal primordium on either side, leading to fusion at the dorsal midline (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997). This corresponds to embryonic stages 13-15 (Hartenstein, 1993; Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1997).
Stage 15 begins with the appearance of the second midgut constriction. During this stage the 1st and 3rd midgut constrictions form, dorsal closure is completed, and epidermal segmentation is accomplished. This stage ends when the intersegmental grooves can be distinguished at mid-dorsal level. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 100 minutes (680-780 minutes after egg laying).
Stage 16 begins when the intersegmental grooves can be distinguished at mid-dorsal level, and ends when the dorsal ridge (frontal sac) has overgrown the tip of the clypeolabrum, which is thereby enclosed in the atrium. During this stage the ventral cord retracts to about 60% egg length. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 180 minutes (780-960 minutes after egg laying).
Stage 17 begins when the dorsal ridge (frontal sac) has overgrown the tip of the clypeolabrum, which is thereby enclosed in the atrium. It lasts until hatching of the embryo (approximately 24 hours after egg laying), during which time much terminal differentiation occurs, the tracheal tree fills with air, so becoming completely visible, and the ventral cord continues to retract. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 8 hours (16-24 hours after egg laying).
The stage of the Drosophila life-cycle from hatching to the beginning of puparium formation.
The first larval instar begins at hatching and ends at the first larval molt. Anterior spiracles are not yet present; posterior spiracles have two openings each. Salivary glands are very small and all cells are uniform in size. Mouth hooks typically have one tooth. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 25 hours (24-49 hours after egg laying; 0-25 hours after hatching).
The second larval instar begins at the first larval molt and ends at the second larval molt. Larvae are actively feeding and crawling in the food. Distinct anterior spiracles are present as enlargements at the end of the tracheal trunk, but not open to the outside; posterior spiracles have three openings each, and four groups of small unbranched hairs. The salivary glands extend to the first abdominal segment, and have cells that are uniform in size. Mouth hooks typically have two or three teeth. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 23 hours (49-72 hours after egg laying; 25-48 hours after hatching).
The third larval instar begins at the second larval molt and ends at puparium formation. Anterior spiracles are open to the outside; posterior spiracles have three openings each, and four groups of large branched hairs. The salivary glands extend to the second abdominal segment, with cells larger in the posterior than in the anterior of the gland. Mouth hooks typically have 9-12 teeth. About 24 hours before pupariation (at 25 degree C), larvae stop feeding and climb away from their food. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 48 hours (72-120 hours after egg laying; 48-96 hours after hatching).
Third instar larva prior to the wandering stage (approximately the first 24 hours of the third instar larval stage under standard conditions at 25'C.).
Stage of the third larval instar during which the larva wanders out of the food and climbs. Under optimum conditions at 25'C, this occurs approximately 24 hours after the start of the third instar larval stage.
The prepupal stage begins at puparium formation and ends when larval/pupal apolysis is complete, as indicated by the completion of imaginal head sac eversion and the expulsion of the oral armature of the larva. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 12 hours. (120-132.2 hours after egg laying; 0-12.2 hours after puparium formation).
Extends from puparium formation through tanning of the pupal cuticle. Posterior spiracles and ridge between anterior spiracles tan orange. Wriggling stops completely. Puparium becomes brown to the unaided eye. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 20 minutes. (120-120.3 hours after egg laying; 0-0.3 hours after puparium formation).
Male gonads become less distinct. Oral armature stops moving permanently. Dorsal medial abdominal contractions stop. Gas bubble becomes visible within abdomen. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 100 minutes. (120.3-122 hours after egg laying; 0.3-2 hours after puparium formation).
Ridge of the operculum becomes distinct. Puparium begins to separate from underlying epidermis. Becomes positively buoyant. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 4 hours, 45 minutes. (122-126.75 hours after egg laying; 2-6.75 hours after puparium formation).
Prepupal stage P4 begins as the lateral trunk trachea become obscured and ends when the imaginal head sac is everted and the oral armature of the larva is expelled. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 5 hours, 30 minutes. (126.75-132.2 hours after egg laying; 6.75-12.2 hours after puparium formation).
Lateral trunk tracheae become obscured. Dorsal medial abdominal contractions occur. Everted leg and wing discs become visible. Bubble appears in posterior of puparium, displacing the pupa anteriorly; abdominal bubble disappears. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 5 hours, 15 minutes. (126.75-132 hours after egg laying; 6.75-12 hours after puparium formation).
Bubble is displaced to anterior end of the puparium, and pupa withdraws to the posterior end. Imaginal head sac is everted and the oral armature of the larva is expelled. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 12 minutes. (132-132.2 hours after egg laying; 12-12.2 hours after puparium formation).
The pupal stage starts once larval/pupal apolysis is complete as indicated by the expulsion of the larval armature. Early in this stage, the legs and wings reach full extension along the abdomen. The stage ends when the pupal cuticle separates from the underlying epidermis (pupal/adult apolysis), and the eye cup becomes yellow at its periphery. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 32 hours. (132.2-164.3 hours after egg laying; 12.2-44.3 hours after puparium formation).
Temporal ordering number - 570. DISAMBIGUATION: In Drosophila lab vernacular, the term 'pupal stage' is often used to refer to the entire period from formation of the puparium to eclosion. However, this does not correspond to the standard usage of 'pupal stage' for Cyclorrhaphous flies (for discussion see: FBrf0087128). Briefly: formation of the puparium (hardening of the larval cuticle) marks the beginning of the pre-pupal stage. The pupal stage begins following pupal/larval apolysis - detachment of the larval epidermis from the puparium. In Drosophila, the outward sign of the completion of apolysis is the eversion of the head and expulsion of the larval mouthparts (FBrf0036849). We use P-stage to refer to the stage from pupariation to eclosion, and restrict pupal stage to its standard usage.
Pupal stage P5 starts when the legs and wings reach full extension along the abdomen and ends as the Malpighian tubules become prominent and green. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 6 hours, 30 minutes. (132.2-138.7 hours after egg laying; 12.2-18.7 hours after puparium formation).
Legs and wings reach full extension along abdomen. Enlarged initial segments of anterior pair Malpighian tubules move from thorax into abdomen. Translucent patch that lacks adhering fat body cells becomes discernible in the middle of the eye region. Pair of white Malpighian tubules becomes visible dorsally in the abdomen. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 66 minutes. (132.2-133.3 hours after egg laying; 12.2-13.3 hours after puparium formation).
Malpighian tubules become prominent and green. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 5 hours, 25 minutes. (133.3-138.7 hours after egg laying; 13.3-18.7 hours after puparium formation).
Dark green 'yellow body' appears between the anterior ends of the two Malpighian tubule segments, mid-dorsally at the anterior of the abdomen. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 13 hours, 45 minutes. (138.7-152.4 hours after egg laying; 18.7-32.4 hours after puparium formation).
The 'yellow body' moves back between the Malpighian tubules. The transparent pupal cuticle separates from the underlying epidermis. Eye cup becomes yellow at its perimeter. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 12 hours. (152.4-164.3 hours after egg laying; 32.4-44.3 hours after puparium formation).
Pale yellow pigmentation spreads inwards across the eye. Eye color becomes bright yellow, then changes to amber. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 12 hours 20 minutes. (164.3-176.6 hours after egg laying; 44.3-56.6 hours after puparium formation).
Eye color darkens to deep amber, then becomes pale pink. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 18 hours. (176.6-194.5 hours after egg laying; 56.6-74.5 hours after puparium formation).
Eyes become bright red. Orbital and ocellar bristles and vibrissae darken. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 6 minutes. (194.5-194.6 hours after egg laying; 74.5-74.6 hours after puparium formation).
Thoracic bristles become visible, and the tips of the wings turn grey. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 2 hours. (194.6-196.6 hours after egg laying; 74.6-76.6 hours after puparium formation).
Dorsal thoracic microchaetes and macrochaetes become visible. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 80 minutes (194.6-195.5 hours after egg laying; 74.6-75.9 hours after puparium formation).
Tips of folded wings become grey. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 45 minutes (195.5-196.6 hours after egg laying; 75.9-76.6 hours after puparium formation).
Pharate adult stage P12 begins as the abdominal tergite bristles become visible, and ends as the wings darken to black. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 2 hours. (196.6-198.6 hours after egg laying; 76.6-78.6 hours after puparium formation).
Bristles of the abdominal tergites become visible, and the wings become grey. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 55 minutes. (196.6-197.5 hours after egg laying; 76.6-77.5 hours after puparium formation).
Sex combs darken in males. Wings darken to black. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 65 minutes. (197.5-198.6 hours after egg laying; 77.5-78.6 hours after puparium formation).
Tarsal bristles darken and claws become black. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 3 hours, 20 minutes. (198.6-201.9 hours after egg laying; 78.6-81.9 hours after puparium formation).
The meconium appears dorsally at the posterior tip of the abdomen. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 9 hours, 30 minutes (201.9-211.5 hours after egg laying; 81.9-91.5 hours after puparium formation).
Pharate adult stage P15 begins with the tanning of the tergites and ends with eclosion. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 8 hours, 30 minutes. (211.5-220 hours after egg laying; 91.5-100 hours after puparium formation).
Tanning of the tergites obscures the Malpighian tubules and the 'yellow body'. Legs begin to twitch; fly is able to walk if puparium is removed prematurely. Ptilinum expands by hydrostatic pressure, opening the operculum. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 8 hours, 6 minutes. (211.5-219.6 hours after egg laying; 91.5-99.6 hours after puparium formation).
Stage which starts when the operculum opens and ends when eclosion is completed. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 24 minutes. (219.6-220 hours after egg laying; 99.6-100 hours after puparium formation).
The stage of the Drosophila life-cycle from eclosion to death.
Newly eclosed adult stage. Animal free of pupal case. Runs rapidly to find site for wing expansion. Wings are folded back and black against a very pale abdomen.
Temporal ordering number - 785. The time at which eclosed flies settle down for wing expansion can vary greatly. If they fail to find a suitable site then expansion can be delayed by several hours.
Stage, shortly after eclosion, during which the wings expand. During wing expansion, the abdomen pulsates and the hind legs stroke the wings vigorously for several minutes at a time. The stage ends when the wings are folded down over the abdomen, which has become broader and shorter, and the wing cuticle has lost its folds. The stage lasts around 15 minutes at 25'C.
The developing adult after pupal-adult apolysis, i.e.- from stage P8 (when yellow eye color first becomes visible through the pupal case), to eclosion. Duration at 25 degrees C: approximately 55.7 hours (164.3-220 hours after egg laying; 44.3-100 hours after puparium formation).
Adult stage immediately after wing expansion, during which tanning of the cuticle is completed. This stage lasts approximately 45 minutes at 25'C.
The stage of the Drosophila life-cycle from the formation of the puparium (beginning of the prepupal stage) to eclosion.
Temporal ordering number - 490. DISAMBIGUATION: In Drosophila lab vernacular, the term 'pupal stage' is often used to refer to the entire period from formation of the puparium to eclosion. However, this does not correspond to the standard usage of 'pupal stage' for cyclorrhaphous flies (for discussion see: FBrf0087128). Briefly: formation of the puparium (hardening of the larval cuticle) marks the beginning of the pre-pupal stage. The pupal stage begins following pupal/larval apolysis - detachment of the larval epidermis from the puparium. In Drosophila, the outward sign of the completion of apolysis is the eversion of the head an expulsion of the larval mouthparts (FBrf0036849). We use P-stage to refer to the stage from pupariation to eclosion, and restrict pupal stage to its standard usage.
Stage which begins when wandering third instar larva stops crawling. The larva everts its anterior spiracles during this stage.
The anterior spiracles are fully everted, with 7-9 finger-like projections. The body shortens, withdrawing three apparent abdominal segments and the larva sticks to its substrate.
Third instar larva from the beginning of wandering to the beginning of puparium formation.
A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit (an anatomical structure or an entire organism) over time from an initial condition to a later condition.
A cycle of nuclear division during the embryogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster. The first 13 cycles are synchronous throughout the embryo and occur their timing relative to other developmental processes is invariant. Later nuclear division cycles are asynchronous across the embryo although may be more locally synchronized.
A temporal subdivision of a Drosophila life, delimited by major transitions in the circumstances of the organism, such as: fertilization; hatching; pupal ecdysis; eclosion.
Temporal subdivision of life based on time elapsed since some key developmental transition, such as fertilization, hatching or eclosion.
Temporal subdivision of adulthood in days post-eclosion.
The first two hours of embryonic stage 17 at 25'C. (Approximately 16-18 hours at 25'C after egg laying).
Temporal ordering number - 391. Should not be used to stage embryos whose development is at temperatures other than 25'C.
Hours 2-4 of embryonic stage 17 at 25'C. (Approximately 18-20 hours at 25'C after egg laying).
Temporal ordering number - 392. Should not be used to stage embryos whose development is at temperatures other than 25'C.
Hours 4-6 of embryonic stage 17 at 25'C. (Approximately 20-22 hours at 25'C after egg laying).
Temporal ordering number - 393. Should not be used to stage embryos whose development is at temperatures other than 25'C.
Hours 6-8 (the last two hours) of embryonic stage 17 at 25'C. (Approximately 22-24 hours at 25'C after egg laying).
Temporal ordering number - 394. Should not be used to stage embryos whose development is at temperatures other than 25'C.
The substage of the wandering third instar larval stage, prior to the beginning of clearance of the gut.
Temporal ordering number - 462. This is commonly assayed by adding 0.5% bromophenol blue to the food and looking for wandering third instar larvae with the same color guts (dark blue) as feeding larvae (Andres and Thummel, 1994). Larvae at this stage are in chromosomal puff stage 1 (Andres and Thummel, 1994).
The substage of the wandering third instar larval stage when the larva has partially cleared its gut contents.
Temporal ordering number - 465. This is commonly assayed by adding 0.5% bromophenol blue to the food and looking for wandering third instar larvae with lighter colored guts (light blue) than feeding larvae (Andres and Thummel, 1994). Larvae at this stage are mainly in chromosomal puff stages 2-7 (Andres and Thummel, 1994).
third instar - partially cleared gut stage
The substage of the wandering third instar larval stage when the larva has cleared its gut contents.
Temporal ordering number - 467. This is commonly assayed by adding 0.5% bromophenol blue to the food and looking for wandering third instar larvae with guts lacking any blue stain (Andres and Thummel, 1994). Larvae at this stage are mainly in chromosomal puff stages 7-9 and pupate within 1-6 hours (Andres and Thummel, 1994.
The execution of a genetically-encoded biological module or program. It consists of all the steps required to achieve the specific biological objective of the module.
The developmental stage that lasts from eclosion of the adult from the pupal case until tanning is complete (the end of adult stage A3).
Life stage from the end of adult stage A3, when tanning is complete, to death.
Injecting mice with a vaccine in order to test its efficacy
A process that realizes a plan which is the concretization of a plan specification.
'Plan' includes a future direction sense. That can be problematic if plans are changed during their execution. There are however implicit contingencies for protocols that an agent has in his mind that can be considered part of the plan, even if the agent didn't have them in mind before. Therefore, a planned process can diverge from what the agent would have said the plan was before executing it, by adjusting to problems encountered during execution (e.g. choosing another reagent with equivalent properties, if the originally planned one has run out.)
We are only considering successfully completed planned processes. A plan may be modified, and details added during execution. For a given planned process, the associated realized plan specification is the one encompassing all changes made during execution. This means that all processes in which an agent acts towards achieving some objectives is a planned process.
6/11/9: Edited at workshop. Used to include: is initiated by an agent
This class merges the previously separated objective driven process and planned process, as they the separation proved hard to maintain. (1/22/09, branch call)
planned process
liver section; a portion of a culture of cells; a nemotode or other animal once no longer a subject (generally killed); portion of blood from a patient.
A role borne by a material entity that is obtained during a specimen collection process and that can be realized by performing measurements or observations on the specimen.
22Jun09. The definition includes whole organisms, and can include a human. The link between specimen role and study subject role has been removed. A specimen taken as part of a case study is not considered to be a population representative, while a specimen taken as representing a population, e.g. person taken from a cohort, blood specimen taken from an animal) would be considered a population representative and would also bear material sample role.
Note: definition is in specimen creation objective which is defined as an objective to obtain and store a material entity for potential use as an input during an investigation.
blood taken from animal: animal continues in study, whereas blood has role specimen. something taken from study subject, leaves the study and becomes the specimen.
parasite example - when parasite in people we study people, people are subjects and parasites are specimen - when parasite extracted, they become subject in the following study specimen can later be subject.
specimen role
drawing blood from a patient for analysis, collecting a piece of a plant for depositing in a herbarium, buying meat from a butcher in order to measure its protein content in an investigation, collecting a stone from a site
A planned process with the objective to obtain a material entity for potential use as an input upon which measurements or observations are performed.
Definition updated following discussion on 2024-10-07 OBI dev call.
Philly2013: A specimen collection can have as part a material entity acquisition, such as ordering from a bank. The distinction is that specimen collection necessarily involves the creation of a specimen role. However ordering cell lines cells from ATCC for use in an investigation is NOT a specimen collection, because the cell lines already have a specimen role.
Philly2013: The specimen_role for the specimen is created during the specimen collection process.
label changed to 'specimen collection process' on 10/27/2014, details see tracker: http://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/716/
5/31/2012: This process is not necessarily an acquisition, as specimens may be collected from materials already in posession
The objective to collect bits of excrement in the rainforest. The objective to obtain a blood sample from a patient.
A objective specification that is fulfilled by obtaining a material entity for potential use as an input upon which measurements or observations are performed.
OBI recommends against subclassing this term in order to avoid further parallel hierarchies between this term and specimen collection process.
A specimen that derives from an anatomical part or substance arising from an organism. Examples of tissue specimen include tissue, organ, physiological system, blood, or body location (arm).
collection of specimens
Blood cells collected from multiple donors over the course of a study.
A material entity that has two or more specimens as its parts.
Details see tracker: https://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/778/
Person: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng
organism
animal
fungus
plant
virus
A material entity that is an individual living system, such as animal, plant, bacteria or virus, that is capable of replicating or reproducing, growth and maintenance in the right environment. An organism may be unicellular or made up, like humans, of many billions of cells divided into specialized tissues and organs.
10/21/09: This is a placeholder term, that should ideally be imported from the NCBI taxonomy, but the high level hierarchy there does not suit our needs (includes plasmids and 'other organisms')
13-02-2009: OBI doesn't take position as to when an organism starts or ends being an organism - e.g. sperm, foetus. This issue is outside the scope of OBI.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism
specimen
Biobanking of blood taken and stored in a freezer for potential future investigations stores specimen; collecting a stone from a site.
A material entity that is collected for potential use as an input upon which measurements or observations are performed.
GROUP: OBI Biomaterial Branch
A quality of a single physical entity inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer's size or shape or structure.
A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's relative position, shape, arrangements and connectivity of an organism's various parts; the pattern underlying its form.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's forming a bundle of aligned anatomical fibers, as of muscle or nerve.
A material entity consisting of multiple components that are causally integrated.
May be replaced by a BFO class, as discussed in http://www.jbiomedsem.com/content/4/1/43
Material anatomical entity that is a single connected structure with inherent 3D shape generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome.
Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species.
This includes fungi, vertebrates and invertebrates. Eukaryotic cells have a well-defined nucleus and membrane enveloped organelles namely, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, and lysosomes.
These animals lack a vertebral column and many of which are used as model organisms in HTS screening including Drosophila, C.elegans, sea urchin, etc.
The organism related to the target / meta-target of the bioassay. It includes both bacterium and eukaryote.
This includes all organisms which are made up of cells, e.g. bacteria, plants and animals.
Metazoa comprises of animals, which are multicellular eukaryotic organisms. This includes those having a vertebral column (e.g. fish, frog, snake, bird, human) and those that do not (e.g. worm, fly, star fish, etc).
Single-nucleus RNA-seq on cells from 70-days old flies
Single-nucleus RNA-seq of cells from 70-days old female heads
Single-nucleus RNA-seq of cells from 70-days old female bodies
Single-nucleus RNA-seq of cells from 70-days old male heads
Single-nucleus RNA-seq of cells from 70-days old male bodies
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, epithelial cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, L1 neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, optic chiasma glial cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, outer photoreceptor cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, lamina neuropil associated glial cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, alphaP betaP Kenyon cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, Johnston organ neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, gamma Kenyon cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, brain perineurial glial cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, alpha/beta Kenyon cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, olfactory receptor neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, C3 centrifugal neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, auditory sensory neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, L2 neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, octopaminergic neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, Dm10 amacrine neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, R8 photoreceptor cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, pericerebral fat cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, Mi9 neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, cone cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, Mi4 neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, C2 centrifugal neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, astrocyte-like glial cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, Dm8 amacrine neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, ensheathing glial cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, hemocytes cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, pigment cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, Mi1 neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, lamina wide-field 1 neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, LC10 neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, optic lobe cortex glial cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, Dm3 amacrine neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, L5 neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, L4 neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, Mi15 neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, T1 columnar neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, lamina intrinsic neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, Dm12 amacrine neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, Dm9 amacrine neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, brain cell body glial cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, L3 neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, R7 photoreceptor cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, antennal lobe projection neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, LC17 neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, dopaminergic PAM neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, lamina wide-field 2 neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, ocellar retinula cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, PNS neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, muscle cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, follicle cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, tracheocytes cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, VNC neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, indirect flight muscle cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, escort cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, oenocytes cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, abdominal fat cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, crop epithelial cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, enteroblasts cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, intestinal stem cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, female germline cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, glial cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, proventriculus epithelial cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, ovariole somatic cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, eo sensory organ accessory cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, salivary gland epithelial cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, enterocytes cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, female cyst cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, posterior midgut enterocytes cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, cell body glial cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, Malpighian tubule initial segment principal cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, mechanosensory neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, oviduct epithelial cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, alary muscle cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, perineurial glial cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, enteroendocrine cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, hindgut epithelial cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, gustatory receptor neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, Malpighian tubule principal cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, pheromone-sensing neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, organ boundary intestinal stem cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, polar follicle cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, midgut enterocytes cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, multidendritic neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, leg muscle motor neurons cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, CNS surface glial cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, differentiating enterocytes cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, copper cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, heart ventral longitudinal muscle cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, Malpighian tubule lower segment principal cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, ejaculatory bulb epithelial cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, cyst cell of testiss cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, ejaculatory duct epithelial cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, male accessory gland main cells cluster
Clustering analysis of adult cells from 70 days-old mixed-sex flies, epidermal cells cluster